The autonomous existence of a person in nature, voluntary and forced, the causes of an emergency that such survival is. Skills survival in extreme situations

The date: 29.09.2019

Ways of autonomous survival of man in nature

The main problems of human survival in nature today lie in it. Weak physical training, excessive irritability, fear and panic, the presence of neurosis, chronic diseases and dependence on comfortable living conditions make a person unprotected and unwashed to survival in autonomous conditions.

Most of the inhabitants of the developed countries of the world have accustomed to moving in cars, eat in the catering system, buy clothes in stores, sort it in atelier, build housing, hiring workers, and with any disease to contact a medical institution. Such skills, how to breed fire, cook food on a fire, hunt, sleep in a tent, lead an active lifestyle without means that provides comfort, and always have a wearable emergency reserve (name) on hand - many seem fantastic. In fact, these skills and skills today are relevant for almost every person who is going on vacation on a luxurious ocean liner, performs airfares, departs in the forest for mushrooms or hike. This tutorial is devoted to emergency survival of a person in the wild, that is, studying it, interacting with it, to raise love and respect for it, which will be the main and most significant survival factor.

Fundamentals of emergency survival in wildlife

1.1. Emergency situations in nature, measures of warning and priority actions

Knowledge of the basics of survival is required for each person. Under the survival should be understood as active appropriate actions aimed at the preservation of life, health and health in the face of autonomous existence.

These actions are to overcome psychological stresses, manifestation of ingenuity, resourcefulness, efficient use of equipment and infringement to protect against the adverse effects of environmental factors and ensuring the needs of the body in food and water.

The possibilities of the human body, like all the living, limited and are in very narrow limits. Where is the threshold for which changes in the functions of organs and systems become irreversible? What time limit can people find people who find themselves in certain extreme conditions? How best to protect a person from the adverse effects of numerous and diverse factors of the natural environment?

Experience testifies that people are able to transfer the most severe natural conditions for a long time. However, a person who is not accustomed to these conditions, which came to them for the first time, turns out to be significantly lesser extent adapted to life in the wilderness than its permanent inhabitants. Therefore, the tougher conditions of the external environment, the shorter the timing of offline existence, the more stricter the rules of conduct must be carried out, the higher the price that each error is paid.

An environmental environment is important for the viability of a person, its physico-geographical conditions. Actively affecting the human body, it increases or reduces the timing of offline existence, contributes to or prevents the success of survival. Arctic and tropics, mountains and deserts, taiga and ocean - each of these natural zones is characterized by its characteristics of climate, relief, vegetable and animal world. They determine the specificity of human activity: behavior mode, water and food methods, the features of the construction of asylum, the nature of diseases and the measures of their prevention, the possibility of movement in the area, etc.

The favorable outcome of the autonomous existence largely depends on the psychophysiological qualities of a person: will, determination, collens, ingenuity, physical training, endurance. The basis of success in the fight with the forces of nature is the ability of a person to survive. But this requires certain theoretical and practical knowledge.

The basis of human survival is his conviction that he can and should preserve health and life in the most severe conditions that he will be able to use everything that the environment gives it possible.

Forced autonomous human survival can occur in cases:

♦ Loss of landmark;

♦ deprivation of vehicle;

♦ loss of a person who knows the terrain;

♦ Natural disaster. The causes of these cases may be:

♦ natural disasters, adverse weather conditions;

♦ emergency transportation (shipwreck, aircraft crash);

♦ inability to navigate the terrain;

♦ inattention;

♦ Excessive self-confidence.

In any case, a person needs to know the factors of survival in the wild.

1.2. Man survival factors in wildlife

Survival factors are the causes of an objective and subjective nature that cause the outcome of the autonomous existence (Fig. 1.1).

Fig. 1.1. Survival factors

Practice has shown that from the total number of people in the extreme situation, up to 75% experience a feeling of depression, up to 25% - a neurotic reaction. Self-level retain no more than 10%. Gradually, during a certain time, people either adapt or their condition deteriorates.

What the reaction of a person who has fallen into extreme conditions is negative or positive - will take the top depends on the following factors.

Physical condition of man That is, the absence or presence of chronic diseases, allergic reactions, injuries, injuries, bleeding. The age and half of the person are important, since the most difficult autonomous survival is transferred to people of old age and children of preschool age, as well as pregnant women.

Psychological condition of man. Favorable psychological factors include the ability to independently make decisions, independence and stress resistance, sense of humor and the ability to improvisation. The ability to cope with pain, loneliness, apathy and feeling of powerlessness, overcome hunger, cold and thirst, as well as cope with other stressors of survival.

Training actions in autonomous conditions is a fundamental survival factor. Much depends on the degree of vocational training. Large success for a group that has fallen into autonomous conditions is crew members, professional military, doctors, rescuers. Chances to survive in such a group increase significantly. However, this situation can form and certain problems. The most prepared members of the group immediately become formal leaders, but depending on the specifics of their profession, they are trained to act, having the necessary equipment in their hands, to work in the team of the same professionals as they themselves. In the emergency situations of equipment and special equipment, it usually does not happen, a professional may be alone, the life of dozens of people who are in confusion and not ready to act in extreme situations depends on the solutions adopted. In such conditions, a specialist should be not just a lifeguard, a doctor, but also the best specialist in this field, to have experience in such situations, have management skills in the crisis.

We list the main skills and skills that a person who turned out to be in the situation of autonomous survival in nature:

1) the ability to calculate the necessary minimum feed and water;

2) possession of production and purification of drinking water in nature;

3) the ability to navigate the terrain with a map, compass, GPS navigators, other devices and without them;

4) the skills of providing first aid;

Survival in wildlife implies a certain base of knowledge, skills and skills. The more this base, the easier it is to cope in the most difficult situations. But even in the conditions of autonomous existence, it is necessary to have elementary ideas how to survive. In this case, in this case, a person is preparing in advance, familiar with the locality, has a certain stock of food (or he knows how to extract it yourself) and the necessary things.

Extreme and autonomous survival

Extreme conditions without preparation can lead to a scattering outcome, therefore any advice on food mining, fire and fresh water, the construction of shelter and first medical care will be not just important, but vital.

Autonomous conditions also do not include the established life, then, at least, suggest the predetermined terrain, route and ability to navigate.

The most important problemsthat almost always come into contact with survival in extreme conditions are:

lack of drinking water;
place for overnight;
fire mining;
food search.

We need to know about such difficulties and, if possible, to prepare as much as possible. At the first failure - to continue and try to keep calm and mental balance, which is as important in extreme survival.

Overcoming fear, self-confidence and other psychological moments are very important for a person when he remained alone with nature. Even if a backpack with a full range of vital things is not a security departure and calm. Autonomous existence can last a fairly large amount of time. Stocks will be rapidly running out, and you will have to get everything yourself.

Survival - it does not matter, extreme or autonomous, requires overcoming many tasks, obstacles, own fears. And also acquiring more many new practical skills, which in conditions of civilization, perhaps a person did not even suspect.

Main survival skills

Anyone who wishes to master this science should have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe basics of autonomous existence. This applies to both theoretical knowledge and practical skills. To prepare in advance for harsh reality, with which they will have to face in the wildlife conditions, it is necessary to master some foundations.

Cancer in the creation of the priority and finding food will be useful to everyone and adults and children. To know what you need to train, it is worth identifying the highlights.

Fire production and fire arrangement

For survival in an extreme situation, this skill will help to warm up, survive any frost. There are many simple and efficient ways to produce fire with conventional items. When teaching a child, it is worth showing him how to use fire and matches.

- One of the basic survival skills. Harvesting branches, the ability to ignite and preserve the flame will help even in the harshest conditions. The main principle of open fire - either it will burn for a long time or hot.

Ability to get water

With extreme survival, the body is faster losing moisture. That is why it is necessary to know how to look for it and process. It is not worth drinking any fresh water that will meet on the way - it may contain many harmful bacteria. It is also worth learn to such a method of mining as condensation. It is extremely important in any situation. If the traveler has several cellophane packages, it can wipe the sprigs of trees and bushes, and after a few hours it will collect them - they will contain a small amount of fluid.

Orientation

The basic skill of survival is the skill. To begin with, it is necessary to learn how to use the compass and the card, relate the received data with real terrain. It is simple enough. In addition to the main topographic signs and scales, you need to know how the parties of the horizon are determined by natural features. Survival in extreme conditions without such skills will be much more complicated.

Knowledge of wild animals

The frequent cause of the incapacity of the people in the forest becomes the wound wild animal. Often it turns out a snake. Here, the chief council for survival is to be attentive when the forest area passes. It is also important to learn the rules of behavior in such situations. For example, in the serpent should not be thrown by sticks, attacking them. This specific survival skill is knowledge of the behavior of various types of wild animals.

First aid

The most common reason to learn the first aid rules is the risk of being in a situation where it is required. It may be injury, loss of consciousness, a sudden attack. The main difficulty in teaching the physician - to work out the skill do not panic. If you keep calm, it can save life not to one person. Studying the foundations of medical art in practice, you can quickly remember every movement and confidently act in case of danger.

Creating shelter

If the fire is divorced, there are no beasts around, and the first assistance is rendered to the victim, it is worth thinking about creating a bed. In case of rain, salars from the facothy and the branches of the trees are being built. You also need to know where the construction can be put in, and in what - it is inexpedient or even dangerous. It is necessary to clearly represent what functions should be asylum, know the main and methods of arrangement with minimal efforts.

Psychological training

Anyone can know the details of finding food and breeding a fire, be able to build a slash and provide first aid, but in the stressful situation will be incapacitated because of fear, despair or despair. All actions should be performed on automation, whatever the conditions for the conditions around. This will help to achieve only practice in combination with a personal example.

Physical training

One of the most important rules and survival skills - to be able to always be in shape. Need to learn to cope with physical exertion. To do this, you do not need to extend yourself with everyday workouts - it is enough to run for 30-40 minutes a day with a light pace, to do 3-5 approaches on the horizontal bar and bars. To teach a child a healthy lifestyle, you need to become an example for him to imitate.

Autonomous and Extreme Conditions

As for differences in extreme and autonomous conditions, they are very significant.

The first can still be labeled as a stay in the wild, where there are no familiar or familiar places and structures. Also extreme survival sometimes includes the nature of surprise (aircraft crash, accident, natural disaster, natural disaster). Therefore, in this case, the psychological factor of behavior is exacerbated.

Ways of autonomous survival of a person in nature, Mikhailov L.A., 2008.

The textbook systematizes the main rules, norms, patterns, and ways to ensure the safety of life in the conditions of autonomous survival of a person in nature.
The textbook was drawn up on the basis of a large theoretical and practical material developed by a group of special forces veterans, participants in hostilities, psychologists who study the impact of extreme situations per person, teachers of educational institutions of higher, secondary vocational education and teachers of the secondary school. It is intended for students who study human security organizations in emergency situations, specialists of power structures and rescuers, as well as for residents of our country living in remote regions and in areas subject to risk in autonomous state due to extreme natural conditions. The material outlined in the textbook may be useful to athletes, tourists, forestry and fisheries workers and all those who are fond of forest fishery.
The publication is fundamental to preparing security specialists, bachelors for the "Safety of vital activity" profile, cadets and listeners of all higher educational institutions of power structures.

A modern man overcomed the unusually long evolutionary path of development from the inhabitant of the caves to the creator of spacecraft. Today we are able to treat many diseases, predict the weather, we use all the benefits of modern civilization. But can we consider themselves to be prepared for the autonomous life of more than other inhabitants of wildlife? We hunt animals for fun, ruby \u200b\u200bforest and pollute the Wednesday for the sake of monetary profit, not to mention criminal offenses against their own fellow. Therefore, many areas of nature, where the person's leg has no needed, more clean, beautiful and, most importantly, are safe for survival compared to the residential quarters of many cities in the world. This is the main thing that the person should know, who was not in his wild in the wild. Forest, mountains, steppes, tundra, desert are the habitats of many living organisms, here you can find water, and food, and shelter, and medicines. Avoid the attack of predators is also quite able to everyone, if you know the basic rules and laws of life in the wild. Compliance with these rules and laws will ensure your safety.
The main problems of human survival in nature today lie in it. Weak physical training, excessive irritability, fear and panic, the presence of neurosis, chronic diseases and dependence on comfortable living conditions make a person unprotected and unwashed to survival in autonomous conditions.
Most of the inhabitants of the developed countries of the world have accustomed to moving in cars, eat in the catering system, buy clothes in stores, sort it in atelier, build housing, hiring workers, and with any disease to contact a medical institution. Such skills, how to breed fire, cook food on a fire, hunt, sleep in a tent, lead an active lifestyle without means that provides comfort, and always have a wearable emergency reserve (name) on hand - many seem fantastic. In fact, these skills and skills today are relevant for almost every person who is going on vacation on a luxurious ocean liner, performs airfares, departs in the forest for mushrooms or hike. This tutorial is devoted to emergency survival of a person in the wild, that is, studying it, interacting with it, to raise love and respect for it, which will be the main and most significant survival factor.

Table of contents
From authors
Chapter 1 Basics of Emergency Survival in Wildlife
1.1. Emergency situations in nature, measures of warning and priority actions
1.2. Man survival factors in wildlife
1.3. Rules of behavior in autonomous existence
1.4. Types of means and methods for feeding disaster signals
Questions for self-control
Chapter 2 Nutrition and fasting organization in emergency conditions
2.1. Food organization in autonomous survival
2.2. Fasting and its portability
2.3. Extraction of food and water under autonomous existence
Questions for self-control
Chapter 3 Features of autonomous survival in various climatogeographic conditions
3.1. Features of autonomous existence in the jungle
3.2. Survival in forest-marshide
3.3. Features of autonomous survival in arctic, subarctic zones and winter conditions
3.4. Survival features in the desert
3.5. Features of survival in the conditions of forced autonomy at sea
Questions for self-control
Chapter 4 Psychological Aspects of the Autonomous Survival of Man in Nature
4.1. Features of the formation of attitudes towards extreme situations
4.2. Psycho-emotional reactions to the extreme situation
4.3. Mental disorders with acutely arising life-hazard situations
4.4. Adaptation to the extreme situation
4.5. Psychological assistance after situations with high danger to life
Questions for self-control
Chapter 5 First Medical Assistance in Diseases in Autonomous Survival
5.1. Recommendations for health preservation in wildlife
5.2. First medical care in mechanical injury
5.3. Temperature injury
5.4. Drowning
5.5. Resuscitation
5.6. Bitches of reptiles and insects
5.7. Poisoning vegetable poisons
5.8. Colds
5.9. Poisoning food and gastrointestinal diseases
Questions for self-control
Chapter 6 Terrain Orientation
6.1. The concept of "orientation" and the geographical projection
6.2. Types of tablet devices and orientation
6.3. Orientation techniques using tablet and appliances
6.4. Orientation without a map and compass
6.5. Local Orientation
6.6. The use of visual and auditory markers of orientation
Questions for self-control
Chapter 7 Organization of Tourist Hiking
7.1. General approaches to the organization of tourist campaigns
7.2. Organization of privals and overnight
7.3. Installation and equipment tents
7.4. Bonfires and foci
7.5. Types of simple shelter
Questions for self-control
LIST OF REFERENCES

Autonomous survival

Introduction

Even today, there are no cases when a person as a result of the circumstances falls into the conditions of autonomous existence, the favorable outcome of which largely depends on its psycho-physiological qualities, strong knowledge of the basics of survival and other factors. The main task of a person in the autonomous situation is to survive. The word "survive" was always used in a completely concrete sense - "stay alive, to survive, protect yourself from death." Under survival, they understand active, reasonable actions aimed at preserving life, health and health in the face of autonomous existence. But the extreme situation is easier to prevent than getting out of it. Therefore, do not leave anywhere without informing anyone your route and approximate return time. Examine, the terrain of travel, going on the road; Take with you: a first-aid kit, comfortable shoes and clothing for the season, cell phone / pager / war.

Autonomous Survival

Overcoming fear

Under any circumstances, human survival, first of all, depends on him. It is not only about his skills. Most often, the situation of autonomy arises unexpectedly, and the first response of anyone who fell into a dangerous situation is fear. But compulsory conditions for safe overcoming of all difficulties in the autonomous situation are the manifestation of will, perseverance, competent actions. Panic and fear sharply reduce the chances of salvation.

With a short-term external threat, a person acts on the sensual level, obeying the instinct of self-preservation: bounces off from the falling tree, clings when falling for real estate items, trying to hold onto the surface of the water in the threat of drowning. About some kind of willing to speak in such cases. Another thing is long-term survival. In the face of autonomous existence, it comes sooner or later a critical moment occurs when exorbitant physical and mental loads, the apparent meaninglessness of further resistance suppress the will. A man is mastered by passivity, indifference. It is no longer frightened by the possible tragic consequences of ill-conceived nights, risky crossing. He does not believe in the possibility of salvation and therefore dies, without having exhausted until the end of the reserves, without using food reserves.

Survival, based only on biological laws of self-preservation, briefly. It is characterized by rapidly developing mental disorders and hysterical behavioral reactions. The desire to survive must be conscious and targeted, and should not be dictated by an instinct, but a conscious need.

Fear- This is an emotional reaction to the danger, which can be accompanied by such physical sensations as a shiver, rapid breathing, severe heartbeat. This is a natural reaction, and it is peculiar to every normal person. It is the fear for his life that causes the desire to act in the name of its own salvation. If a person knows how to act, the fear sharpens the reaction, activates thinking. But if he does not represent that it is necessary to take, experiences pain or weakness from blood loss, then fear can lead to stress - excessively strong tension, braking of thoughts and action. These sensations can be so intense that sudden strong fear can lead to death. There are various ways to overcome fear. If a person is familiar with the Outcasting technique, he will be able to relax in a matter of minutes, calm down, impartially analyze the situation. If not, then the thoughts of something will help a person to relax and distract. A good effect gives breathing exercises. You need to make some deep breaths. When a person is experiencing fear or stress, his pulse accelerates, and he begins to breathe very often. To make yourself breathe slowly - it means to convince the body that stress passes, regardless of whether it passed or not.

In addition, a person cannot act successfully if he does not have a clear goal and its achievement plan. Sometimes it seems that professional rescuers, pilots, military in difficult situations act, without thinking. But this is not like this: they just have ready for them, often a proven plan, or even several options for the plan. At first, a person may seem that he knows nothing and nothing can. But it is only worth splitting the situation and the tasks of composite parts, as it will be found that much is under force. A faithful way to overcome fear and confusion is the organization of planned survival actions. For this, a person needs to give himself a clear installation, how to act in a possible extreme situation.

Assistance to victims

To help well have a first-aid kit, so, going on a journey, it is better to take it with you. A set of necessary medicines depends on climatic conditions. For example, in the desert you need serum against snake poison, cream from sunburn, etc. In a tropical first-aid kit there should be a repellent against leeches, insects, powder from fungal diseases, antimalarial preparation. In any first-aid kit should be:

individual dressing package for each travel member;

sterile napkins;
patch (bactericidal and simple);
mangartan;
medical alcohol;
syringe, tubes with morphine or other painkillers;
wide spectrum antibiotics;
nitroglycerine;
corvalol / Validol;
caffeine solution;
adrenaline solution;
syntomic acid emulsion (with burns / frostbite);
tetracycline ointment (when eye inflammation);
pantocide (for disinfection of water).

Medicines are made individually selected for everyone in sufficient quantities (no less necessary minimum). Names and methods for using drugs must be signed by the indelible pencil / paint. The first-aid kit should be packaged carefully, eliminating the possibility of deterioration of medicines. Scissors or scalpels in their absence can be replaced by a disinfected razor blade.

It is necessary to be able to use medicinal herbs, as well as distinguish them from poisonous plants. You can only apply well-known herbs, so, going to another climatic zone, it is better to remember local poisonous plants in advance, and at least 5 medicinal / edible. For example, strawberry, celery, bark bark helps for fever. Lilac helps lilac, sunflower, nettle cluster with garlic, rosehip, bark.

To provide medical care, immediately after the accident or, if necessary, a long autonomous existence, skills are needed, so everyone should be able to provide first help. With autonomous survival, the most likely:

Burn. The burned place should be cooled, wipe with alcohol solution, impose a dry bandage. The affected place can be trigged with a decoction from the bark of oak, raw potatoes, urine. It is impossible to smear a burn with oil, you can not open the resulting bubbles.

Bleeding. The damaged vessel press (artery - from above, except for the arteries of the head, neck) or impose a harness / gulling bandage from undergrades (except wires, ropes, cords). Wound to handle iodine / hydrogen peroxide / green and close the plaster / bandage. Bleeding wound can be attached viburnum berries, rosehip, plantain, aloe. During purulent wounds, plans are applied. Harness can not be kept for longer than 1.5 hours in summer and 30 minutes. in winter.

Fractures / dislocation. The damaged limb must be immobilized (for which the tire or stick / ski / board is used). Pain can be reduced by applying ice. Helps a finely chopped onion (with dislocation). It is impossible to take painkillers, it is impossible to try to set the limb.

Artificial Breathing / Heart Massage we are necessary when clinical death (no pulse and breathing or convulsive breathing, pupils do not react to light). The help providing the air into the mouth / nose of the victim about 24 times per minute. The nose / mouth of the victim should be clamped. The blood circulation can be restored by pressing the chest. The patient should lie on a rigid surface, unbuttoned clothes. Death occurs after 5 minutes. After clinical death, but resuscitation must be continued 20 - 30 minutes. Sometimes it gives effect.

Fainting. If breathing and cardiac activity are not broken, it is enough to unbuckled clothes, bring a tampon to the nose with ammonia alcohol, put a person so that the head is lower than the legs.

With any injuries of the victim, it is best to try to deliver to the doctor.

Orientation on the terrain

When traveling for unfamiliar area is best to have a map. If it is not, you can navigate without it.

The side of the horizon can be determined by the compass, the celestial luminaires, according to some signs of local items. With an uneasy condition, the compass arrow is installed by its northern end in the direction of the northern magnetic pole, respectively, the other end of the arrow will show south. The compass has a circular scale (leb), which is divided into 120 divisions. The scale has a double digitation. Internal applied along the clockwise arrow from 0 to 360 degrees after 15 degrees. To sight to local items and removal of samples on the compass scale on the rotating ring of the compass, a sightseeing and reference pointer is fixed. When working with a compass, it should always be remembered that strong electromagnetic fields or closely arranged metal objects deflect the magnetic arrow from its correct position. Therefore, when determining the directions on the compass, it is necessary to move 40 to 50 meters from the power line, railway canvas, combat vehicles and other large metal objects.

It is possible to determine the side of the horizon through the heavenly luminaires.

On the sun. The sun at 7 o'clock in the morning is in the East, at 13 o'clock in the south, at 19 o'clock in the West.

Through the sun and clock with arrows. To determine the direction in this way, it is necessary to keep the clock in a horizontal position and turn them so that the hour arrow will be directed to their sharp end towards the Sun. The straight line dividing the angle between the clockwise direction and the direction to the figure 1 indicates south.

By moving shadow. The shadow from the vertically supplied stick will show the approximate direction of East-West.

At night, the side of the horizon can be determined according to the polar star. To do this, it is necessary to find the constellation of a large bear with the characteristic arrangement of stars in the form of a bucket with a handle. Through two extreme stars, the bucket is carried out an imaginary line, and the distance between these stars is postponed on it. At the end of the fifth segment there will be a bright star - polar. The direction to it will correspond to the direction north.

The side of the horizon can be determined by some signs of local items.

Bark most rude trees on the nordic side;

Stones, trees, wooden, tiled and slate roofs from the north side earlier and are richly covered with moss. On coniferous trees, the resin is abundant on the south side. All these signs are useless to look for trees in more often. But they are clearly expressed on a separate tree among the meadow or on the edge;

The anthills are located on the southern side of trees and stones;

The snow melts faster on the southern slope of the hills and mountains.

Magnetic azimuth is used - the horizontal angle, measured by a clockwise arrow from 0 degrees to 360 from the northern direction of the magnetic meridian to the directionally defined direction.

To determine the magnetic azimuth, it is necessary to: stand up to the observed object (guide), release the brake of the compass arrow and, giving the compass a horizontal position, rotate it until the northern end of the arrow stands against zero scale division. Holding a compass in a focused position, turning the rotating cover to send a visitor line passing through a slot and fly in a given direction for this item. The average error of measuring azimuth compass is about 2 degrees. Movement, in the process of which the specified direction is withstanding and accumulates the appointed point is called azimuth movement. The azimuth movement is mainly in the forest, in the desert, at night, in the fog and tundra and other areas of terrain and visibility, impede visual orientation. When moving along azimuth at each turning point of the route, starting with the original, find the right direction of the path on the compass area and move on it by conducting a countdown of the path. When moving along azimuth, there is a need to bypass obstacles that cannot be overcome directly. At the same time come as follows. Notice a landmark on the opposite side of the obstacle in the direction of movement, determines the distance to it, add it to the path traveled. After that, bypassing the obstacle, go to the selected guideline and determine the direction of movement on the compass.

A landmarks are chosen in the mountainous area so that they are distributed in the direction of the divisions not only on the front and in depth, but also in height. In the forest area, keeping the route of movement passing through the dirt roads and buses requires the ability to unmistakably recognize on the ground those of which the path selected on the map passes. It should be borne in mind that forest roads are often little noticeable on the ground, and some of them may not be shown on the maps. At the same time, you can meet unsounded on the map, but well-buried roads. As landmarks in the forest, roads, crossings, crossroads, and the development of roads and pros, rivers and streams, Polyany crossing the route. The prospects are absorbed usually in mutually perpendicular directions, as a rule, in the northern direction, respectively, the West-East.

There are several ways to measure corners and distances on the ground.

Measuring corners on the ground with binoculars. In the field of view of binoculars, there are two perpendicular occasions for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. The value (price) of one large division corresponds to 0 - 10, and small - 0 - 05. To measure the angle between two directions, it is necessary, looking into binoculars, combine any barcode of the corner scale with one of these directions and calculate the number of divisions to the second direction . Multiplying, then, this countdown on the price of fission, we obtain the value of the measured angle in the "thousandth".

Measuring corners using a ruler. In some conditions, there may be a situation when there will be no binoculars at hand. Then it can measure angular values \u200b\u200busing a ruler. To do this, it is necessary to keep the line in front of the eye level 50 cm. One millimeter of the line will correspond to 0 - 0.2. The accuracy of measurement of angles in this way depends on the skills in keeping the distance from the eyes (50 cm), which requires a certain training.

Measuring corners underfathers. Instead of a ruler, you can use various items whose sizes are well known: matchboxes, pencil, fingers and palms. You can measure the corners using a compass. Measurement of corners on the area is preparation to determine the distance to the area.

To determine the distances on the ground, various methods and devices are applied. Often, people are forced to determine the distances in various ways: eye or on the measured angular value of items on the ground, according to the speedometer of the machine, the steps, for the average speed of movement. Eyemerbly is the main method and the easiest when determining the distances available for everyone. This method does not give high accuracy in determining distances, but with a certain training session you can achieve accuracy up to 10 m. To develop your eyes, you need to constantly exercise in determining distance distances.

One way to measure distance distances is the use of distances known on the length of the distance (power lines - the distance between the supports, the distance between the link lines, etc.).

For rough estimation of distances on the area, you can use the data from the following table:

Table №1

For each person, this table can be clarified by them.

Measurement distance steps. Each commander needs to know that the man's step is approximately 0.75 m., But it is inconvenient to produce calculations with such a size and, therefore, it is assumed that a pair of steps is 1.5 m. In this case, it is much more convenient to calculate the calculations. With this method, the accuracy of the distance determination may be 98%.

Determination of the speed of movement speed and on the speedometer machine is advisable to produce in cases of movement. One way to determine distances may be a way of sound, flashes. Knowing that the speed of sound in the air is 330 m / s, i.e., rounded 1 km in 3 seconds., You can determine the distance by conducting small calculations. In some cases, the distance can be determined by hearing.

From the experience of evaluating the hearingness of various sounds it becomes clear that:

movement in the walking system on the dirt road can be heard at a distance of 300 m., And when driving along the highway - 600 m.;

car traffic on the dirt road - 500 m., Along the highway - up to 1000 m.;

loud screams - 0.5 - 1km.;

ringing stakes, cutting forest - 300 - 500 m ..

These data are very approximate and dependent on human hearing. At the heart of any method of determining distances is the ability to choose the landmarks on the ground and use them as labels indicating the necessary directions, points and frontiers. The guidelines are called well-visible objects on the terrain and details of the relief, relative to which they determine their location, direction of movement and indicate the position of the objectives and other objects. Landmarks are selected if possible evenly. Selected benchmarks can be numbered by selecting the direction, or give a conditional name. To specify its location on the ground relative to the guideline, the direction and distance from it are determined.

The apparent similarity of the setting - trees, folds of the area, etc. - can completely disorient the person, and it is often moving in a circle, unaware of his mistake. To withstand the chosen direction, it is usually planned any good noticeable landmark every 100 -150 m route. This is especially important if the way blocks the blockage or thick thickets of shrubs that are forced to deviate from the direct direction. An attempt to go across is always fraught with injury, which will exacerbate the already complex position of a fearing disaster.

It is especially difficult to make transitions in the swamp zone. It is not easy to find a safe pedestrian footpath among the english green space. A special danger in the swamp is the so-called windows - sections of transparent water on a gray-green surface of the marshes. Sometimes their dimensions reach tens of meters. We need to overcome the swamp with maximum caution, be sure to armed with a long durable sixth. It is kept horizontally at the chest level. Having failed, in no case cannot be flounded. It is necessary to get out slowly, drawing on the pole, without making sharp movements, trying to give the body a horizontal position. For short-term recreation in the transition through a swamp, you can use solid rock outputs. Water obstacles, especially rivers with a rapid flow and stony bottom, overcome, without removing shoes, for greater stability. Before making the next step, the bottom of the sixth. It is necessary to move, sideways, to the flow, so that the flow did not hit the foot.

In winter, you can move around the rivers of frozen rivers, while observing the necessary precautions. So, it must be remembered that the flow usually destroys the ice from below, and it becomes especially thin under the snowdrifts of the climbing banks, which in the rivers rivers with sandy shames are often formed, which, freezing, turn into peculiar dams. At the same time, the water finds the output usually along the shore under the snowdrifts, near the Korhog, rocks, where he is faster.

In cold weather, the floods are soaring, reminding the smoke of human housing. But much more often hidden under deep snow, and they are difficult to detect. Therefore, all obstacles on river ice is better bypass; In places of river bends, it is necessary to stay away from the rippletish coast, where the flow is faster and therefore the ice is thinner.

Often, after freezing the river, the water level decreases so quickly that pockets are formed under thin ice, representing a greater danger to a pedestrian. On the ice that seems not strong enough, and there is no other path, we are crawled. In the spring, the ice is the finest in areas overgrown with Russian, in flooded bushes.

If there is no hard confidence in the ability to quickly get out of the situation that has been created, and the situation does not require immediate care from the scene, it is better to stay in place, divorce the fire, to build a shelter from undergraded materials. This will help to protect well from bad weather and for a long time to maintain forces. In addition, in the conditions of parking, it is much easier to extract food. In some cases, this tactic will facilitate the actions of the search and rescue service that received information about the incident in a particular area. Having decided to "stay in place", you need to make a plan for further actions in which to provide for the necessary activities.

Construction of shelter

The simplest refuge from wind and rain is manufactured by linking individual elements of the base (frame) with thin roots of ate, branches of willow, tundra birch. Natural cavities in the ruptured bank of the river make it possible to comfortably sit on them so that the scene is between the fire and the vertical surface (break, rock), which serves as a heat reflector.

Organization Overnight is a labor-intensive matter. First you need to find a suitable area. First of all it should be dry. Secondly, to accommodate the best location from the stream, in an open place to always have a stock of water at hand.

When preparing a space for sleep, two holes are burned - under the thigh and under the shoulder. You can tilt on a litter of a fir facothy in a deep pit, dug or thawed to the ground with a large bone. Here, in the pit, it follows the whole night to keep the fire in the fire in order to avoid a serious cold. In a winter taiga, where the thickness of the snow cover is significant, it is easier to arrange a refuge in the pit at the tree. In a heavy frost, you can build a snowy simplest hut in a loose snow. For this, the snow is crushed into a bunch, its surface is sealing, watered with water and allow it to freeze. Then the snow is burned out of the heap, and in the remaining dome they do a small hole for the chimney. Divorced inside the fire places the walls and makes a strong whole design. Such a hut retains heat. You can not climb under the clothes with your head, because from breathing the material reuses and freezes. It is better to close the face of the objects of clothing, which are later easily dried. From the burning fire, a carbon monoxide is possible and you need to take care of a constant influx of fresh air to a burning area.

A temporary shelter can serve a canopy, salas, earthlock, chum. The choice of the type of shelter will depend on the skill, abilities, hard work and, of course, the physical state of people, since there is no shortage in the construction material. However, the more severe the weather, the more reliable and the warmer should be housing. Take care so that the future housing is quite spacious. There is no need to adhere to the principle "in tesne, but not in the offense."

Before proceeding to construction, it is necessary to clear the platform well, and then, attaching how much building material it takes, it is necessary to prepare it in advance: to cut the rods, to cut the fabric, branches, collect moss, cut the bark. So that pieces of the bark are obtained quite large and durable, on the barrel of larch make deep vertical cuts, to the wood itself, at a distance of 0.5 - 0.6 m from each other. After that, the bands are cut on top and bottom with large teeth of 10 - 12 cm in the diameter, and then carefully skip the bark with an ax or a knife machete.

Fig. 1. Chaolas, canopy and bonfires: A - Slashas Double combined and bonfire "Star"; B - the simplest canopy and fire "Pyramid".

Fig. 2. Trench, salas and fire: A - snow trench near the tree; B - Slashas Diva and Bonfire "Taiga".

Fig. 3. Tent type "Chum".

In the warm season, you can restrict ourselves to the construction of the simplest canopy. Two half-one-meter cola thick with a hand with a development hand at the end are riveted into the ground at a distance of 2.0 - 2.5 m from each other. The fork is laid a thick pole - carrying bar. At an angle of approximately 45 - 60 ° at an angle, 5 - 7 poles learn and securing them with a rope or a vine, on top of the tarpaulin, parachute or any other tissue. The edges of the awning are sweeping from the sides of the canopy and tie to the bruse laid in the base of the canopy. From the husterie or dry moss make a litter. Canopy pour out a shallow groove to protect against water in case of rain.

More convenient for housing a row slush (Fig. 2, b). Having driven the rack and putting the carrying bar on them, the thrill ones are placed at an angle of 45 - 60 ° on both sides, and they are tied to each slope for three or four rods parallel to the ground - rafters. Then, starting at the bottom, the laps are laid on the rafter, branches with thick foliage or pieces of cortex so that each subsequent layer, like a tile, covered the lower up to half. The front part, entrance, can be drilled by a piece of fabric, and the rear is covered with one one - two jersle and weave the pacide.

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| Site collection
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| Collective authors
| Ways of autonomous survival of man in nature
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Knowledge of the basics of survival is required for every person.

Under the survival should be understood as active appropriate actions aimed at the preservation of life, health and health in the face of autonomous existence.
These actions are to overcome psychological stresses, manifestation of ingenuity, resourcefulness, efficient use of equipment and infringement to protect against the adverse effects of environmental factors and ensuring the needs of the body in food and water.
The possibilities of the human body, like all the living, limited and are in very narrow limits. Where is the threshold for which changes in the functions of organs and systems become irreversible? What time limit can people find people who find themselves in certain extreme conditions? How best to protect a person from the adverse effects of numerous and diverse factors of the natural environment?
Experience testifies that people are able to transfer the most severe natural conditions for a long time. However, a person who is not accustomed to these conditions, which came to them for the first time, turns out to be significantly lesser extent adapted to life in the wilderness than its permanent inhabitants. Therefore, the tougher conditions of the external environment, the shorter the timing of offline existence, the more stricter the rules of conduct must be carried out, the higher the price that each error is paid.
An environmental environment is important for the viability of a person, its physico-geographical conditions. Actively affecting the human body, it increases or reduces the timing of offline existence, contributes to or prevents the success of survival. Arctic and tropics, mountains and deserts, taiga and ocean - each of these natural zones is characterized by its characteristics of climate, relief, vegetable and animal world. They determine the specificity of human activity: behavior mode, water and food methods, the features of the construction of asylum, the nature of diseases and the measures of their prevention, the possibility of movement in the area, etc.
The favorable outcome of the autonomous existence largely depends on the psychophysiological qualities of a person: will, determination, collens, ingenuity, physical training, endurance. The basis of success in the fight with the forces of nature is the ability of a person to survive. But this requires certain theoretical and practical knowledge.
The basis of human survival is his conviction that he can and should preserve health and life in the most severe conditions that he will be able to use everything that the environment gives it possible.
Forced autonomous human survival can occur in cases:
♦ Loss of landmark;
♦ deprivation of vehicle;
♦ loss of a person who knows the terrain;
♦ Natural disaster. The causes of these cases may be:
♦ natural disasters, adverse weather conditions;
♦ emergency transportation (shipwreck, aircraft crash);
♦ inability to navigate the terrain;
♦ inattention;
♦ Excessive self-confidence.
In any case, a person needs to know the factors of survival in the wild.

Survival factors are the causes of an objective and subjective nature that cause the outcome of the autonomous existence (Fig. 1.1).
Fig. 1.1. Survival factors
Practice has shown that from the total number of people in the extreme situation, up to 75% experience a feeling of depression, up to 25% - a neurotic reaction. Self-level retain no more than 10%. Gradually, during a certain time, people either adapt or their condition deteriorates.
What the reaction of a person who has fallen into extreme conditions is negative or positive - will take the top depends on the following factors.
The physical condition of a person, that is, the absence or presence of chronic diseases, allergic reactions, injuries, injuries, bleeding. The age and half of the person are important, since the most difficult autonomous survival is transferred to people of old age and children of preschool age, as well as pregnant women.
Psychological condition of man. Favorable psychological factors include the ability to independently make decisions, independence and stress resistance, sense of humor and the ability to improvisation. The ability to cope with pain, loneliness, apathy and feeling of powerlessness, overcome hunger, cold and thirst, as well as cope with other stressors of survival.
Training actions in autonomous conditions is a fundamental survival factor. Much depends on the degree of vocational training. Large success for a group that has fallen into autonomous conditions is crew members, professional military, doctors, rescuers. Chances to survive in such a group increase significantly. However, this situation can form and certain problems. The most prepared members of the group immediately become formal leaders, but depending on the specifics of their profession, they are trained to act, having the necessary equipment in their hands, to work in the team of the same professionals as they themselves. In the emergency situations of equipment and special equipment, it usually does not happen, a professional may be alone, the life of dozens of people who are in confusion and not ready to act in extreme situations depends on the solutions adopted. In such conditions, a specialist should be not just a lifeguard, a doctor, but also the best specialist in this field, to have experience in such situations, have management skills in the crisis.
We list the main skills and skills that a person who turned out to be in the situation of autonomous survival in nature:
1) the ability to calculate the necessary minimum feed and water;
2) possession of production and purification of drinking water in nature;
3) the ability to navigate the terrain with a map, compass, GPS navigators, other devices and without them;
4) the skills of providing first aid;
5) Hunting skills on wild beasts, fishing, prey tracking;
6) the ability to breed a fire with reducing agents;
7) knowledge of the construction of temporary shelters;
8) the ability to signal its location using negotiation radio stations, tables, visual and gesture code signals.
Under the means of survival is understood as the minimum of items for survival, providing a comfortable stay of a person in the wild with all weather conditions. This is wearable emergency reserve (name) with essentials.
Equipment
1) V matches with a sulfur head, pre-lowered into the wax, - 3 pcs.;
2) Cherkash (sulfur strip, applied from the side of the matchbox), in half - 1 pc.;
3) sewing needle - 1 pc.;
4) Fishing hook - 2 pcs.;
5) fishing line and a caproove thread - 5 m each;
6) Manganese, activated carbon tablets - 3 convaluts;
7) Piece Tablets - 1 CONVALUT.
The case of the Naz is located in a plastic bag with flooded molten wax edges, which is bound by a rubber band.
Application
♦ Matches and Cherkash - means of breeding fire.
♦ Sewing needle with kapron thread - for repairing clothing, shelters, bags, backpacks, extracting and tick removal.
♦ Fishing hook and fishing line - Fishing agents.
♦ Activated carbon tablets and mangartage for the prevention of food poisoning and disinfection of water.
Wearing emergency stock in the maximum configuration
♦ First aid kit (recommended equipment "at a minimum"):
1) analgin, acetylsalicylic acid, nitroglycerin, validol, coal activated, Corvalol, sodium sulphacyl, ammonia solution;
2) hypothermic package, harness, sterile, non-sterile and elastic bandages, adhesive plaster bactericidal, napkins of hemostatic, Miramistin, leucoplasty, wool.
♦ Dehydrated dry food and vitamins.
♦ Water supply.
♦ Bowel.
♦ Toiletries.
♦ Gasoline and gas lighters, waterproof matches.
♦ 2 lanterns with additional batteries and light bulbs.
♦ Durable long rope.
♦ Small ax.
♦ Tent or cloak tent.
♦ Raincoats, tarpaulin costume, socks, hats, gloves, high boots (desirable rubber).
♦ Candles, dry fuel.
♦ needles, threads.
♦ Fishing rods and fishing rods.

Overwhelming factors for survival of a person in the wild
Hunger
It is especially important to know typical symptoms of long starvation. In the initial period, which usually lasts 2-4 days, there is a strong sense of hunger. Appetite rises sharply. In some cases, there may be a burning, pressure and even pain in the poverty area, nausea. Dizziness, headaches, stomach spasms are possible. The smell is noticeably sharpened. With abundant use of water, salivation increases. A person constantly thinks about food. In the first four days, the human body weight decreases on average one kilogram daily, in areas with a hot climate - sometimes up to one and a half kilograms. Then daily weight loss decreases.
In the future, the feeling of hunger weakens. Appetite disappears, sometimes a person is even experiencing some vigor. The language is often covered with a whitish flare, when inhaling in the mouth can be felt the weak smell of acetone. Slyunotellation does not increase even at the sight of food. There may be poor sleep, long-lasting headaches, increased irritability. With long starvation, the person falls into apathy, lethargy, drowsiness.
And yet hunger as the cause of the death of a person in the practice of emergency situations is extremely rare. It happens not from the fact that people who come to trouble are not starving. Hunger was, there will always be an eternal satellite emergency. Hunger is terrible in that it strengthens the effect of other factors affecting the person. He pushes the strength of a person from the inside, after which there is a dumping of others, no less dangerous than hunger, ailments, which they trust the case.
A hungry man freezes several times faster than full. It takes more often and heavier tolerates diseases. With long starvation, the reactions slow down, intelligent activity weakens. The performance drops sharply.
Therefore, in the absence of stocks of products, if it is impossible to provide yourself with hunting, fishing, the collection of wild edible plants should adhere to passive survival tactics, that is, expect help in the immediate vicinity of the accident site. In order to save energy resources, no extreme needs should not be left asylum, you need to lie more, sleep, all active activities - work inside the camp, transition, etc. - to minimize, fulfill the most necessary work. Duty, and the duty duty includes the workpiece, maintenance of fire, repair of asylum, observation of the terrain, water production, should be carried out alternately, breaking day and night at short 1-2-hour watch. Remiss only wounded, patients and young children from carrying duty. All other participants in the emergency group should be involved in the carriage of the WachT in obligatory. With a large number of people, you can assign two duty at the same time. A similar order is primarily necessary to prevent apathy outbreaks, despondency, pessimistic moods that may arise as a result of long starvation.
Of course, if there is at least the slightest opportunity to provide itself with food in place, this should be attached to all possible efforts.
Heat. Thirst
The concept of "heat" in relation to an emergency is the sum of several components: ambient temperature, solar radiation intensities, soil surface temperatures, air humidity, presence or absence of wind, that is, it depends on the climatic conditions of the place where the accident occurred.
In addition, there are many special cases when a person for one reason or another may feel that he is hot. To do this, it is absolutely not necessary to climb the composition of the Central Asian deserts. You can be pushed from the heat in the Arctic, for example, if the quantity or quality is put on a person's clothing, it does not correspond to the work at the moment. Typical situations when a person because of fear frozen puts on all the clothes available at his disposal, after which it starts bravo waving an ax, harvesting firewood for a fire. Such an unnecessary zeal at the moment leads to overheating of the body, enhanced sweating, the wetting of the clothing layers adjacent to the body. As a result, man, finishing the work, quickly freezes. In such a case, the heat is the ally of the frost, as it deprives the clothes of its heat-shielding properties. That is why experienced tourists, climbers, hunters prefer when performing severe physical work to undress, and during rest warmly dressing.
In these cases, it is very important to constantly control your well-being, to change it on time, periodically resting.
Of course, the fight against overheating in the described conditions of special difficulties does not represent. And if any impaired internal thermal balance happens, then the victim himself is guilty of this. Arctic or highlands are not the places where it is permitted from overheating.
Much more difficult is a person in an emergency that happened in a desert or semi-desert zone. And this is not explained by the fact that it is very hot here, and the fact that the heat enters into an overwhelming union with thirst.
Insufficient, as well as excessive, water flow into the body affects the general physical condition of the person.
The lack of water leads to a decrease in body weight, a significant decline in forces, blood thickening and, as a result, overvoltage of cardiac activity. At the same time in the blood, the concentration of salts increases, which serves as a formidable signal of the dehydration. A loss of up to 5% of the fluid occurs without any consequences for a person. But dehydration of the body, which exceeded 15%, can lead to severe consequences to the death of a person. Deficious food people can lose almost the entire feed of fat, almost 50% protein and only then get closer to a dangerous feature. However, when it comes to liquid, mortal is the loss of "only" 15% of the liquid! Hungry can a few weeks, it dies without water in a matter of days, and in the conditions of hot climate it happens faster.
The need for the human body in water in favorable climatic conditions does not exceed 2.5-3 l per day. Moreover, this figure is a liquid not only consumed in the form of compotes, tea, coffee and other beverages, but also part of solid food, not to mention soups and sweating. In addition, the water is formed in the very organism as a result of chemical reactions in it.
Total looks like this:
♦ actually water - 0.8-1.0 l;
♦ Liquid dishes - 0.5-0.6 liters;
♦ Solid products (bread, meat, cheese, sausage, etc.) - up to 0.7 liters;
♦ Water formed in the body itself - 0.3-0.4 liters.
In an emergency, it is especially important to distinguish true water hunger from apparent. Very often, the feeling of thirst arises not because of the objective lack of water, but due to the incorrectly organized water consumption.
One of the manifestations of thirst is to reduce the selection of saliva in the oral cavity.
The feeling of the initial dryness in the mouth is often perceived as a sense of severe thirst, although dehydration is not observed as such. A person begins to consume a significant amount of water, although there is no real need for this. The overaffect of water with simultaneous increase in physical exertion leads to a subsequent reinforced sweating. Simultaneously with the abundant removal of excess fluid, the ability of body cells is disturbed. A kind of vicious circle occurs. The more the person drinks, the more sweats, the stronger it feels a feeling of thirst.
An experiment is known when people who are not accustomed to normal thickening thirst have drank in 8 hours to 5-6 liters of water, while others have accounted for 0.5 liters in the same conditions.
It is not recommended to drink a lot of water with a volley. Such a single consumption of liquid thirst does not quench, but, on the contrary, leads to swelling, weakness. It should be remembered that the drinking water quench your thirst immediately, but only after, having reached the stomach, he moves into the blood, that is, after 10-15 minutes. It is best to drink water in small portions after short intervals to full saturation. Sometimes, in order not to spend the water from the flask or emergency stock, it is enough to rinse the mouth with cool water or suck the sour lollipop, caramel. The taste of the candy will cause the reflex separation of saliva, and the feeling of thirst will significantly decrease. In the absence of a lollipop, it can be replaced with fruit bone or even a small pure pebble.
With intensive sweating, leading to washing from the body of salts, it is advisable to drink slightly salted water. The dissolution of 0.5-1.0 g of Soliv1Vodviva will not affect its taste. However, this amount of salt is usually enough to recover inside the body of the salt balance. The tragic heat action is manifested in the summer period in the desert terrain. Perhaps, in this zone, the heat leaves a person less chances for salvation than even in the plague cold. In the fight against frost, a person has a considerable arsenal of funds. It can build snow refuge, produce heat, consuming high-calorie food, protect itself from exposure to low temperatures with warm clothing, can breame fire, to warm up, having performed intensive physical work. Applying any of these methods, a person can save life within a day, two or three. Sometimes, using all the features listed, it confronts the elements of the whole weeks. Only water extends in the desert. There are no other ways to have other ways to have an emergency in the desert.
Cold
According to statistical data, from 10 to 15% of people who died on tourist routes were victims of hypothermia.
The cold threatens the person to the greatest extent in the high-grade zones of the country: in the ice zone, Tundra, Foreturotundra, - in the winter period of time - in the taiga, steppes and semi-deserts adjacent to them, in highlands. But these zones are heterogeneous in temperature characteristics. Even in the same area, at the same time, the testimony of the thermometer can be varied on a dozen and more degrees. For example, often in the valleys of rivers, the gorges and other depressions of lowering the temperature as a result of the flow of cold air into the nizenas are much tangible than on the sublime terrain points. Many means air humidity. For example, in the Oymyakon area, which is the pole of the cold hemisphere cold, the temperature reaches-70 ° C (the minimum B-77.8 ° C was incorporated in 1938), but due to dry air it is transferred quite easily. Conversely, a wet, characteristic of the seaside districts of frost, which envelops and literally sticks to the skin, delivers more hassle. There is a subjectively air temperature is always assessed lower than it really is. But, perhaps, the speed for the survival of a person under conditions of low temperatures is crucial: wind speed is crucial:
♦ In the actual air temperature, 3 ° C and wind speed 10-11 m / s, their total cooling effect on a person is expressed by the value-20 ° C;
♦ at a temperature of -10 ° C actually equal to 30 ° C;
♦ at a temperature of-15 ° C is actually equal to -5 ° C;
♦ at a temperature of-25 ° C is actually equal to 50 ° C;
♦ at a temperature of-45 ° C is actually equal to -0 ° C.
In the terrain, deprived of natural shelters - thickness, relief folds, low air temperatures in combination with strong wind can reduce the time of human survival to several hours.