Global problems of society and ways to solve them. Global problems of humanity

The global problems are particularly related to the problem of their importance, whose overcoming the possibility of continuing life on Earth depends. The solution of global problems is possible as a result of not only the association of economic efforts of countries, but also the adoption of political steps, changes in the public consciousness, in the field of international law, etc. However, economic prerequisites and the world economic significance of the decision of these problems seem to be the most important.

Signs of global problems:
Without their solution, the survival of humanity is impossible;
They are universal, i.e. affect all countries;
To solve, require the association of the efforts of all mankind;
They are pressing, i.e. Their decision cannot be postponed or shifted on the shoulders of future generations;
Their appearance and development are interrelated. The listed features require some explanation.

Without solving global problems, the survival of humanity is impossible. This means not only that their development is gradually or more and moretained or can destroy humanity. For example, the spread of nuclear weapons on conflicting countries and regions of the world potentially threatens the nuclear catastrophe and its consequences to all residents of the Earth. Some problems themselves are not a problem in the negative meaning of this word. Simply, in the absence or insufficiency of universal efforts in certain directions (for example, in the development of space or the world ocean), it will not be possible to create a material database of universal survival.

The universal nature of global problems means that the manifestations of global problems can be seen in any country. However, not any problem, common to all countries, is global. For example, unemployment exists in any country, but we do not call this problem global, because it is internal for the country. In addition, the problem of unemployment does not satisfy other characteristic features for global problems. Global problems affect all countries, but affect in different ways. For example, the demographic problem associated with the exponential growth of humanity has a different character in different groups of countries.

The need to combine the efforts of all mankind in the context of the established imbalance in the economic development of the countries of the developed north and behind the South predetermines the different contribution of individual nations into the process of solving global problems. In addition, the acuteness of individual global problems for different countries is different and, therefore, the degree of interest and participation of countries in the resolution of individual global problems is different. Thus, the permission of the problem of poverty in the underdeveloped countries of the African region is key to the survival of most of the local population. The participation of the Golden Billion countries in resolving this problem is determined only by moral motives and is often expressed as humanitarian aid or other forms of charity.

The emergence and development of global problems is associated with human activity, and not necessarily negative, aimed at self-destruction. Moreover, almost all global problems arose as a result of the creative activities of people. They are a consequence of progress, which, as we see, has too deep negative consequences.

In scientific publications, there are no uniform formulations in international organizations and a list of global problems. Often, individual problems are grouped into more general. For example, they often talk about a natural resource problem, which includes raw materials, energy and food. The most common point of view is the following.

Global problems include:
ecological;
the problem of peace and disarmament, preventing a nuclear war;
overcoming poverty;
demographic;
raw
energy;
Food;
international terrorism;
Mastering the cosmos and the world's ocean.

List and hierarchy of global problems are not constant. While the development of individual global problems is suitable for which they are irreversible (for example, ecological or raw materials), the significance of individual problems in recent years has significantly decreased or their nature has changed significantly (the problem of peace and disarmament). In recent years, international terrorism has been added to the list of such problems.

The global environmental problem today seems the most acute. For a brief, but capacious concept of "environmental problem", a long number of changes unfavorable and human health are hidden as an environmental environment as the surrounding environment. It is not by chance that many scientists talk about the development of several global environmental problems. They are interrelated and follow one of the other. Thus, as a result of air pollution with industrial emissions, a decrease in the ozone layer of the earth and climate warming, although scientists call not only anthropogenic (as a result of human activity), but also natural (natural) causes of global environmental problems. Anthropogenic factors include irrational nature management and the increase in the number of waste polluting the environment.

In each of the three components of the environment, negative changes are observed today: in the atmosphere, on land and in the aquatic environment. Changes touched on the physical (glacier shifts, the change in air composition, etc.) and biological objects (fauna and flora) in each of the named elements and, ultimately, affect the health and life of a person (Fig. 3.2). Recently, scientists started talking about the potential threats to human life from outer space (asteroids, "cosmic garbage", etc.).

In the atmosphere, the main negative manifestations of global environmental problems should consider air quality, acid rain, the depletion of the ozone layer of the stratosphere, as well as temperature and other climate change. As an example, we note that only air pollution causes 5% of all diseases of the world's population, it complicates the consequences of a variety of diseases. In rural areas of developing countries, about 2 million people die each year due to high concentrations of harmful suspensions in the air.

Limited and mostly unparalleled sushi resources in a significant extent, than the state of the atmosphere is subject to rapid and large-scale deterioration. The main problems here are to degradation of soils, desertification, deforestation, reducing biological diversity (species diversity), etc., only the problem of desertification, i.e. The increase in the scale of desert land in the world affects the vital interests of each third inhabitant of the Earth, since this process is involved from a third to half the surface of the sushi.

Environmental problems affect the water environment, which is expressed in acute deficit
Freshwater (40% of the world's population is experiencing a lack of water), in its purity and drinking suitability (1.1 billion people use unsafe drinking water), pollution of the sea, over-exploitation of living sea resources, loss of coastal habitats.

For the first time at the international level, the global problem is stitched by the environment from a detrimental impact of a person in 1972 at the first UN conference on the environment, which received the name of Stockholm's name at the place of its convener. Already then it was recognized that natural resources should be protected, the ability of the Earth to restore the renewable resources should be maintained, and pollution should not exceed the ability of the environment to self-cleaning. In the same year, the International Organization of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) was established. In 1970, 1980s, the international community adopted a number of international conventions in the field of ecology. Among them: the World Heritage Convention, 1972; "On international trading in the species of wild fauna and flora, which are threatened with disappearance (CITES), 1973; "On the preservation of migratory species of wild animals", 1979; Montreal protocol on substances that destroys the ozone layer, 1987; Basel Convention on Control For Transboundary Transportation of Hazardous Waste and Removal, 1989, etc.

The following large milestones of international cooperation in the art were the creation in 1983 by the World Environment and Development Commission and the UN Rio De Janeiro Conference in 1992 with the same name. The Summit in Rio de Janeiro revealed unequal opportunities among the countries of the North and the South to go to sustainable development and approved the "Agenda for the XXI Century" document. According to the Summit, it is necessary to allocate $ 625 billion annually on the implementation of the provisions of the document in developing countries. The main idea contained in this document is to find a balance between the three areas of development of humanity towards sustainable development: social, economic and environmental. The Rio de Janeiro also signed a framework convention on climate change and the principle of general and distinguished responsibility was introduced, which reflected the fact of the largest contribution of industrialized countries into the pollution of the atmosphere of carbon dioxide.

In 1997, a legal instrument of the Framework Convention - the Kyoto Protocol appeared at the International Conference in Kyoto (Japan). According to the protocol, the signatories and ratifying parties should reduce the total greenhouse gas emissions of at least 5% compared to the 1990 level, the protocol contains a new one, until the market mechanism has not been used to achieve the goal, including:
the possibility of joint fulfillment of emissions reduction obligations;
Trade quotas for greenhouse gas emissions. The seller's country that over-fulfilling issues taken to reduce emissions can sell certain units of already abbreviated emissions to the other party;
The possibility of participation of legal entities enterprises in action on obtaining, transferring or acquiring emission reduction units.

By December 2001, 84 countries signed the Kyoto Protocol and another 46 states ratified or joined it. The protocol will enter into force only 90 days after its ratification of at least 55 signatory countries.

At the present stage of the development of civilization, I have never had any questions, without solving which the further translational movement of humanity on the path of economic progress is impossible. Despite the fact that it is only part of universal activity, on its development in the XXI century. The problems of the safety and conservation of peace, natural environment and, as well as moral, religious and philosophical values \u200b\u200bdepend.

The importance of global problems has been particularly increased in the second half of the twentieth century. It is they who significantly affect the structure of the national and. Historically, the world economy as a whole has developed to the beginning of the twentieth century. As a result of drawing into world-economic relations, most of the countries of the world. By this time was completed territorial section of the world, in the global economy formed two poles. In one pole were industrially developed countries, and on the other - their colonies - agrarian and raw materials appendages. The latter were drawn in long before the formation of national markets there. The involvement of these countries in world economic relations actually happened not in connection with the needs of their own development, but was a product of expansion of industrialized countries. Thus, the world economy formed, even after the independence of independence, former colonies, has retained the relations of the center and the periphery for many years. This is where the current global problems and contradictions originate.

As a rule, there are tremendous material and financial resources to solve global problems. The main criteria for the assignment of a particular problem to the category of global recognized to consider it the scale and necessity of joint efforts To eliminate it.

Global problems - inconsistencies between the most significant planetary needs and the possibility of their satisfaction with the joint efforts of humanity during a certain period of time.

Examples of global problems of the world

Global problems of humanity - These are the problems that affect the vital interests of the entire population of the planet and require to solve the joint efforts of all states of the world.

In modern conditions, global problems include:

Other global problems are also harvested.

Classification of global problems

Exceptional difficulties and great costs to solve global problems require their reasonable classification.

According to its origin, the nature and methods of solving global problems, according to the classification adopted by international organizations, are divided into three groups. First group Conduct problems determined by the main socio-economic and political tasks of humanity. These include the preservation of the world, cessation of arms race and disarmament, nonymilitarization of space, the creation of favorable conditions for world social progress, overcoming the lag in the development of low-income countries per capita.

Second group Encompasses a set of problems revealing in the Triade "Man - Society - Technique". These problems should take into account the effectiveness of the use of NTP in the interests of harmonious social development and the elimination of the negative impact of the technique per person, the growth of population, the approval of human rights in the state, its exemption from under the excessively strengthened control of state institutions, especially on personal freedom as the most important component of human rights.

Third Group Submitted by the problems associated with socio-economic processes and the environment, i.e., the problems of relations in the Company - nature. This includes solving raw materials, energy and food problems, overcoming the crisis of the environment, covering more and more new areas and able to destroy human life.

End of the XX and the beginning of the XXI centuries. They led to the overwork of a number of local, specific issues of the development of countries and regions in the discharge of global. However, it should be recognized that internationalization played a decisive role in this process.

The number of global problems is growing, in certain publications of recent years, it is called more than twenty problems of modernity, however, most authors allocate four main global problems: environmental, preservation of peace and disarmament, demographic, fuel and raw materials.

The scale, place and role of individual global problems are changing. The environmental problem currently came out in the first place, although even recently her place was struggling for the preservation of peace and disarmament. There are changes and inside global problems: they lose their former importance to some of their components and appear new ones. So, in the problem of the struggle for peace and disarmament, the main emphasis began to decrease the funds of mass lesion, the non-proliferation of mass weapons, the development and implementation of measures for the conversion of military production; In the fuel and raw material problem, there was a real possibility of exhaustability of a number of non-renewable natural resources, and in demographic - new tasks arose related to the significant expansion of the international migration of the population, labor resources, etc.

It's obvious that global problems are closely interrelated. For example, a food acuity is aggravated by the leading growth of population compared with the growth of agricultural production in many developing countries. To solve a food problem, it is necessary to use the resource potential of industrialized countries or international organizations developing and implementing special assistance programs. Consideration of the impact of global problems on the formation of the world economy requires their detailed analysis and evaluation from the standpoint of both individual countries and the world community as a whole. FEATURES OF WORLD Development Second Half
Xx in. Consisted in what has become a constant factor affecting all areas of economic activity. Economic activities have spread to such territories and in such areas that have not previously been accessible to a person (World Ocean, Polar Zones, Cosmos, etc.).

The accelerated development of the productive forces, the systematic nature and global scale of technical progress, if they are not supported by the perfect management mechanism, can lead to irreversible negative consequences. In particular, even more unevenness in economic development between countries increases, the gap between the levels of the material and spiritual culture of mankind will increase, there will be a violation of the biosphere equilibrium, the deterioration of ecology can lead to the impossibility of life on Earth.

To exit this crisis situation in the field of food, the development of a joint international strategy for production, redistribution and consumption of food is necessary. Even with the current methods of land processing, according to the calculations of English experts, it is possible to provide food over 10 billion people. All this indicates the extremely unproductive use of the processed lands.

The solution to the problem of developing countries requires overcoming their economic and scientific and technical backwardness, and this is due to the evolution of the economic space, which will lead to radical socio-economic transformations, the elimination of backward forms of land use and an increase in agriculture on the basis of the introduction of scientific methods of its maintenance.

In this situation, Russia and countries should pay attention primarily to preserving and increasing the potential of fertile agricultural land, an increase in the productivity of agricultural production, as well as product storage and distribution systems.

The problem of military expenses

After graduation Second World War The world community makes gigantic efforts to preserve peace and disarmament. However, humanity still spends huge funds. Military spending inhibit economic and technological development, increase, contribute to the growth of inflation, distract people and from solving public social problems, increase external debt, have a negative impact on international relations and their stability.

The negative impact of military expenses on the economic development of the country may be long. Excessive military spending spent heavy burden lay on countries with a low level of development of the economic space, to which many developing countries include in the modern stage of the global economy.

At the same time, the zones of regional and local conflicts that provoke external interference have emerged and expand, increasingly using military force. Participants of such confrontations already possess or in the near future, they can become owners of weapons of mass lesion, including nuclear weapons. This causes many countries to maintain a high level of military spending in their budgets.

At the same time, the reduction of military potential, especially in the largest states, for example, Russia, faces many complex issues, because the military-industrial complex represents thousands of enterprises and millions of people employed on them. In addition, world trade of weapons is still one of the most profitable types of business, which annually brings our country of revenues by $ 3-4 billion.

In the conditions of economic instability, limitedness and lack of necessary funds, the reduction of the Armed Forces and disarmament in Russia gives rise to additional economic and social problems. Disarmament and reduction of military production in some cases does not lead to the release of funds, but requires significant material and financial resources.

Thus, ensuring the safety and preservation of the world on the planet is possible with close cooperation between countries, reasonable use of available resources aimed at eliminating the universal military threat and nuclear war.

The development of the productive forces of the world economy requires not only a permanent influx of material and fuel and energy resources, but also the use of significant monetary and financial resources.

The transformation of the world economy into a single market of goods, services, labor, capital and knowledge leads to a higher stage of internationalization (globalization). A single global market creates the volume of economic space and plays an extremely important role in servicing the structural restructuring of national economies. At the same time, it can contribute to the deepening of disproportion in the world economy.

Global goals of mankind

The priority global goals of humanity are as follows:

• in the political sphere - a reduction in the likelihood and in the future, the complete elimination of military conflicts, preventing violence in international relations;
• in the economic and environmental spheres - the development and implementation of resource and energy-saving technologies, the transition to non-traditional energy sources, development and the ubiquitous use of environmental technologies;
• in the social sphere - raising the standard of living, the global efforts to preserve the health of people, the creation of the global food supply system;
• in the cultural and spiritual sphere - the restructuring of the mass moral consciousness in accordance with today's realities.

The adoption of measures towards the implementation of these goals is a strategy for the survival of humanity.

Aparticing global problems

As the global economy develops, new global problems arise and will arise.

In modern conditions, the newly formed global problem is space space. The human yield into space was an important impetus for the development of both fundamental science and applied research. Modern communication systems, forecasting the most natural cataclysms, remote intelligence of minerals are only a small part of what has become a reality due to cosmic flights. At the same time, the scale of the financial costs necessary for further development of the space space today is already exceeding the possibilities of not only individual states, but also groups of countries. Exceptionally expensive components of research are the creation and launch of spacecraft, the content of space stations. Thus, the cost of manufacturing and launching the Progress Cosmic Space Actuate is $ 22 million, the piloted Soyuz spacecraft - $ 26 million, Proton spacecraft - $ 80 million, and Schettle Space Shuttle - 500 million dollars Annual exploitation of the International Space Station (ISS) costs about $ 6 billion.

Colossial investments are required to implement projects related to the exploration and promising development of other planets of the solar system. As a result, the interests of the development of outer space objectively suggest broad interstate interaction in this area, the development of large-scale international cooperation in the preparation and conduct of space research.

Among the nascent global problems are currently attributable studying the structure of the Earth and weather and climate management. As well as the development of outer space, the solution of these two problems is possible only on the basis of broad international cooperation. Moreover, the weather and climate management requires, among other things, the global coordination of the behavioral norms of economic entities in order to widespread minimizing the harmful effects of economic activity on the environment.

Global problems of modernity - This is a combination of societies whose solutions depends on the social progress of humanity and the preservation of civilization. These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society and for their decision requires the combined efforts of all mankind. Global problems are interconnected, cover all parties to the lives of people and concern all countries of the world.

List of global problems

Unresolunce problems of canceling aging in humans and a weak public awareness of neglecting aging.

the "North-South" problem is a gap in the development between rich and poor countries, poverty, holongnemia;

preventing thermonuclear War Ensuring peace for all peoples, preventing the world community of unauthorized distribution of nuclear technologies, a radioactive contamination environment;

preventing catastrophic pollution of the surrounding environment;

providing humanity resources;

global warming;

ozone holes;

the problem of cardiovascular, oncological diseasespeed.

demographic development (demographic explosion of developing countries Idemographic crisis of developed).

terrorism;

crime;

Global problems are a consequence of the confrontation of nature and human culture, as well as non-compliance or incompatibility of multidirectional trends in the course of the development of human culture itself. Natural nature exists according to the principle of negotiation of the environment), while human culture - according to the principle of positive communication.

Attempts by solutions

Demographic transition- Natural endempographic explosion1960s

Nuclear disarmament

Energy saving

Montreal Protocol (1989) - the fight against ozone holes

Kyoto Protocol (1997) - Fighting global warming.

Scientific prizes for the successful radical extension of the lives of mammals (mice) and their rejuvenation.

Roman Club (1968)

Global problems of modernity

Global problems of modernity.

Features of integration processes covering a variety of life spheres

people most deeply and sharply show themselves in the so-called global

problems of modernity.

Global problems:

The problem of ecology

Conservation of Mira

Mastering Space and World Ocean

Food problem

The problem of population

The problem of overcoming backwardness

The problem of raw materials

Features of global problems.

1) have planetary, global character, affect the interests of all

peoples of the world.

2) Threatens the degradation and the death of all mankind.

3) need emergency and effective solutions.

4) require collective efforts of all states, joint actions of peoples.

Most of the problems that we today are associated with global problems.

modernity, accompanied humanity throughout his history. TO

it should primarily include the problems of ecology, the preservation of the world,

overcoming poverty, hunger, illiteracy.

But after World War II, due to the unprecedented scale

converting human activity, all these problems turned into

global, expressing the contradictions of the holistic modern world and

denoting with an unprecedented force the need for cooperation and unity of all

people of the Earth.

Nowadays global problems:

On the one hand, demonstrate the close relationship of states;

And on the other, they detect the deep contradiction of this unity.

The development of human society has always been controversial. It is constant

accompanied not only by establishing harmonic communication with nature, but also

destructive effect on it.

Apparently, synanthops were applied noticeable damage to nature (about 400 thousand

years ago) who began to use the fire. As a result of the arising in this

the links of fires were destroyed by significant places of plant cover.

Scientists believe that the intensive hunt of the ancient people on the mammoth was one of

the most important reasons for the disappearance of this type of animals.

Becoming about 12 thousand years ago the transition from the assignment character

management to the producing, bound primarily with development

agriculture also led to very significant negative impacts on

environmental nature.

Agriculture technology in those times was as follows: on a certain

the area was surrounded by the forest, then elementary processing of soil and sowing

plant seeds. This field could produce a crop of only 2-3 years, after which

the soil was depleted and it was necessary to go to a new site.

In addition, environmental problems in antiquity often generated production

mineral.

So, in VII - IV centuries BC Intensive development in ancient Greece

silver - lead mines that required large volumes of strong

the forests led to the destruction of forests on the antique peninsula.

Significant changes in natural landscapes caused the construction of cities,

which began to be carried out in the Middle East about 5 thousand years ago, and

of course, a significant burden on nature was accompanied by the development

industry.

But although these impacts of a person on the environment acquired all the big

scale, nevertheless until the second half of the 20th century, they had local

character.

Humanity, developing along the path of progress, gradually accumulated

material and spiritual resources to meet their needs, however

he never managed to completely get rid of hunger, poverty and

illiteracy. The acuity of these problems was felt by each people in their own way, and

ways of their decisions have never come beyond the boundaries of individual

states.

Meanwhile, it is known from history that steadily growing interactions between

nations, exchange of industrial and agricultural products

production, spiritual values \u200b\u200bwere constantly accompanied by the most acute

military clashes. For the period from 3500 BC. 14530 wars occurred.

And only 292 people lived without wars.

In the wars killed (million people)

XVII century 3,3.

XVIII century 5.5

In the first and second world wars, about 70 million people lost their lives.

These were the first world wars in the whole history of humanity in which

participated a significant majority of the countries of the world. They did not mark

transforming the problem of war and peace into the global.

And what caused global problems? The answer to this question, in essence,

pretty simple. Global problems were result:

FROM one side of the huge scale of human activity, radically

changing nature, society, lifestyle of people.

FROM The other side of the inability of a person is rationally dispose of this

mighty power.

Ecological problem.

Economic activity in a number of states is being developed so powerful today

that it affects the environmental situation not only inside

countries, but also far beyond its borders.

Characteristic examples:

The United Kingdom "exports" 2/3 of its industrial emissions.

75-90% of acid rains of Scandinavian countries have foreign origin.

From the acid rain in the UK, 2/3 of forest arrays suffers, and in

countries of continental Europe - about half of their areas.

In the United States lacks that oxygen, which is naturally reproduced on their

territory.

The largest rivers, lakes, the sea of \u200b\u200bEurope and North America intensively

contaminated by industrial waste enterprises of various countries,

using their water resources.

From 1950 to 1984, the production of mineral fertilizers increased from 13.5 million.

tons up to 121 million tons per year. Their use gave 1/3 of increment

agricultural products.

At the same time, the use of chemical use in recent decades has increased dramatically

fertilizers, as well as various chemical plants protection agents

of the most important causes of global environmental pollution. Diverse

water and air for huge distances, they are included in geochemical

createness of substances throughout the Earth, inflicting significant damage to nature,

and the person himself.

Extremely characteristic of our time has become a rapidly developing process.

the withdrawal of environmentally harmful enterprises in underdeveloped countries.

Huge and increasing extent of the use of natural

mineral resources led not only to the depletion of raw materials in individual countries,

but also to substantial depletion of the entire raw material base of the planet.

In our eyes, the era of extensive capacity use ends

biosphere. This is confirmed by the following factors:

§ Today there are negatively little undeveloped land for keeping

agriculture;

§ Systematically increases the desert area. From 1975 to 2000

it increases by 20%;

§ Great Anxiety causes a reduction in the forest cover of the planet. Since 1950.

to 2000, forest area will decrease by almost 10%, and the forests are light

all the earth;

§ Operation of water pools, including the World Ocean,

carried out on such a scale that nature does not have time to reproduce

what a man takes.

Continuous development of industry, transport, agriculture, etc.

requires a sharp increase in energy costs and entails an increasing

load on nature. Currently, as a result of intense human

even the climate change occurs.

Compared with the beginning of the last century, carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere

it has increased by 30%, and 10% of this increase was given by the last 30 years. Raising

its concentration leads to the so-called greenhouse effect, as a result

which is the warming of the climate of the entire planet.

Scientists believe that this kind of change is carried out already in our time.

As a result of human activity, warming occurred in the range of 0.5

degree. However, if the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles

compared with its level in the pre-industrial era, i.e. will increase by another 70%,

that will happen very sharp changes in the life of the Earth. First of all, 2-4

degrees, and on the poles by 6-8 degrees will increase the average temperature, which, in

turn will cause irreversible processes:

Melting ice

Raising the World Ocean level for one meter

Flooding of many coastal areas

Change of moisture exchange on the ground surface

Reducing the number of precipitation

Changing the wind direction

It is clear that such changes will bring huge problems before people,

related to the management of the economy, reproducing the necessary conditions for their

Today, as fair one of the first grades V.I. Vernadsky,

humanity has gained such power in converting the world peace that it

it begins to significantly influence the evolution of the biosphere as a whole.

Human economic activity in our time already entails

climate change, it affects the chemical composition of water and air

earth pools on the animal and plant world of the planet, on its entire appearance.

The problem of war and peace.

The problem of war and the world turned into a global literally before our eyes, and

first of all, as a result of sharply increased weapons.

Today, only a nuclear weapon is accumulated so much that his explosive

power is several thousand times higher than the power of ammunition used in all

wars who were led before.

Nuclear charges are kept in the arsenals of different countries, total power

which are several million times higher than the capacity of the bomb dropped on

Hiroshima. But from this bomb, over 200 thousand people died! 40% Square

the cities turned into ashes, 92% was disgusting beyond recognition. Sound

the effects of atomic bombing still feel thousands of people.

For each person now only in the form of nuclear weapons

accounts for such a number of explosives that their trinitrolatol

equivalent exceeds 10 tons. If people had so much food,

how many of all types of weapons and explosives exist on the planet! ..

weapons can be destroyed by many dozen times to destroy all life on Earth. But because

today, the "ordinary" means of warfare are quite capable of causing

global damage and humanity, and nature. In addition, it should be borne in mind that

war management technologies evolve towards increasing destruction

civilians. The ratio between the number of dead civilians and

The solution of global problems is the task of emergency importance and complexity, and so far it is impossible to say with confidence that their overcoming paths are found. According to many social scientists, whatever a separate problem from the global system, it cannot be solved without preliminary overcoming the spontaneity in the development of terrestrial civilization, without transition to agreed and systematic actions on a global scale. Only such actions can save society, as well as its natural environment.

In the conditions established by the beginning of the 21st century, humanity can no longer function by spontaneously without the risk of catastrophe for each country. The only exit - in the transition from self-regulating to the managed evolution of the world community and its natural environment. It is necessary that the universal interests are to prevent nuclear war, mitigating the environmental crisis, replenishment of resources - prevailed over the private economic and political benefits of individual countries, corporations and parties. In the 1970s. The last century was enacted by various types of programs, local, national and transnational organizations began work. Currently, humanity has the necessary economic and financial resources, scientific and technical capabilities and intellectual potential to achieve this goal. But for the embodiment of this possibility, new political thinking is needed, goodwill and international cooperation based on the priority of universal interest and values.

Global scientists offer various options for solving global problems of modernity (Fig. 1):

changing the nature of industrial activity - the creation of waste-free production, heat-energy-free technologies, the use of alternative energy sources (sun, wind, etc.);

creating a new world order, developing a new formula for global management of the world community on the principles of understanding the modern world as a holistic and interrelated community of people;

recognition of universal values, attitudes towards life, man and peace as the highest values \u200b\u200bof humanity;

refusal of the war as a means of solving controversial issues, search for ways of peaceful resolution of international problems and conflicts.

Figure 1 - Ways to solve global problems of humanity

Only Mankind can solve the problem of overcoming the environmental crisis.

First of all, you should move from a consumer-technocratic approach to nature to the search for harmony with it. For this, in particular, a number of targeted measures for the environmentalization of production are needed: natural-saving technologies, mandatory environmental impact assessment of new projects, the creation of waste-free technologies of a closed cycle. Another measure aimed at improving the relationship between human and nature is a reasonable self-limitation in the expenditure of natural resources, especially energy sources (oil, coal), which have the most important importance to human life. Calculations of international experts show that if we proceed from the modern level of consumption (the end of the XX C), then the reserves of coal will be enough for another 430 years, oil - for 35 years, natural gas - for 50 years. Term, especially in oil reserves, not so big. In this regard, reasonable structural changes in the global energy balance towards expanding the use of atomic energy, as well as the search for new, efficient, safe and maximum energy-free sources for the nature, including cosmic ones.

The planetary society today is making specific measures to solve environmental problems and reduce their danger: the maximum permissible issues of emission emissions are developing, create non-waste or low-waste technologies, more rationally use energy, land and water resources, save minerals, etc. However, a tangible effect, all listed and other measures can only be given to the consolidation of the efforts of all countries to save nature. Back in 1982, the UN adopted a special document - the World Charter of Nature Conservation, and then created the Special Environment and Development Commission. In addition to the UN, such a non-governmental organization as the Roman Club plays a major role in developing and ensuring the environmental safety of humanity. As for the governments of the leading powers of the world, they try to fight environmental pollution by adopting special environmental legislation.

Global problems require compliance with certain moral standards, allowing to relate all the increasing needs of a person with the possibilities of the planet to satisfy them. A number of scientists rightly believe that the transition of the entire earthly community from the dead-end technologically consumer to a new spiritual and environmental, or noospheric, is the type of civilization existence. Its similarity is that "scientific and technological progress, the production of material goods and services, political and financial and economic interests should be not the goal, but only a means of harmonizing relations between society and nature, help to approve the highest ideals of human existence: infinite knowledge , comprehensive creative development and moral improvement. "

One of the most popular points of view of solving this problem is to instill new moral and ethical values. So in one of the reports of the Roman Club, it is written that new ethical education should be directed to:

1) the development of world consciousness, thanks to which a person is aware of himself as a member of the world community;

2) the formation of a more leaning attitude towards the use of natural resources;

3) the development of such an attitude towards nature, which would be based on harmony, and not on submission;

4) Education of feelings of involvement in future generations and willingness to abandon their own goods in their favor.

It is possible to successfully deal with the solution of global problems and it is already necessary on the basis of the constructive and mutually acceptable cooperation of all countries and peoples, despite the differences in the social systems to which they belong.

The solution of global problems is possible only by the joint efforts of all countries coordinating their actions at the international level. Selfolation and development features will not allow individual countries to remain aside from the economic crisis, nuclear war, the threat of terrorism or the AIDS epidemic. To solve global problems, overcoming the danger that threatens all humanity, it is necessary to further strengthen the relationship between the diverse modern world, the change in the interaction with the environment, the refusal of the cult of consumption, the development of new values.

Conclusion: without relevant human qualities, without the global responsibility of each person, it is impossible to solve any of the global problems. All problems are too large and complex so that one country can cope with them, the leadership of one power cannot provide a stable world order and solving global problems. The integrated interaction of the entire world community is necessary.

Let us hope that the main wealth of all countries in the 21st century will be the preserved resources of nature and the cultural and educational level of people living in harmony with this nature. It is likely that the formation of a new information - the world community having humane goals will become the toproom of human development, which will lead it to solving and eliminate the main global problems.

Humanity has passed a long way from Dikar ignorance to the historic landing on the moon, conquering a red planet. Surprisingly, with an increase in scientific thought, technology did not benefit from ordinary citizens of our planet. On the contrary, they entail a decrease in jobs, crisis and military phenomena. Consider global problems of modernity and ways to solve them.

In contact with

Fundamental concepts

Global problems of modernity (GP) - Critical phenomena affecting interests of every person, society and world states generally.

The term became popular in the 60s. XX century. To prevent negative consequences, a joint action plan for all countries is needed.

The classification of the GP of our time is a system that takes into account the origin, the level of danger, the possible consequences of each danger. Thanks to structuring, it is easier to focus on solving pressing tasks.

Like any phenomenon, our has a number of properties that form the concept:

1. Independence on time - risk groups destructively affect the planet, but their speed is significantly different. For example, the demographic crisis of humanity develops longer than natural cataclysms arising overnight.
2. They relate to each state - the integration of world powers led to the mutual response between them. However, it is important to draw the attention of the entire world community to a constructive dialogue.
3. Threat to humanity - all types of global problems of modernity put the integrity and life of the world society, planets.

Attention!Until the middle of the 20th century, scientists did not think about the brief of the global issues of humanity. The relationship between human society and nature rose only in the philosophical level. In 1944 V.I. Vernadsky introduced the concept of noosphere (the area of \u200b\u200bmind), arguing this scale of creatures of humanity.

The emergence of global issues

The causes of global problems of humanity are not manifested from scratch. We bring to your attention a list of factors forming current issues of our time:

1. Globalization of the world - the economy and the relationship between states reached a new level. Now each participant in World Arena is responsible for the well-being of neighbors (and not only).
2. The widest field of activity is "conquerors of the world," so the modern society feels like. Today there are no areas where a person's leg would have come.
3. Irrational resource consumption - planet safety stock is not unlimited. Studies of the earth's crust indicate that the energy sphere (gas, oil and coal) will collapse in 170 years. I hope you understand what it threatens.
4. Destruction of the environment - here includes the rapid development of technologies. After all, tons of minerals are required for multimilion projects. Hence the deforestation of forests, unsystematic extermination of gifts of world, pollution of the atmosphere and outer space.
5. Morality and society - a simple person are not interested in topical issues of modernity. But the carelessness on the "lower" level is fraught with the relaxation of ruling circles, the scientific elite.
6. The unevenness of socio-economic development - the "young" states are significantly inferior to the strong world of this, which allows them to manipulate more weak. This situation is fraught with an increase in global tension.
7. Weapon mass defeat - nuclear warheads Threaten the existence of humanity. However, this is a reliable (yet) deterrent factor.

The global issues of modern people facing humanity indicate the incompetence of world leaders of states, aggressive policies in relation to nature.

Important!Scientists Circles have long defined the causes of the difficulties of modernity, but their decision has not yet brought visible results. To restore the lost heritage, dozens will be needed, hundreds of years.

Classification

The best minds of our time work on structuring global hazards for humanity.

Some breed them by origin, others - by destroying the impact, are third - in importance for world civilization. We offer to familiarize yourself with each option.

First group - here are factors associated with foreign policy policies, their contradictions and mutual claims. To resolve global problems, political prerequisites must be ensured.

The second group is the globalization of the relationship between humans and society, the state. This includes ethnic, religious, terrorist confrontations.

The third group is a link between world civilization and nature of the planet. The solution to these problems should be a scientific and political nature.

We will understand classification of HPBased on the directivity of the impact:

1. The threat to the world - the development of technology of modernity requires a resource base, the formation of which pollutes the surrounding space. Most of the modern industry throws disintegration products. The protection of ecology includes not only a decrease in the emission of harmful substances, but also the development of new, "clean" technologies. Such projects are already created in economically developed countries, but transnational companies inhibit their implementation (fabric revenues from gas and oil).
2. Overcrowding - according to scientists forecasts, the population of 12 billion people will lead to the destruction of the planet ecosystem. If briefly, you will have to "get rid" from more than 5 billion to return the natural balance. The cruel method of reduction is the third world war, more humane - birth restrictions, fantastic - colonization.
3. Energy deficit - without minerals (gas, oil, coal), human civilization is waiting for the collapse. The loss of electricity will lead to a stop of production, degradation of communication systems, limiting the information space. Alternative energy sources will help mankind to escape, but the strengths of this world are not interested in this.

Social aspect

The development of modern society led to a sharp decline of human values, which were formed by hundreds of years.

The desire to provide closeness to greed and uncompromising, and developed states live at the expense of the main "raw material base" - less developed neighbors.

Sound explicit problems Modern in the social sector:

• public morality degradation - the legalization of drugs and prostitution contributes to rooting new values. Trade in their own body and non-smoking drugs - the norm of modern life;
• crime - with a decrease in spiritual level in society enhances Crime and Corruption societies. The formation of moral mains of mankind has always been on the family, the church, the educational system;
• prostitution and addiction - the global problems of modernity in society include the spread of psychotropic substances. They not only enslave the will of man, but also reduce his social activity - make a light target for manipulation and propaganda.

Remaining types of global problems Modernity is listed below:

1. Disarmament - the main item of the costs of most states is the defense industry. Cash could improve world environment, reduce the level of illiteracy, stop hunger.
2. Using the World Ocean - in addition to the catch of a huge amount of fish and other seafood, many nuclear tests are conducted on maritime expanses. You can not talk about the harm to the environment.
3. Global problems of modernity manifest in the development of humanity of space. The government of each country is trying to conquer or take the dominant position at the not yet developed expanses.
4. Overcoming backwardness - the infringement of the rights of citizens of developing countries has reached the limit. Strong neighbors in every way interfere in the domestic and foreign policy of "partners". It glows the situation on the world arena.
5. Fighting infections - social and humanitarian aspects of global problems may disappear after several waves of infectious diseases. Therefore, it is important to react to the emergence of new strains, viruses.

Employment strategy

Global problems of modernity and ways to solve them are a priority task for the global community.

The tasks of solving these problems can be the most diverse and concerning different spheres of society.

They require not only huge financial invulsions, but also great efforts, both mental and physical.

Briefly list such tasks.

All of the above dangers require speedy permission:

• increasing the productivity of the agricultural industry, new arable land;
• reducing electricity consumption, resources in general. Optimization industry reduce fuel consumption, material costs. Reducing harmful emissions is a priority direction;
• gratuitous assistance to developing countries, humanitarian missions to combat poverty and hunger;
• peaceful disarmament is a refusal of chemical and nuclear weapons. Limited use of a "peaceful atom", the development of alternative energy sources;
• the global problem of humanity is the fall in the moral and ethical principles of society. There is a painstaking work on the introduction of new values, cultivation of useful habits, improving the educational system;
• space space needs to get rid of garbage, a feature can be called neutrality.

Attention! The financial market does not apply to modern sources of global danger, the influence of cash on the ecology or the educational system is insignificant.

Global problems of peace and ways to solve them

World environmental problems

Output

The main features of the global problems of humanity include the scale, the relationship of components, destructive consequences. The complexity of solving such tasks is not so much in cash as in the reluctance of a number of countries to change the established picture of modernity.