Blood studies on antibodies by ELISA. Decryption of blood test rate for ELISA

The date: 21.10.2019

The list of available diagnostic techniques in recent decades is rapidly expanding, the diagnosts are trying to combine the benefits of all previous analyzes in new methods, getting rid of all their former flaws.

Recently, an immununimenal analysis is increasingly in the list of diagnostic procedures - a modern and fairly new test, which is known to an ordinary person who is not associated with medicine. Nevertheless, this technique rapidly replenishes the ranks of its adherents among the qualified medical staff. What it represents and in what cases it should be used, you can try to figure out, familiarizing yourself with its features and main characteristics.

An immunoassay study is a tool-laboratory technique, built on an antigen antibody molecular reaction, which allows to detect specific proteins in biological materials (samples for research). Such proteins may be enzymes, a variety of microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi), simplest, etc.

After opening the method, he was given the name of the ELISA test, which is not related to the name of the discoverers, and is the abbreviation of the full name in English - Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Doctors all over the world use this name, some doctors in Russian-speaking countries are also so called this type of research.

The main principle of the method is the molecular reaction "Antigen antibody".

An antigen is any alien molecule that fell into the human body in the microba of the causative agent of the disease. Antigens are, as a rule, protein molecules. In addition to microorganisms, such a "stranger" can be someone else's cells that do not match the group or the rhesus factor.

In response to the hit of such an antigen in the body, an immune response is launched, which is directed to protection against any other molecules. This occurs due to the synthesis of special agents of the immune system - antibodies (immunoglobulins). Each antibody is only suitable for a specific antigen, and neutralizes the pathogenic "stranger", contacting him in a single complex. It is the process of such binding and called the antigen antibody reaction.

Antibody types

All antibodies (immunoglobulins) are divided into 5 species depending on what stage of the immune response they appear:

The levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA are most often important for IFA diagnostics. According to their titers, you can find out if a person had sick with a disease before or infected in a recent time, whether he developed immunity or his body defenseless before pathology.

Advantages and disadvantages of enzymes

At the moment, ELISA is one of the most accurate and sensitive methods. It is welcomed by specialists in different fields of medicine and continues to expand the scope of application.

Benefits of the method

High accuracy of the data obtained.
Sensitivity (allows you to detect the necessary substance even with the minimum presence of the pathogen in the sample).
The possibility of diagnosis in the first days of the disease or in the incubation period.
The speed of obtaining data in comparison with other methods of similar accuracy.
High automation of the process and minimal human participation, which reduces the error of the artist.
Obtaining data on the stage of the pathological process and the effectiveness of the selected therapy.
Painlessness and low invasiveness in the selection of material.

Disadvantages of the method

In most cases, it allows you to determine the response of the body to the pathogen agent, and not the most causative agent.
Before the study, an intended illness should be exactly known as the test highly specific.
The probability of false indicators caused by technical moments, drug intake, the simultaneous presence of several chronic diseases or violations of metabolic processes in the patient's body.
The interpretation of the results should only be done by a highly qualified specialist, since for the interpretation of the data obtained it is necessary to own special training and a large margin of medical knowledge in a specific area.
ELISA is quite rare analysis, therefore it is done far from all diagnostic laboratories.
The method is quite expensive, since in addition to reagents in the laboratory there should be expensive numerous equipment and samples of antigens manufactured in special institutions.

In what cases use an immunoassay analysis

A complete list of indications for the appointment of an immunoferment study is very wide, it includes almost all industries of medicine.

Most often, IFA is used for such purposes:

identification of infectious diseases;
diagnosis of venereal diseases;
definition of immune status or individual autoimmune diseases;
identification of monackers;
definition of hormones.

In the case of infectious and viral diseases, the technique allows you to identify the following pathologies:

In addition, the ELFA allows you to quickly and effectively determine the infarction state, evaluate the reproductive potential of the body, to identify allergies, its source, etc.

The immunoassima technique is used to conduct clinical studies during the development of new drugs and in assessing their influence on the human body.

Types of samples and methods of their selection for research

Most often, the test material for an immunoferment analysis serves blood, which is taken from the Patient's elbow vein. The sampling is carried out on an empty stomach, mainly in the morning. After selecting blood, they separate and remove those uniform cells that interfere with research, leaving only serum.

When diagnosing urinary infections, smears from the mucous membranes of the genitals, mucus from the urethra or cervix, samples from the rectum, samples with erosion or ulcers in the area of \u200b\u200bthe groin and other parts of the body are becoming often material. The smears can take both the oral cavity, as well as from the nasopharynx.

Sometimes an immuno-immunimal examination is used in obstetric and gynecological practice during pregnancy to determine the state of the accumulative water. In this case, the sample becomes an amniotic fluid. To do this, select a small amount of liquid, the punctures of the fruit bubble with a long needle. All manipulations are carried out by a sterile tool to minimize possible risks.

Often the material becomes the spinal out or serous fluid. This happens at local anesthesia, which is injected injecting.

Clarify what type of materials is necessary for an enzyme immunoassay, a specialist who guides research. Often the samples are taken at once of several types or from different places. The doctor who issues the direction for this type of survey should also be announced about the preparation for the dometering of biomaterial.

Preparing for immununimal analysis

To increase the accuracy of the data obtained after an immunoassay examination, preparation for the selection of material should be like this:

10 days before the study, exclude antibiotics, antiviral and antimicotic drugs;
during the day it is necessary to exclude alcoholic, smoking and reception of narcotic substances;
in the same period, physical overvoltage should be avoided;
to warn a specialist writing down, about all medicines that the patient accepts;
notify your doctor in case of pregnancy or suspected pregnancy.

It is best if testing materials will be selected in the morning on an empty stomach.

If the diagnosis puts the goal to determine the condition of the hormonal background, it is important to ensure self-calm condition on the eve and avoiding nervous tension. For women, blood flow to hormones is clearly determined by a period of monthly cycle, which will be told by the doctor at the time of destination.

2-3 days before the selection of material, it is necessary to exclude fried and fat from the menu, and before analyzing hepatitis does not eat citrus and any other fruits and vegetables orange and yellow.

Deciphering the results of an immunoferment analysis

The result of a qualitative study is usually indicated by signs "+" (detected) or "-" (not detected).

For the presence or absence of certain immunoglobulin groups, such conclusions can be made:

JGM (-), JGG (-), JGA (-) - Immunity to the disease is completely absent (with such a type of antigen, the body has not yet encountered);
JGM (-), JGG (+), JGA (-) - previously there was a collision with this antigen or with a vaccine;
Jgm (+), jgg (- / +), jga (- / +) - acute pathological process (most likely primary);
Jgm (-), jgg (+/-), jga (+/-) - process of chronic flow;
JGM (+), JGG (+), JGA (+) - Recurney;
JGM (-) - recovery stage.

Quantitative values \u200b\u200bare carrying a greater information load, but only the attending physician is able to interpret them, based on the previous testimony, the age of the patient, the norms for each specific disease. It is for this reason that it is impossible to evaluate the results independently.

How much do you need to wait for the results

This technique has many varieties, depending on which it is determined by the time for receiving data on hand. The average duration of the IFA diagnosis is 4-6 hours, which allows you to give the results the next day.

The longest methods take up to 10 days, for example, in the event of a HIV infection.

In case of acute need, the use of express techniques, in which the response is obtained after 1-2 hours.

Where you can pass IFA testing

Since the equipment for carrying out this type of diagnostics is quite expensive, not all laboratories may acquire it. In addition, tests containing specific antigens have a limited shelf life (usually about 1 year), so they need a constant update.

For these reasons, in state medical institutions, IFA laboratory is far from always. Most often need to contact large private medical or large diagnostic centers.

For IFA research, the laboratory must have a special license, and personnel and laboratory technicians must undergo special training.

Most often, a particular diagnostic center or a laboratory recommends a doctor guiding a patient for a survey.

The cost of an immunoferment research

The price of this study depends on the country's region and the level of the clinic providing the service. In Moscow, the minimum price for the definition of one antigen starts from 700 rubles. If you need to reveal several immunoglobulins at once, then the price will be summed up.

In the case of urgent analysis, the cost increases by 150-200 rubles. For each antigen.

Despite the fairly high cost, an immunoassimensional analysis allows you to make a patient examination as informative and rapidly, which reduces the time before the start of treatment and allows you to quickly stabilize the state of the person.

This video presents the film "Fundamentals of Envuno Farming".

The purpose of the blood test to syphilis is to identify antibodies that the body could work out to combat its causative agent - pale tronamed.

False positive analysis on syphilis may be in cases where the production of antigens originated for other reasons.

False positive syphilis is diagnosed in 10% of cases.

Since the analysis on syphilis is appointed not only when the patient appears in the patient, and during the passage of the medical examination, before admission to work, during pregnancy, before hospitalization, the percentage of infection in people who have not even suspected of the presence of such a disease.

To eliminate the error, you need to make sure that the results of the results obtained.

Positive results on syphilis are divided into two groups: sharp and chronic. Acute false positive result is manifested within 6 months of regular tests.

acute infectious disorders;
injuries;
any vaccination is 1-7 days before the sample take;
acute poisoning.

If there are any factors in the body, the process of producing antibodies is activated, which is reflected on the results of the tests.

If there are chronic disorders, the test can show erroneous results for 6 or more months.

disorders of connective tissues;
any form of tuberculosis;
chronic liver disorders;
HIV, hepatitis B, C, D, and other viral diseases;
autoimmune processes in the body.

The erroneous result becomes due to the systematic production of nonspecific antibodies in response to one of the listed violations.

What to do if a false syphilis revealed

To determine whether the analysis on syphilis can be erroneous, it is necessary to estimate the presence of other factors of the disease and the likelihood of infection.

Pale Treplema - the causative agent of the disease, which is transferred by sexual path through the mucosa of the genitals, the mouth and the rectum at contact with the infected person. It is also possible to transfer infection from an infected mother to a child.

The incubation period during which the disease does not make itself felt, is 2-6 weeks. After that, at the places of possible penetration of infection, syphilitic ulcers with a dense base are formed.

After 1-2 weeks, the lymphatic nodes coming to the place of defeat are painful.

When diagnosing a diagnosis - syphilis false positive need to re-apply to the medical institution. At the same time, inform all the drugs that you took on the eve of the analysis, chronic and acute diseases.

If there was an unprotected sex with an unverified partner or you found the first signs of the disease, it is worth reporting to the doctor.

After collecting the history and inspection, the doctor will appoint you a number of analyzes that will allow less than 1% with an accuracy of an accurate result.

Types of tests for syphilis

Analyzes are two species: non-replete and trempem. The first option implies the use of artificial analogues of pale treponam, in the second case, real treponams are used.

Finding methods

Such techniques have widespread and most often used in conducting ordinary medical examinations.

The advantage is low cost, quick result, the possibility of research on standard laboratory equipment.

Analysis on RW.

To hold it, the patient takes blood, less often - the spinal fluid. Blood can be taken from a finger or vein. The error in carrying out such a study may amount to 7%.

Microreactment of precipitation (MR or RMP)

It may include two types of tests for syphilis RPR and VDRL. As a result of the decay of cells, antilipide antibodies are formed under the influence of the treponam.

Lipids can be collapsed under the influence of other violations, therefore the degree of error during CRMD and RPR is 1-3%.

Treponne tests

Such studies are not conducted in all clinics and require existence of expensive equipment.

Therefore, they are used in suspected of the presence of a disease according to the results of non-refined tests. The error of such studies is less than 1%.

Allows you to define antigens and antibodies. To determine the result, the patient gives blood from the finger or vein. As a result, testing also allows you to set the stage of the disease.

Analysis on Syphilis RPGA allows you to determine the percentage of red blood cell gluing. The accurate result of the reaction of passive hemagglutination can be obtained on the day 28 after infection.

Immuno-immunimal estimation determines the presence and stage of the disease in the level of immunoglobulins of various types.

The most accurate test that allows you to identify pathogenic DNA. It is used in rare cases, as it requires the presence of complex reagents.

The probability of the error of tests Reef, RPGA, IFA is less than 1%. In PCR, the error can be 0-1%.

Positive result on syphilis in pregnant women

In pregnant women, an erroneous result may be observed in 1.5% of cases when carrying out unnecessary tests. Analysis on this type of disease is mandatory throughout the pregnancy.

The first test for syphilis is carried out in 12 weeks, then - in 30 weeks and before childbirth. The result may be false due to natural changes in the body, and in particular, immunity to protect the growing fetus.

Therefore, during pregnancy, a re-test may be appointed, often it is appointed even with the negative results of the first, if the risk factor took place.

Verponem tests can also be assigned, since the impact of the disease on the child's body is more delicately than treatment with antibiotics in the event of a diagnosis confirmation.

Weakly foresking analysis

If the form you received with the result costs 1-2 plus, it can talk about the presence of a small amount of antibodies. Such results can manifest itself in several cases:

unfinished incubation period;
late form, after 2-4 years;
residual antibodies after the cure of the disease.

In this case, it is mandatory for re-checking after 2 weeks.

How to prepare for analyzes

If an erroneous analysis was performed on syphilis, you will be retired again. To its results are as accurate as possible, it is necessary to prepare correctly.

before analysis, only water is allowed to drink, eating is prohibited;
during the day, give up alcohol and smoking for 1 hour;
if you take blood from Vienna, in front of it in a state of rest 10 minutes;
if infectious diseases aggravated, menstruation or patient passes on the eve of X-ray radiation, the blood test on syphilis is not carried out.

Also in the list of contraindications is a number of drugs, so if you are treated, report the medications received.

If the disease is confirmed

If after carrying out several checks, including treponem, the result turned out to be positive, it is worth a number of measures:

report this sexual partner, it is necessary that he also passed the survey;
close relatives must undergo a survey;
it is necessary to conduct preventive treatment for loved ones;
throughout the course of treatment, it is necessary to issue a hospital sheet and avoid close contact with other people in order to avoid transmission of infection;
at the end of the treatment, a certificate is issued to attach the medical card and provide surveys on antibodies so that the diagnoses have no questions about the emergence of antigens in the results.

When making a diagnosis, the information is confidential. It is not disclosed when taking a hospital, in all documents that are issued by the hospital, the name of the disease is encrypted, people who do not have close contact with the patient, the formulation of this diagnosis is not reported.

After treatment, the patient is fully safe, the presence of syphilis in the past cannot cause denial of employment or in the implementation of other human rights.

If the diagnosis is confirmed in the early stages, the probability of complete cure is 100%. Pale Treplema is one of the few for many years of treatment of patients with Penicillin did not work for it.

Therefore, the treatment of patients is carried out with the help of drugs based on derivatives of Penicillin. If the primary form of the disease takes place, it is necessary to diagnose and the treatment of all sexual partners, which were in an infected person for 3 months.

Syphilis after the treatment of the initial stage does not leave complications. The disease can lead to disability, if a chronic course has passed, or there has been infection in the maternal womb.

iFA on syphilis positive

Questions and answers on: IFA on syphilis positive

Question to Dr. Sukhov Yu.A.
Hello. I have already asked a question on the website "Health of Ukraine" very briefly. I will write my story full. Please advise. What tests do you need to pass?
2 years ago there was a random sexual contact open.
After 1.5 months, some horror began: a long fever, in the field of the thyroid gland, as if some kind of work was going, something buzzed, then headaches, angina, severe pains in the bones and muscles first with a stitching nature, then how boiling water went through the muscles, Nausea, rash one-time, frequent ARVI, who have not succumbed to treatment for a long time, breathing difficulties, the unpleasant smell of mouth, neuralgia, night sweating, severe weakness, reduced performance. I turned almost into the corpse. Before that, I was a healthy and blooming girl, professionally engaged in dancing. Fully ended enough and active. Colds at all practically did not hurt. It was almost healthy.
After 1 year and 10 months after unprotected sexual contact, HIV test in 2 different IFA laboratories on HIV antibodies are negative.
Hepatitis B and with a negative.
VEB PCR is negative
CMV PCR Negative
Herpes 6 type virus negative
Toxoplasmosis PCR negatively
Syphilis Negative
STIs negatively.

In general blood test: ESP 30; The rest is the norm.
Biochemistry Positive SRB, the rest of the norm.

What should I do? I am in despair. I have already passed on everything, for all infections, and the reason has not been found. Dress on HIV again? 2 years have passed after contact. Some symptoms went away, but I feel very bad, strong weakness, neuralgia permanent, sweating in the chest area at night. I do not understand what I am hospital. Maybe you need to pass any other tests and come to you on the reception? I am sure That this young man infected me, I did not see it anymore. Help. Advise what to do?

Hello!
I am 31 years old, I am at the 35th week of pregnancy. 2 month ago They took three times for pregnancy, everything is thicker). Now I was informed of the results. Please comment, please. Some indicators are alarming, such as the Cznukhi virus, CMV, Herpes HSV 1/2, Epstein-Barr Viral infection (EBV):

Krasnuha Ig G K \u003d 2.0
CMV Ig G K \u003d 4.1
Herpes HSV Ig g 1 type K \u003d 3.4, 2 types of OTP.
Epstein-Barr VCA K \u003d 4.7 NA -
chlamydia and mycoplasma - otf.

In my direction, the following is indicated:
Positivity coefficient K \u003d Optical sample density. If less than 0.9 is a negative result, if K from 0.9 to 1.1 is dubious, if more than 1.1 is positive.
Ig g, EBV, Na value up to 55 USD / ml may be normal, above this value - the result is positive.
Please comment! Thank you for attention!

Decoding the results of analysis on syphilis

Syphilis is a serious illness of highly infectiousness. To identify the disease, blood tests (venous and capillary) are used, as well as in some cases, the spinal fluid is investigated. Deciphering analysis on syphilis is carried out by the attending physician. The patient can independently see and understand some designations in the analysis, but the final conclusion about the presence or absence of the disease should do a qualified doctor. Possible false-positive or false negative analysis on syphilis.

When you need to consult a doctor

For a long time, syphilis was a dangerous disease that cannot be treated. Modern medicine has all means to fully heal the disease. The earlier the diagnosis is raised and the disease is detected, the easier it will be treated. Syphilis infection occurs not only during sexual contact, but also when using the same household items with patients (toothbrush, towel, kitchenware, etc.). Therefore, the periodic holding of the express blood test to syphilis is recommended for each person.

When infected there is an increase in lymph nodes in the groin area, the appearance of ulcers and skin rashes in the mouth and genital organs. In case of detection of the first symptoms of the disease, you should immediately consult a doctor. The survey may be anonymous in the direction of the gynecologist, a urologist, a proctologist, a venereologist or a conventional therapist. After passing the test, see the decoding of the analysis on syphilis to the doctor.

Appointment of examination

Often, when conducting medical examinations, the doctor may assign many laboratory tests, including the test for syphilis. Do not take such a direction as suspected illness. Many areas of public life requires a certificate of absence of a disease.

Family planning
Registration in the hostel
Admission to the workplace for health workers, catering staff, etc.
Donation of organs or blood
Patients leading active sex life
The presence of clinical symptoms
The end of the treatment of syphilisa

As a primary study, one of nonspecific (non-refundable) tests is prescribed. The accuracy of such tests is relatively low and the patient can get a false positive result. In this case, a re-study will be prescribed using a specific (treponem) test. Positive or negative analysis should be considered by the attending physician.

Preparation for test

Before surrendering blood from a finger or vein for a laboratory study, it is necessary to adhere to some rules so that the analysis is as reliable as possible. 8-12 hours before the blood fence should not eat food, tea or coffee. During the day before visiting the laboratory, it is not recommended to use sharp, oily, fried, salted or smoked products. Antibiotics and other drugs can also distort the test. All accepted substances should be informed of the doctor. Perhaps he will recommend to refrain from passing an analysis for 1 or several weeks. Blood sample can be handed over in a private laboratory, a district clinic or call a health care person.

In any case, sterile equipment and disposable gloves are used.

Express analysis on syphilis can be made independently at home. Pharmacies offer special tests with detailed instructions in Russian. The result of the test is known after 10 minutes. One red strip on the indicator is a negative analysis on syphilis, two strips are positive. The accuracy of such tests is not high enough and cannot serve as a confirmation of the diagnosis.

How to understand the result of nonspecific examination

Patients often feel uncertain after the test. Pass the blood and can not be able to decipher the tests on syphilis on their own, of course, unpleasant. Deciphering blood test requires medical education and appropriate qualifications of the doctor, as well as the accounting of all factors affecting the result. Can the patient independently read the results of his analysis on syphilis? Seeing the laboratory report, you can make simple conclusions, but a doctor must confirm or refute the diagnosis.

Sample with toluidine red is appointed not for diagnosis, but to verify the effectiveness of the treatment of the disease. The study shows how much the amount of antibodies has changed compared to the previous analysis. If the digit decreased, the treatment is successful. The analysis is carried out in the process of treatment several times as prescribed by the doctor. 3 months after the completion of the procedures, control testing is carried out.

Frameless tests (RSKK, RMP and RPR) are often prescribed during medical examinations and as express diagnostics. There are several options for designations as a result of research. It is enough to decipher them:

"-" negative result
"+", "1+") or "++", "2+" weakly-bed analysis
"+++", "3+" or "++++", "4+" positive analysis on syphilis

Any of the results may be a false positive or false negative reaction to syphilis. In the absence of clinical symptoms and random sexual contacts, a negative result can be accepted by a doctor as faithful. A positive reaction is usually checked using a treponem test.

Results of a specific study

Treplement tests are complex and expensive compared to non-renewable. There are several types of analyzes used to diagnose syphilis: RSKT, Ribt, Reef, RPGA, ELFA and immunoblotting). One of the exact specific studies is Ribt analysis. The result of the test can be represented by the laboratory as a percentage.

20% corresponds to a negative result ("-")
21-30% dubious analysis ("++" or "2+")
31-50% weakly bed ("+++", "3+")
51% and more conforms to a positive result.

Immunoblotting one of the modern and accurate ways to diagnose the disease. Usually assigned to confirm or refute the results of the first study. The detection of the blood antibodies of the IgG and IgM antibodies is marked. The test results are decrypted in comparison with the unreleased test.

If both results are negative, the patient is healthy or infection is in the first week of development. Both positive results indicate the presence of syphilis or other, possibly an autoimmune disease.

A positive immunoblotting test after a negative improper study means the presence of syphilis, autoimmune or oncological disease.

There may be a positive reaction in pregnant women. Negative immunoblotting test after a positive improper study means the absence of a disease.

Reliability of analyzes

There is always the likelihood that the test result is erroneous. When deciphering analyzes on syphilis, special attention should be paid to external factors that do not depend on the patient. The laboratory assistant, conducting research or patient, may be mistakenly err, when it was incorrectly prepared for a blood collection or did not provide the doctor to the truthful information about himself. A false positive result is possible in the influence of the following factors:

Diabetes of any type
The presence in the blood of narcotic substances
Alcoholic intoxication
Infectious type diseases (measles, hepatitis, mononucleosis, etc.)
Benign or malignant neoplasms
Heart diseases
Reception of antibiotics or recent vaccination
Autoimmune diseases (red lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.)
Pregnancy
Eating fatty, acute or salty foods during the day before blood intake

Depending on the disease stage, some tests cannot identify the disease. Thus, the Vasserman reaction (RSKT, and RSKC) is carried out only after 3-4 weeks after possible infection with a probability of 100%, in the presence of tertiary syphilis, accuracy will be only 75%. For the diagnosis of early stages of the disease, it is advisable to use an IFA test. The analysis is an immunoassay study with high sensitivity to antibodies. The accuracy of the result is close to 100%, a false positive result in the presence of other diseases is excluded.

Negative test results for venereal diseases mean that man is healthy. Dubious analysis on syphilis will lead to a re-examination. If there are factors that could affect the final output, for example, the presence of other diseases, the doctor will change the test parameters. The positive result of the analysis on syphilis is not a sentence or a reasons for panic. With the help of drug impact, the disease can be fully cured. However, it should be remembered that diseases at an early stage are much better to treat.

IFA on syphilis: method of analysis, decoding, causes of false positive results

The list of standard diagnostic measures used for infectious diseases includes an enzyme immunoassay analysis. If IFA is positive to syphilis, do not immediately fall into panic.

Consider in more detail the features of this methodology of the study and the principles of deciphering the results obtained in different categories of patients.

The essence of the study

An immununimenal analysis is one of the most common methods for diagnosing infectious diseases. It refers to the category of tronewable tests, that is, it can be established in the patient's body of a patient of syphilis - pale treponam.

The IPA syphilis is detected by identifying antibodies to the treponime. They are contained in the patient's blood, and their type and quantity depend on the stage and the form of the disease, which allows you to obtain important information about the current state of human health.

Advantages and disadvantages

ELISA is very often prescribed if syphilis is suspected or other infectious diseases. This is due to the fact that the analysis makes it possible to identify the exact type and stage of the disease, and its accuracy is maintained at a high level - the probability of error in the results of a multiple study is only 1%, primary IFA has accuracy of about 90%.

The use of high-quality reagents and modern equipment allows you to maximize the accuracy of the indicators.

In general, the advantages of the method are:

High accuracy of the result. The probability of obtaining false data is very small.
Minimizing the human influence factor. Modern Equipment for IFA eliminates the influence of a person on the results of the study by automating the process.
Detection of concrete antibodies. It is impossible to confuse the antigens of one type with others, so the analysis shows the accurate result on a specific diagnosis.
Fixation of the slightest deviations from the norm. Even the most insignificant concentration of pathological agents will not be ignored.

Do not forget about the weaknesses of this method. ELISA has the following disadvantages:

High price. The high cost is due to many factors, in particular, the need for good equipment, high-quality reagents and specialists with a sufficient level of training.
The need to form a preliminary diagnosis. You need to know which antigens it is to look for, because without additional data to put an accurate diagnosis will be impossible.
The probability of a false positive result. Some organism and other factors can distort the final data.

Indications for holding

The doctor may assign an immunoassimal analysis to diagnose not only syphilis, but also a number of other infectious diseases.

If we consider the situation directly with the infection of the throne, the reason for the examination can be:

the emergence of external symptoms of the disease (chancres, syphilitic rash, gum, etc.);
significant decrease in immunity;
identification or suspicion of syphilis in sexual partner, loved ones and family members;
positive reaction when conducting other tests;
identifying other diseases that may be associated with syphilis;
personal wishes for a person to undergo a survey.

Methods for holding

ELISA can be carried out in different ways. In each case, the most appropriate option is selected.

First of all, there is a division of methods on:

Qualitative. The presence of an infection or virus in the patient's body is revealed.
Quantitative. Determines the concentration of antibodies to the pathogen agent in the human body, which indicates the stage and intensity of the development of the disease.

There is also a classification of ways to conduct an ELISA on the principle of reproducing the necessary reaction.

Distinguish 3 options:

Straight. Lewal antibodies are introduced into the provided blood samples.
Indirect with antigens. Pre-accommodate sorbed antigens in the cell of a polystyrene tablet intended for the IFA. Then, antibodies of viruses are added to them, which provokes the formation of immune complexes necessary for further evaluation of results.
Indirect with antibodies. This method is often used for venereal diseases. It implies preliminary sorbitation of antibodies, only then antigens add to the tablet.

Rules for the collection of material

In order to reduce the risks of obtaining false results, it is necessary to correctly pass the blood for analysis.

Before passing the IFA, some restrictions must be observed:

avoid intense physical and emotional loads;
refuse smoking and taking alcohol at least 1 to 3 days;
for several days you need to go to proper nutrition;
women are desirable to monitor the phase of the menstrual cycle, as the hormones are able to distort the results;
the last meal must be 8 - 10 hours before blood;
in 10 days, the reception of drugs that may affect the results of the study are excluded.

For IFA, venous blood is taken from the elbow vein, it is necessary to take it in the morning on an empty stomach. In general, the standard rules for preparation for the fear of venous blood are applied. Depending on whether the presence of what disease is tested, additional requirements for preliminary preparation of the patient can be made.

Methodology

The IFA instruction is quite simple:

The patient takes blood from Vienna.
The material taken is preparing and is divided into samples on a special finely palette.
Antigen antigen is mixed with antibodies by the selected technique.
Reaction is evaluated. Samples are compared with control samples, a high-quality and quantitative assessment of the results is produced.
The data is entered into a special table with the application of quantitative indicators (total antibodies).
The attending physician is depring the results. If necessary, appropriate treatment is assigned.

After research, the patient is issued a document with the results. It has a view of a table with appropriate notation opposite each type of immunoglobulin at intersection with infectious diseases.

Decoding

Only a specialist can competently decipher the results of the tests. It is independently difficult to understand, for example, which means the result of the IFA K \u003d 1 4. Syphilis, besides, can be proceeded in different forms, which is also reflected on the final data.

The results indicate 3 types of immunoglobulins:

Igm.. Allow the term of infection with syphilis. A positive result indicates the exacerbation of the disease. Their absence may indicate the remission of chronic pathologies or the hidden form of the disease.
IGA. Indicates the disease, from the moment of infection which has passed more than a month. It is also a sign of an acute phase of the disease, both under conventional pathologies and launched chronic.
IgG.. It is a sign of a peak period of the disease, that is, its aggravation. During syphilis, a positive reaction manifests itself some time after passing treatment. In some types of diseases, there may be a sign of developed immunity.

These substances are produced by the organism in a certain sequence, which is an additional sign of the disease. With high-quality tests, only the presence of immunoglobulins in the blood of each type is established.

This is expressed in changing the color of the materials involved in the analysis. Quantitative indicators are auxiliary, they more accurately describe the situation. The ratio of antigens and antibodies indicates the severity of the disease and the intensity of the response actions of the body.

What to do

If a patient really has syphilis, a positive IFA is discovered absolutely always, not to notice the presence of Treplem with this study it is impossible. Do not despair, the disease is good to treat, especially in the initial stages.

What you need to do under positive test results:

according to the doctor's testimony, pass additional examinations;
go through the course of antibiotic therapy by the selected scheme;
send efforts to strengthen immunity;
report the disease to your sexual partner;
in the future, regularly pass the prophylactic diagnostics until the discontinuity is removed in the dispensary (after 5 years in the absence of positive results).

No need to postpone care for sick leave and fear publicity results. The diagnosis is encrypted and remains secret, only with the threat of infection of other people, it is necessary to inform the problem of relatives and sexual partner so that they are required surveys.

False positive result and its causes

Sometimes the result of other tests and ELISA is a false positive on syphilis. That is why it is recommended to carry out 2 - 3 auxiliary methods and after a while repeating an immunoassay analysis.

Similar inaccuracies are rare, they are mainly due to such factors:

pregnancy;
chronic diseases;
recent vaccination;
injuries.

False-positive results are separated into acute and chronic, depending on the nature of the factor provoked them.

Full interpretation of tests for syphilis

Analyzes for syphilis: types of analyzes, decoding the results, causes of false-positive and false negative results of the survey.

Syphilis is a venereal disease, the causative agent of which is the Treponema Pallidum bacterium (pale treponema). Read more about the paths of syphilis transmission, its symptoms and possible complications, read the article all about syphilis. Symptoms and treatment.

The timely detection of syphilis (with the help of special analyzes) allows doctors to begin treatment in time and prevent the development of dangerous complications of this disease.

Analyzing for syphilis during pregnancy helps prevent the birth of children with congenital syphilis. In detail about analyzes for syphilis during pregnancy, it is described in the article all about the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis during pregnancy.

Why did I appoint an analysis for syphilis?

In the overwhelming majority of cases, doctors do not have the opportunity to obtain accurate data on the sex life of patients (some people hide the details of their sex life or underestimate the risk of infection with diseases by sexually transmitted). In this regard, in order to protect people from the possible consequences of their own inattention or lack of medical knowledge, in some cases, doctors prescribe so-called screening analyzes on syphilis (that is, the tests that long quantities give).

The doctor can assign you tests for syphilis, even if you do not have the symptoms of this disease, and you are sure that they could not get infected.

The need for these analyzes is related to the fact that syphilis is sometimes transmitted by the household (not through sexual contact) and flows in a hidden form (that is, without symptoms).

As a rule, screening surveys are appointed in the following situations:

When applying for work (health workers, catering, military personnel, etc.)
In order to record about pregnancy.
During admission to the hospital, when preparing for operations.
Blood donors.
Persons concluded in places of imprisonment.

The doctor can also assign analyzes to syphilis:

When symptoms are found (usually, it is a rash in the field of genital organs).
Upon receipt of positive results of screening analyzes on syphilis.
In case you had sex with a person who has been identified by Syphilis.
Newborn children whose mothers are sifilis.

In addition, the tests on syphilis are periodically held during treatment (in order to make sure that the treatment is effective) and even after the end of the course of treatment, to control cure.

What tests are used in the diagnosis of syphilis?

The doctor dermatovenerologist is engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of syphilis. The following tests can be used in the diagnosis of the disease:

Inspection Skin, exterior and internal genital organs are made in order to identify the main symptoms of syphilis: solid chancro, an increase in lymph nodes, rashes on the skin, etc. (see symphilis symptoms)

In order to detect pale treponomesThe doctors examine under the microscope of the smear (or zinc) obtained from ulcers, lymph nodes, accumulating waters in pregnant women, etc. Blood under the microscope does not examine.

IMPORTANT: If pale treponema was detected in your analyzes under the microscope, this means that you are precisely sifilis. But if analyzes have shown that the causative agent of syphilis is not detected, it is impossible to be completely confident that there is no syphilis. In order to make sure that you are not sick, you need to pass additional analyzes described below.

PCR (polymerase chain reaction) - This is a complex and expensive method for diagnosing syphilis, which allows you to detect the DNA of the pale treponam in the blood or other materials under study (oily water, spinal fluid). If the PCR analysis gave a negative result, then, most likely, you are not sick with syphilis. However, when receiving a positive result (that is, if PCR discovered the DNA of the pale treponam in the blood), there is no 100% guarantee that you are sick. This is due to the fact that PCR sometimes gives false-positive results (gives a positive result in the absence of a disease). Therefore, if PCR gave a positive result, it is recommended to additionally pass other methods of surveys on syphilis (for example, the immunofluorescence reaction (reef) and the reaction of passive hemagglutination (RPGA)).

What is serological analysis on syphilis?

Serological analysis is the detection of special proteins (antibodies) in the blood, which are produced in the human body in response to an infection. Unlike previous diagnostic methods, serological analyzes are detected not by the very pale treponym, but only its "traces" in the body.

If the antibodies to the pale treponime are found in your blood, this suggests that you are either infected with Syphilis at the moment, or have reached them earlier.

What tests indicate that a person is sickly syphilis?

Serological analyzes on syphilis are divided into 2 large groups: nonspecific and specific tests. The main difference between these analyzes is that nonspecific tests show a positive result only if a person is sickly syphilis at the moment and become negative after cure, and specific tests remain positive even after the disease is cured.

Speaking in other words, the negative result of a non-specific test is a certain guarantee that you are healthy.

What tests on syphilis are nonspecific (non-refined)?

Non-specific analyzes include micrographication of precipitation (MR) and the Vasserman reaction (RV, RW). These tests are used for syphilis screening. After syphilis cure, these analyzes become negative in 90% of people.

How do these tests work: As a result of the vital activity of pale treponam (during syphilis) cells die in the body. In response to the destruction of cells, the immune system produces special proteins (antibodies, or immunoglobulins). Non-specific tests are aimed at identifying these antibodies, as well as counting their concentration (definition of antibody titer).

Microreaction of precipitation (MR) and its counterparts in some countries: quick Reaglees Test (RPR, Rapid Plasma Reagins) and vDRL Test (Venereal Diseasse Research Laboratory) - These are improper tests that are prescribed when screening for syphilis.

What will examine:

As a rule, after 4-5 weeks after infection.

If the analysis showed a positive result, then the probability that you are sickly syphilis. Since this analysis may erroneously give positive results, it is recommended to undergo an additional examination using the specific tests described below. The negative result indicates the absence of syphilis, or an early stage of the disease (before the appearance of antibodies in the blood).

If antibodies in the titer are detected in the blood from 1: 2 to 1: 320 and higher, this means that you are infected with syphilis. With late syphilis, the titer of antibodies may be low (which is estimated as a questionable result).

False-positive results of MR are found in about 2-5% of cases, here are their possible reasons:

Systemic diseases of the connective tissue (systemic red lupus, sclerodermia, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyosis, vasculitis, etc.)
Infectious diseases: viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, some intestinal infections, etc.
Inflammatory heart diseases (endocarditis, myocarditis).
Diabetes.
Pregnancy.
Recent vaccination (vaccination).
Eating alcohol, drugs, etc.
Previously transferred and cured syphilis (about 10% of people undergoing treatment, the analysis of MR can remain a positive all life).

What could be the causes of false negative results: The analysis may erroneously show a negative result, if there is a lot of antibodies in the blood, if the analysis is taken at an early stage of the disease before the appearance of antibodies, or with a late syphilis, when few antibodies remain in the blood.

Vasserman reaction (RV, RW) - This is a non-refined test, which is used for screening for syphilis in the CIS countries.

What will examine: Blood (from a finger or from vein), spinal fluid.

After what time after the infection, the analysis becomes positive: As a rule, after 6-8 weeks after infection.

How to evaluate the results of the analysis: "-" - negative reaction, "+" or "++" is a weak-beding reaction, "+++" is a positive reaction, "++++" is a sharply positive reaction. If the Vasserman reaction showed at least one plus, then you need to pass additional analyzes on syphilis. Negative reaction is not a guarantee that you are healthy.

How to evaluate the resulting titer of antibodies: Titre of antibodies from 1: 2 to 1: 800 speaks of the presence of syphilis.

What could be the causes of false positive results: The Vasserman reaction may erroneously give a positive result for the same reasons as the microreactment of precipitation (MR), as well as, if shortly before the blood delivery, you drank alcohol or consumed fatty food.

Due to the large number of erroneous results, the Vasserman reaction (RV, RW) is used less and replaced by other, more reliable diagnostic methods.

Nonspecific tests (microreactment of precipitation (MR) and the Vasserman reaction (RV, RW)) are good methods for diagnosing syphilis. A negative result of the survey is likely to indicate that you are healthy. But when obtaining positive results of these analyzes, an additional examination is necessary with the help of specific (treponem) tests.

What tests on syphilis are specific (treponem)?

Tremponium tests include the following tests: immunofluorescence reaction (reef), immunoblotting, passive agglutination reaction (RPGA), reaction of the immobilization of pale treponam (Ribt), an immunoassay analysis (IFA).

Specific tests are prescribed to people who have revealed positive results of microreactment of precipitation (MR) or the Vasserman reaction (PB). Specific tests remain positive for a long time after the cure of syphilis.

How do these tests work: If syphilis, the immune system develops antibodies aimed at combating pale tronamed in the body of syphilis. These antibodies appear in the blood not immediately after infection, but only a few weeks later. At about the end of the second week after infection in the blood, antibodies of the IGM class appear. The antibodies of this class indicate the recent syphilis contamination, but in the absence of treatment, they are stored in the blood for several months and even years (their number is gradually decreasing). After 4-5 weeks after the infection of syphilis in the blood, the antibodies of another class - IgG begin to determine. Antibodies of this type are stored in the blood for many years (sometimes throughout life). Trempone tests allow you to identify the presence of antibodies (IgM and IgG), aimed at combating pale trepano.

Immunofluorescence reaction (reef) or Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody (FTA, and its variety of FTA-ABS) - This is a trepal test, which is used to confirm the diagnosis of syphilis in the earliest stages (even before the appearance of the first symptoms).

What will examine: Blood from vein or from finger.

After what time after the infection, the analysis becomes positive: As a rule, after 6-9 weeks.

How to evaluate the results of the analysis: The results of the analysis are issued in the form of minus or pluses (from one to four). If there is a minus in the analysis, then the antibodies are not identified, and you are healthy. The presence of one plus and more speaks about the presence of syphilis.

What could be the causes of false positive results: False positive results are rare, but errors are possible in people with diseases of the connective tissue (systemic red lupus, dermatomyomyode, etc.), in pregnant women, etc.

Passive agglutination reaction (RPGA), or Treponema Pallidum Hemagglution Assay (TPHA) - This is a specific test, which is used to confirm the diagnosis of syphilis practically at any stage.

What is examined: Blood from Vienna or from the finger.

After what time after the infection, the analysis becomes positive: As a rule, after 4 weeks.

How to evaluate the results of the analysis: The positive result of the RPGA indicates that you are sick with syphilis, or healthy, but transferred this disease in the past.

How to evaluate the resulting titer of antibodies: Depending on the antibody titer, we can approximately assume the limitation of syphilis infection. Shortly after the first hitting the Titre of antibodies, as a rule, less than 1: 320. The higher the titer of antibodies, the longer the time passed from the moment of infection.

Immuno enzyme analysis (ELISA), or Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA), or ELISA (ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASAY) - This is a trapona test, which is used to confirm the diagnosis and determination of the syphilis stage.

What will examine: Blood from vein or from finger.

After what time after the infection, the analysis becomes positive: Already 3 weeks after infection.

How to evaluate the results of the analysis: The positive result of the ELISA indicates that you are sick syphilis, or suffered this disease earlier. This analysis may remain positive and after cure.

Determination of the limitations of infection with syphilis using ELISA: Depending on which classes of antibodies (IGA, IGM, IGG) are detected in the blood, it is possible to assume the pressure of infection.

The article is written on the materials of the sites: sifilis24.ru, www.health-ua.org, krov.expert, zppp.su, polismed.ru.

Analysis of the ELISA (immuno-immunimal study) is a modern diagnostic procedure aimed at identifying specific antibodies to causative agents of a number of diseases, determining the stage of development of pathology and its etiology. It is used as a method of control over the process of treatment and its effectiveness. In the process of research, high-quality and quantitative indicators are analyzed.

The IFA method has high informativeness, the accuracy of the results is more than 96%. Diagnostics are available in almost any laboratory and medical institution.

Main indications

An immununimal study is prescribed to confirm the presence of sexually transmitted infectious diseases:

trichomoniasis;
chlamydia;
ureaplasmosis;
syphilisa, etc.

Also, IFA is used to diagnose viral diseases:

herpes;
herpes 4 types (Epstein-Barra virus);
viral hepatitis;
cytomegalovirus infection.

How to prepare for research

Biological material for the study serves blood. A few days before her passing excludes the reception of drugs. For 14 days, the reception of antibiotics, anthelminth and antiviral agents stops.

The fence of the material is carried out in the morning on an empty stomach. An hour before the procedure is allowed to drink a glass of water without gas, food intake is excluded.

Features Analysis

For the study, venous blood is taken, in a volume of at least 5 ml. In some cases, a cereal liquor, amniotic fluid or the contents of a vitreous body is used as a biomaterial.

Blood fence is carried out using an injection needle, strictly on an empty stomach, in order to avoid false-positive results. In 12 hours, it should be abandoned from smoking and receiving alcoholic beverages. When using narcotic substances, the results of the analysis are distorted.

If the conclusion shows the negative values \u200b\u200bof immunoglobulins G, A, M, this indicates the initial phase of the development of the pathological process or its absence. This result is registered with full recovery against the background of the therapy.

The negative result of IGM and IGA and the positive IgG speak of the formation of immunity after an infectious disease or vaccination.

A positive IGM result and a negative or positive result of IgG, IGA indicate the availability of acute infectious pathology.

An IFA analysis is carried out quite quickly, the results are ready in a day after the material fence.

For a comprehensive assessment of the state of the body, an IFA method of diagnostics is applied. An immunoferment blood test is intended to diagnose infectious, hematological, primary and secondary immunodeficiency.

What is an IFA analysis

Many patients are interested in the IFA method: what is it for which a study is carried out. An immununimal analysis began to be used relatively recently. Initially, antigenic structures were studied with it, and it was carried out only for scientific purposes. Then scientists came to the conclusion that with the help of enzymes, specific antibodies arising in response to the occurrence of the disease can be identified.

Initially, this technique was used only by narrow-profile medical institutions, mainly at blood transfusion stations. Of particular importance is the ELISA method for detecting HIV infection.

To date, this method has a wide scope of application. Modern laboratories use it to diagnose:

tumors;
hormonal disorders;
infections;
chronic or previously transferred infectious processes;
helmintes.

If an infectious process proceeds in the body, then this type of diagnosis is considered the most optimal to determine the type of disease.

The essence of the method and its types

The IFA method is what it is, what is the essence of this type of study? This and many other questions are interested in patients. The basis of this method of diagnosis is the binding of the body's immune cells with antigens of causative agents of infection. The resulting complex is determined using a special enzyme.

To understand the principle of the ELISA method, you need to know how the antigen antibody reaction is. The antigen is alien for the body of a molecule of protein origin, which penetrates along with infection. Particles of someone else's blood, inconsistent with the group, are also considered antigens. In the body, they provoke an immune response aimed at protecting against alien substances. Therefore, the human body produces antibodies - immunoglobulins that can join antigens, forming an immune complex. Such compounds are much easier to recognize and destroyed by cells of immunity.

The reaction to the presence of such immune complexes is carried out in laboratory conditions, applying ready-made connections to determine whether they are in the blood like them.

The essence of the IFA method is quite simple, however, due to the fact that the blood test is carried out to identify many infections and diseases, there are several types of its varieties. Each is distinguished by the implementation scheme and the application area. May be straight or indirect ELISA. The direct method involves the fact that immobilized antibodies react with antigens are used. The main advantage of this method is that all processes can be automated, and therefore the diagnosis takes a little time.

The indirect method implies that the antibodies of a secondary nature are used. And on the solid phase is immobilized by the antigen. The analysis allows you to identify antibodies to various antigens. It helps to achieve a more accurate result, but the method is characterized by complexity.

Benefits of research

The IFA method has many advantages in comparison with other diagnostic methods. The main one can attribute such:

high sensitivity;
stability when storing ingredients;
diagnostic speed;
you can use a small amount of material under study;
there is the ability to automate all processes;
you can identify infection in the earliest stages.

This diagnostic method is universal, therefore suitable for conducting a mass examination. With the help of the analysis, it is possible to trace the dynamics of the infectious process.

Indications for analysis and fence

Conducting research using the IFA method can be assigned in suspected many diseases:

Venous blood is investigated for antibodies. Before analyzing it, elements that may complicate the study are distinguished from it. There may be fence and other biological fluids.

To get the most accurate information, blood fence is carried out on an empty stomach. If the procedure has been appointed to determine the hidden infection, then a few weeks before the analysis, it is necessary to stop taking antibacterial and antiviral drugs. Depending on the equipment of the laboratory, where the material was taken, the result can be obtained during the day. In emergency cases, this time is reduced to several hours.

Analysis on syphilis

The use of the IFA method helps to determine the presence of many infections in the body, in particular syphilis. For the study, blood is taken from Vienna on an empty stomach. Then a study is carried out to help determine not only the presence of a disease in the body, but also the exact time of its start, since during the disease, some antibodies are replaced by others in a strictly defined order.

Under the acute phase, indicating the prolonged course of the disease, or with the exacerbation of chronic infection in the blood, immunoglobulins of the type M will be detected. The presence of type A immunoglobulins indicates that infection inhabits in the body of more than 4 weeks. The immunoglobulins of the Group G are talking about the height of the disease or the previously performed therapy.

According to the degree of color of the wells, the intensity of the infectious process is estimated, since its saturation depends on the number of generic immune complexes.

HIV analysis

The IFA method applies to the analysis on this case, has certain features that are associated with the flow and progression of the disease. This research method is considered to be the most acceptable to determine, but it is necessary to conduct it no earlier than a month after the impact of risk factors. This is due to the presence of an incubation period occurring from 45 days and up to 6 months. That is why the analysis must be repeated in six months.

ascaridosis;
giardiasis;
toxoplasmosis, etc.

Despite all the advantages, there are also disadvantages of the IFA method. The main disadvantage is that during the study, the doctor should have a predetermination of the disease.

If it is not possible to accidentally find the pathogen and determine its immunoferment properties. The test only indicates the presence of antibodies in the blood of the patient. In addition, it is quite expensive analysis.

Deciphering Analysis

The result of high-quality ELISA will be either the presence of antibodies, or their absence in the blood. If a quantitative analysis is performed, the concentration of antibodies can be expressed in a digital value, or in a certain number of signs +.

In addition, indicators are analyzed as:

IGM indicator indicates the flow of an acute infectious process in the body. His complete absence can talk about the absence of a causative agent of the disease or transition to a chronic stage.

An IGA indicator with a negative result of the IGM test indicates a chronic or hidden infection. The simultaneous presence of IGM and IGA suggests that the disease is in the acute stage. The presence of IgG speaks of the transition of the disease into a chronic stage or the full recovery and development of immunity.

Now there are special tests of the ELISA that can be conducted independently.

Analysis of the IFA - what is it? The full name of this diagnostic method is called an immunoassimensional blood test, and it is based on the definition in the peripheral blood antibodies of various classes, or immunoglobulins that produces a human body.

In the practice of the doctor of ELISA - the analysis occupies a very important place when you need to diagnose any infectious pathology. This analysis shows not only the fact of the presence of an infectious disease, but also the stages of the pathological process. Also not only in relation to the causative agent, the ELISA method is shown to use: it is used to diagnose allergic conditions. This test allows you to identify problems in the immunity system, with many diseases of the hematopoietic system, autoimmune and other disorders.

Why do IP need?

All researchers are inclined to the fact that the name "antibody" is chosen too unsuccessfully. But still, it reflects one important feature of immunoglobulins: they are able to bind and neutralize harmful substances, approaching them as a "key" to the "lock". The amount of antibodies in the blood reflects not only the overall body's ability to protect against infections, but also the ability to form circulating immune complexes, which may occur with different autoimmune diseases, for example, with rheumatoid arthritis or Bekhterev's disease.

Antibody complexes with an antigen (harmful factor in infectious nature) is the result of the response of the body to the introduction of "strangers". Therefore, immunity learns to recognize them, with the help of lymphocytes, immunocompetent cells are trained, and they are capable of producing highly specific antibodies. Thus, the antibodies to the epstein virus are otherwise arranged than antibodies to viral hepatitis C, or to an intestinal wand, and anti-HAV, or antibodies to hepatitis A virus - otherwise than autoantibodies to cartilage tissue. It is high specificity, and the compliance of immunoglobulin that infective causative agent and makes a high value to such a laboratory study as an immuno-immunimal blood test.

After a strong connection of antibodies and antigens into a single complex (antigen antibody), harmful factors lose their ability to damage the body tissues, and then these complexes are damaged or neutralized, or lysed using phagocytosis with neutrophils, and, "digesting", leaving the body.

IFA blood test may show with which particular pathoral factor is our body, at what stage is the process of the interaction of the body with infection. After the study, the doctor can make a prediction with a high degree of confidence, assign certain types of treatment, and in some cases it can even determine the life expectancy of the patient, especially in chronic viral infections, for example, with viral hepatitis C.

But in some case, there are no infectious agents in the body at all, and the "error" antibodies are pounced on their own organs and tissues, since immunocompetent cells received false information. Such diseases are called autoimmune, and an immunofermental blood test also helps to recognize this chronic pathology, and help in diagnosis.

How is the analysis?

Classic material is the venous patient's blood. But if necessary, you can explore the most different liquid and fabric: mucus, saliva, cervical secret, cerebrospinal fluid, vitreous body eye, contents of the umbilical cord, and oily water. It is important to remember that the reception of various drugs, excessive physical activity, alcohol abuse, can greatly distort the results of the tests.

There are several methods that allow this analysis. Most often in clinical laboratories, a photometric method is used. In this case, labeled paint substances are used, after the reaction of which, and the labeling of the complex of the antigen antibody changes their painting. As a result, the optical density of the solution changes, and this change is directly proportional to the concentration of detected antibodies. Laboratory spectrophotometers are successfully used to measure these deviations.

Also, a fluorimetric method is used to carry out an ELISA, the basis of which is fluorescence. Here, the intensity of fluorescent substances is calculated here, which downtreated on the samples under study.

Finally, immunological analysis use electrochemical ways to determine the activity of enzymes, which are special tags for antigens and antibodies. The immununimal method itself is most often involved in the use of enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase and galactosidase. These enzymes can bind to antibodies or antigens and marked them as a result of their activity.

Minuses of the method and its advantages

The apparent "advantages" can be attributed to the democratic cost of analysis, the possibility of its screening use among broad groups of the population, for example, when examining pregnant women for HIV. The method of immununimal analysis is sufficiently special, and can be used to control the quality of the treatment of many diseases. It is important that the analysis is preparing quickly, and is simple and safe for the patient.

There is, however, a lot of "pitfalls". So, if immunoglobulins are not identified, then it does not yet talk about 100% of the absence of the disease. After all, against the background of immunodeficiency, the body can simply not "be forces" on the synthesis of antibodies. If the patient has severe liver failure, the liver is simply unable to synthesize the protein - building material for antibodies. In this case, the result is called seronegative, and confirmation of infection is required by the direct and most perfect method of study - PCR, or polymerase chain reaction. In contrast to the immuno-enzyme analysis, while the method is detected not the body's reaction to the infectious process (which may be defective, or not at all), during PCR, the hereditary material is determined, or the pathogen itself is determined.