1. The syllable is long, if there is a difthong: peritona "EUM - peritonea, perona" EUS - Malobers (nerve), Dia "Eta - diet.
2. The syllable is long, if the vowel stands before two or more consonants, as well as before double consultations x and z. Such longitude is called longitude under the Regulation. For example: Colu "MNA - column, pillar, EXTE" RNUS - Outdoor, Labyri "NTHUS - Labyrinth, Medu" LLA - Brain, Brainstatus, Maxi "LLA - Upper Jaw, Metaca" RPUS - Pyhus, Circumfle "XUS - Envelope.
NB!
If the vowance of the penultimate syllable stands before a combination of B, C, D, G, P, T with letters L, R, then such a syllable remains short: ve "RTebra - vertebra, PA" LPEBRA - VEKO, TRI "QUETRUS - trianglass. CH combinations , pH, Rh, th is considered one sound and do not create longitude of the penultimate syllable: Chole "Dochus - bile.

8. Brief rule

The vowel, standing in front of the vowel or the letter H, is always brief. For example: Tro "Chlea - block, PA" Ries - wall, o "SSEUS - bone, acro" Mion - Acromoian (shoulder process), Xiphoi "Deus - Mesia, Peritendi" Neum - Pericho "NDRIUM - Nadrium.
NB!
There are words to which you can not apply the rules of the longitude and shorts of the syllable. It happens when only one consonant follows for the voices of the penultimate syllable. In some words, the penultimate syllable turns out to be brief in others - long. In such cases, it is necessary to contact the dictionary, where the longitude of the penultimate syllable is conventionally denoted by an admonish sign (-), and the brevity is familiar (``).
In addition, it should be remembered that the suffixes of adjectives -al-, -ar-, -at-, -in-, -osveraver long and, therefore, drums. For example: Orbita "Lis - ope, articula" RIS - articular, Hama "TUS - hooked, Pelvi" NUS - pelvic, spino "SUS - spinous. Suffix -ic- in adjectives Short and unstressed: GA" Stricus - Gastric, Thora " Cicus - chest.

Lecture number 3. Grammar: Noun; System of decline, vocabulary, genus. Management as a view of a subordination

Morphology- This is a section of grammar, which studies the patterns of existence, education (structure) and understanding the forms of words (word forms) of various parts of speech (noun, adjective, verb, etc.).
The word has lexical and grammatical meanings. The lexical significance is the content of the word that is generalizing in our consciousness an idea of \u200b\u200bthe subject, phenomenon, property, process (edge, ontogenesis, direct, serous, bending, etc.).
The grammatical value is defined as the categorical affiliation of this word to the corresponding part of speech (for example, the value of the substitution among the noun, the value of the attribution value) and the private value, due to the change in the forms of this word (edge, ribs; straight, straight, direct, etc. .).
The word exists as a system of forms. The system of changes in the forms of words is called word.
The grammatical categories on which the form of a noun forming in Latin, as well as in Russian, are case and numbers (Vertebra - vertebral, Corpus Vertebrae - the body of the vertebral; Foramen - hole, ForaMina - holes; OS - bone, ossa - bones, Sternum - Greet, Manubium Sterni - sternum handle).

Noun

The word-bypass of the existence on cases and numbers is called declining.

Pade

In Latin, 6 podges.
Nominativus (NOM.) - Named (who, what?).
Genetivus (Gen.) is a genitive (whom, what?).
Dativus (Dat.) - Current (who, what?).
Accusativus (ACC.) - accusative (who, what?).
Ablativus (abl.) - Ablatives, cool (by whom, what?).
Vocativus (Voc.) - Quiet.
For the nomination, i.e., for naming (calling) of objects, phenomena and the like in medical terminology, only two cases are used - nominative (named) and the PAGITIVE (gen. P.).
The nominative case is called direct case, which means the absence of relationships between words. The value of this case is actually called. Parental case is actually characterized.

1. Types of decline

In Latin, 5 types of decosals, each of which has its own paradigm (a combination of wordform).
The practical means of distinguishing the decline (definition of the type of declination) serves as a genitory case of a single number in Latin. Forms p. h. In all declines are different.
Sign of the type of leaning noun - the end of the race. p. h., Therefore, in the dictionaries a form genus. p. h. indicated along with the form of them. p. h. And they need to be memorable only together.

Distribution of nouns by inclinations depending on the end of the genus. p. h.

The end of the parent case of all decline

2. The concept of the vocabulary form of the noun

The nouns are given in the dictionary and memorize in dictionary form, which contains three components:
1) the word form in them. p. h.;
2) end of the race. p. h.;
3) the designation of the genus - male, female or medium (abbreviated by one letter: M, F, N).
For example: Lamina, AE (F), SUTURA, AE (F), SULCUS, I (M); Ligamentum, I (N); PARS, IS (F), MARGO, IS (M); OS, IS (N); Articulatio, IS (F), Canalis, IS (M); DUCTUS, US (M); Arcus, US (M), CORNU, US, (N); FACIES, EI (F).

3. Definition of a practical basis

Some nouns of III decline before the end of the race. p. h. -is attributed and the final part of the foundation. This is necessary if the basis of the word in the genus. p. h. Does not coincide with the basis of them. p. h.:

Full form. p. h. These noun are as follows: Corpus, \u003d ORIS (\u003d Corpor - IS); Formen, -inis (\u003d Foramin - IS).
These nouns, the practical framework is determined only from the form of the word in the genus. p. h. By discarding its end. If the foundations in them. p. h. and in the genus. p. h. coincide, then only the end of the genus is indicated in the dictionary form. n., and the practical basis in such cases can be determined from them. p. h. without end.
Consider examples.

The practical basis is the foundation to which the endings of indirect cases are added when causing (declining); It may not coincide with the so-called historical basis.
In one-step nouns with a changing basis in dictionary form, it is indicated entirely of the word form. p., for example Pars, Partis; CRUS, CRURIS; OS, ORIS; CORDIS.

4. Definition of the genus of nouns

In Latin, as in Russian, the nouns belong to the three kinds: marsculinum - m), female (femininum - f) and medium (Neutrum - N).
The grammar genus of Latin nouns cannot be determined from the genus equivalent on the meaning of Russian words, since often the genus of nouns with the same meaning in Russian and Latin does not coincide.

It is possible to determine the identity of the Latin noun to one or another clan on the endings characteristic of this kind of endings in it. p. h. For example, words on-and female (Costa, Vertebra, Lamina, Incisura, etc.), words on -um - middle kind (Ligamentum, Manubium, Sternum, etc.).
NB!
Sign of the decline of the noun - the end of the race. p. h.; The sign of the kind is the characteristic ending in it. p. h.

5. Definition of the genus of nouns ending in the nominative case of a single number on -u, -um, -on, -en, -y, -us

With all the characteristic signs of the genus Latin nouns, you can get acquainted in a number of classes in III decline. In this paragraph, it will only be about signs of the grammatical genus of some groups of words having in it. p. h. Characteristic endings: -a, -um, -on, -en, -u, -us.

In the belonging of nouns on-to the female genus, and nouns on -um, -on, -en, -u - to the middle can not be doubted.
As for nouns on -us, the answer cannot be unequivocal without attracting additional data and above all information about the declination of the word.
All nouns on -us, if they refer to II or IV decline, necessarily a male race, for example:
Lobus, I; Nodus, I; Sulcus, I;
Ductus, US; Arcus, US; MEATUS, US, M - Male genus.
If the noun is on -us refers to the III decline, then its belonging to a certain genus should be clarified using such an additional indicator as the final consonant base in the genus. P.; If the final consonant base is -R, then the noun is the average genus, and if the ultimate consonant is different (-t or -d), then to the female genus.
For example:
TEMPUS, OR-IS; Crus, CruR-IS;
Corpus, OR-IS - Middle Rod, Juventus, UT-IS - Female Rod.

6. III decline in nouns. Grammatical signs of male genus and nature of the basics

Nouns III declosion met extremely rarely, for example: OS, Corpus, Caput, Foramen, Dens. Such a methodological approach was absolutely justified. III declination is the most difficult for assimilation and has a number of features that distinguish it from other decons.
1. To the III declination includes nouns of all three clans ending in the genus. p. h on -is (sign III of decline).
2. in them. p. h. Words are not only different clans, but even one and the same kind have different endings peculiar to a certain kind; For example, in the male genus -os, -or, -o, -Eg, -ex, -Es.
3. In most nouns III decline in the foundation in them. n. and in the genus n. do not coincide.

In such nouns, the practical framework is not determined by it. p., and by genus. p. By discarding the end of -is.
1. If in the vocabulary form of any nouns before the end of the genus. p. h. -is is attributed to the end of the foundation, which means such a word the basis is determined by the genus. P.:

The basis of Cortic-.
2. If in vocabulary form before the end of the genus. p. h. -is no registry, it means that this word can be determined by it. p. h., dropping the end of them. P.:

Pubes, IS.
The basis of Pub-.

3. Nouns III decline depending on the coincidence or incomprehension of the number of symbols in it. n. and bodies. p. h. There are equilibrium and uneven, which matters to accurately determine the genus in some cases.

Estimible
NOM. Pubes Canalis Rete.
Gen. Pubis Canalis Retis.

Non-aloven
NOM. PES PARIES PARS.
Gen. Pedis Parietis Parti.s.

4. In single nouns in dictionary form in the genus. n. Word is written in full:

7. General requirements for the definition of grammatical clan in III decline

The genus is determined by the end of them. p. h., peculiar to a specific family within this decline. Therefore, in order to determine the generation of any nouns of III decline, one must take into account three points:
1) to know that this word belongs to the III decline, and not to some other;
2) know what endings in them. p. h. peculiar to one or another inflation III;
3) In some cases, it is also considered the nature of the foundation of this word.
Results:
1) nouns on-and female;
2) nouns on -urn, -en, -on, -u - medium;
3) Most nouns on -us, if they refer to the II or IV decline, is a male race;
4) Words on -us, ending in the genus. p. on -R-IS, - medium kind.
Knowing the belonging to a noun to a certain family, you can correctly agree with it (in kind!) Adjective or form a word form. p. MN. h.
The identity of the word to one or another decline can not serve in most cases by the indicator of the genus, since there are nouns (II and IV IV) or three clans (III decline) in the same decline). Nevertheless, it is useful to remember the following ratio between the noun and its declination:
1) in I and V declines - only female genus;
2) in the II and IV decons - men's genus and medium genus;
3) In the III decline - all three kinds: male, female and medium.
From the words on -us, most refers to the II decline, only a few - to IV.
It is important to remember that in vocabulary form some of the most frequency nouns - IV decline: Processus, US (M) - process; Arcus, US (M) - arc; Sinus, US (M) - sinus, sinus; Meatus, US (M) - passage; Plexus, US (M) - plexus; Recessus, US (M) - Deepete, pocket.

Lecture No. 4. The name is adjective. Grammar categories

The categorical (generalized) value of the adjective as part of speech is the value of the sign of the subject (quality, properties, accessories, etc.).
1. Adjectives in Latin, as in Russian, are divided into high-quality and relative. Qualitative adjectives indicate a sign of the subject directly, that is, without relation to other subjects: True Rib - Costa Vera, Long Bone - OS Longum, Yellow Bunch - Ligamentum Flavum, Cross Ground - Processus Transversus, Big Hole - Formen Magnum, Trapezoid Bone - OS TRAPEZOIDEUM, Bone Wedge-shaped - OS Sphenoidale, etc.
Relative adjectives indicate a sign of an object not directly, but through the attitude to another subject: a vertebral pillar (post from the vertebrae) - Columna Vertebralis, frontal bone - OS Frontale, a wedge-shaped sinus (cavity in the body of a wedge-shaped bone) - Sinus sphenoidalis, a wedge-shaped comb (plot The front surface of the body of a wedge-shaped bone) - Crista Sphenoidalis.
The predominant mass of adjectives in anatomical nomenclature is the relative adjectives indicating the belonging of this anatomical education to a whole organ or to another anatomical education, such as the frontal process (extinguished from the zilly bone upwards, which is connected to the bonomous bone process) - Processus Frontalis.
2. The categorical meaning of adjective is expressed in the categories of the genus, numbers and case. Category of kind is a word separation category. As in Russian, adjectives change by childbirth: they can be in the form of a male, female or medium kind. The adjective has depends on the kind of that nouns with which it is agreed. For example, the Latin adjective with the "yellow" (one) value has three forms of kind - Flavus (m. P.), Flava (g. P.), Flavum (cf. p.).
3. The imposition of adjectives is also occurring on cases and numbers, i.e. adjectives, as well as nouns, are inclined.

1. Declination of adjectives. Word shape

Adjectives in contrast to nouns are inclined only by I, II or by III decline.
A specific type of declination that changes something or another adjective is determined by the standard dictionary form in which it is written in the dictionary and in which it should be remembered.
In the vocabulary form of the overwhelming majority of adjectives, characteristic of this or that end of the end in it is indicated. p. h.
At the same time, in some adjectives of the end in them. n. For each kind of absolutely different, for example: recta, recta, rectum - straight, straight, straight; Other adjectives for the male and female kind are one general ending, and for the middle kind - other, for example: Brevis - short and short, breve - short.
Different adjectives are also given in vocabulary form. For example: rectus, -a, -um; Brevis, -e.
Ending -us m. R. Replaced in w. R. on -a (recta), and in cf. R. - on -um (rectum).

Two groups of adjectives

Depending on the type of declination, which adjectives are inclined, they are divided into 2 groups. Belonging to the group is found in standard dictionary forms.
The 1st group includes adjectives that are inclined according to I and II decline. They are easily recognized at the end of them. p. -us (or -Er), -A, -UM in dictionary form.
The 2nd group includes all adjectives with other vocabulary. Their word is caused by III decline.
The memorization of the dictionary form is necessary in order to correctly determine the type of declination and use the appropriate endings in indirect cases.

Adjectives of the 1st group

In the presence of a dictionary form with the endings in it. p. h. -us, -a, -um or -Er, -a, -um adjectives in the form of g. R. inclined according to i decline, in the form of m. r. and cf. R. - According to II decline.
For example: longus, -a, -um - long; Liber, -era, -erum - free. In the genus P. They have, respectively, endings:

Some adjectives that have in m. R. The end of -Er, the letter "E" falls into the m. r., starting with the genus. p. h. and in g R. and in cf. R. - in all cases without exception. Other adjectives do not happen. For example, vocabulary forms Ruber, -BRA, -BRUM, LIBER, -ERA, -ERUM.

Adjectives of the 2nd group

The adjectives of the 2nd groups are inclined by III decline. Their vocabulary is different from the adjectives of the 1st group.
By the number of generic grades in the dictionary form, the adjectives of the 2nd groups are divided into:
1) adjective two endings;
2) adjectives of one end;
3) the adjectives of the three endings.
1. The adjectives of the two endings in anatomy-histological and general in medical terminology are most often found. They have in them. p., units Only two birth endings - -is, -e; -is - general for m. r. and g r., e - only for cf. R. For example: Brevis - short, short; BREVE - short.
Examples of adjectives of two grades in dictionary form:
Brevis, E is a short, one;
Frontalis, E is the frontal, or.
For the prevailing number of adjectives of two endings found in the nomenclature, the following word-forming model is characteristic.

For example: STEM-AL-IS, E - sneaker, Cost-Al-IS E is an edible, Clavicul-AR-IS is a clavical, Dors-Al-IS is the dorsal, rear.
All adjectives formed by such a suffix acquisition acquired the general meaning "related to what is called the basis" (to the sternum, to the edge, to the clavicle, to the back, rear).
2. The adjectives of one end have one common ending in them for all clans. p. h. Such an end may be, in particular,, or -s, etc. For example: Simplex is a simple, - one; teres - round ,y ,y; Biceps - double-headed ,y ,y.
In contrast to all other types of adjectives, they have the following feature: the basis of the genus. n. And they. P. - Different. This is reflected in vocabulary. For example:
Simplex, Icis - Teres, Etis - Biceps, IPITIS;
Basis: Simplic- - Teret- - Bicipit-.
3. The adjectives of the three endings have ending: m. R. - -Er, g. p. - -is, cf. R. - -y. For example: Celer, -eris, -ere - fast ,y ,y; CELEBER, -BRIS, -BRE - a healing, - one.
All adjectives of the 2nd group regardless of the dictionary shape are inclined by III declusions and have a single basis in indirect cases.
For example:

2. Coordination. Adjective - agreed definition

Another type of verification is when the definition function in the nominal phrase does not perform a noun in the genus. p., and adjective, called coordination, and definition - consistent.
Upon coordination, the grammatically dependent definition is shared by a genital, number and case with the main word. With a change in grammatical forms of the main word, the forms of the dependent word are changed. In other words, as in Russian, adjectives are consistent with nouns in kind, and the case.
For example, when agreeing with the adjectives of TransVersus, -a, -um and Vertebralis, with noun Processus, -us (M); Linea, -ae (F); ligamentum, -i (N); canalls, -is (m); Incisura, -ae, (F); Formen, -inis (N) such phrases are obtained:

3. Comparative degree (Gradus Comparativus); Education and declination

As in Russian, Latin qualitative adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive (Gradus Positivus), comparative (Gradus Comparativus) and excellent (Graduc Superlativus).
The comparative degree is formed from the basis of a positive degree by adding suffix -ior to it for m. P. and g r., suffix -ius - for cf. R. For example:

NB!
1. The main grammatical sign of adjectives in a comparative degree is: for m. R. and g R. - suffix -ior, for cf. R. - Suffix -ius.
For example: Brevior, -ius; Latior, -ius.
2. All adjectives in a comparative degree coincides with the form m. R. and g R. in it. p. h.:

3. The adjectives are inclined in a comparative degree according to III. Form genus p. h. All three genera are the same: it is formed by joining the end of the end -is.

4. Adparatively adequately consistent with nouns in kind, and the case, i.e. are agreed by definitions: Sutura Latior; Sulcus Latior; Foramen Latius.

4. Multicipable case of a plural (Nominativus pluralis) of nouns I, II, III, IV, V declarations and adjectives

1. Any case endings, including the end of them. p. MN. h., always join the base.
2. To form a word formed them. p. MN. Part of different declines must adhere to the following provisions.
If the noun is CP. p., It is inclined in accordance with the rule of Wed. r., which says: all words cf. R. (and nouns, and adjectives of all degrees of comparison), regardless of which declination they belong to, ends in them. p. MN. h. on -a This applies only to the words of Wed. r., for example: Ligamenta LATA - wide ligaments, Crura Ossea - Bone legs, Ossa Temporalia - temporal bones, Cornua Majora - big horns.
End of words in m. R. and g R. in them. p. MN. h. easier to memorize with each individual decline. At the same time, you must remember the following compliance: Nouns I, II, IV decline in them. p. MN. h. exactly the same ending as in the genus. p. MN. h. The same correspondence is also observed at the adjectives of the 1st group, because they are inclined as nouns I and II decline, for example:

Nouns iii and v decline, as well as adjectives of III decline and adjectives in a comparative degree (they are also inclined by the III decline) have in them. p. MN. h. The same ending is -ES.

Generalization of data on the endings of nouns and adjectives in it. p. MN. h.

Lecture No. 5. PEITIVE PADEEW Multiple (Genetivus pluralis) nouns I, II, III, IV, V declarations and adjectives

Continuing the study of the word-bypass of nouns and adjectives in the plural, it is necessary to note the maternal case of a plural.
To learn how to quickly and accurately form terms in the form of genus. p. MN. h., It is necessary to be able to:
1) to determine by the dictionary form of its belonging to a certain decline;
2) allocate the basis;
3) learn the genus on the characteristic endings to them. p. h.;
4) to establish vocabulary form, to the 1st or 2nd group belongs to the adjective;
5) to establish according to which of the three declines (I-II or III) this adjective, coordinated with nouns in the family, and the case.

End of a Multiple Page Padder (Genetivus Pralis)

Ending -UM have:
1) Non-equal footing nouns of all three clans, the basis of which ends with one consonant: tendinum (M), Regionum (F), Foraminum (N);
2) adjectives in a comparative degree of all three clans (they also have the basis for one consonant): Majorum (M, F, N).
Ending -ium have:
1) all other nouns with the basis of more than one consonant; equitrees on -es, -is; Nouns cf. R. on -e, -ai, -ar: dentium (m), partium (f), ossium (n), animalium, avium, retium;
2) adjectives of the 2nd group of all three clans: Brevium (M, F, N).

Notes

1. Noun VAS, VASIS (N) - vessel in units. h. inclined by III decline, and in MN. h. - by II; Gen. Pl.Vasorum.
2. In terms of OS ilium (iliac bone), the form is used. p. MN. h. from noun ile, -is (n) (lower abdomen); them. p. MN. h. - Ilia (iliac region). Therefore, incorrectly change the form of Ilium on ILII (OSSIS ILII).
3. The noun fauces, -ium - zev is used only in MN. h.
4. Nouns Greek origin Larynx, Pharynx, Meninx, Phalanx ends in the name of P.P. MN. h. on -um.

Lecture number 6. The composition of the word. Types of morpheme. Morphem analysis

In the linear sequence in the word composition, minimal, indivisible in shape, nor the value of part: prefix (prefix), root, suffix and ending (flex). All these minimum significant parts are called morphems (Greek Morphe - form). The core of the value is rooted, for example: sweat, sweat, sweat, you-sweat, etc. Prefix and suffix, distinguished in its position to the root, are called together word-formative affixes(Lat. Affixus - "Attached").
By accession to the root formed derivatives- new words. The ending - the affix with the grammatical value is not for word formation, but for word item (by cases, numbers, childbirth). The membership of the word on the morphemes is called an analysis of the composition, or morphem analysis.
The entire preceding end of the unchanged part of the word carrying the main lexical importance is called the basis of the word. In the words Vertebr-A, Vertebral-IS, Intervertebral-IS bases are, respectively, Vertebr-, Vertebral-, Intervertebral-.
The basis may be represented only by the root, in some others - the root and word-forming affixes, i.e. the root, suffix and prefix.

In terms of its grammatical system, Latin belongs to the languages \u200b\u200bof synthetic (flexive) type. This means that, in contrast to languages \u200b\u200bwith the analytical system, grammatical relations are expressed in it mainly by changing the form of the word-adding to the basis of suffixes or flexions (endings). So, a sign of the face and numbers in the form of verb are personal endings: Lauda-T He praises, Lauda-Mus we praise, Vide-Mus we see.

The same personal endings are preserved in various times of expressive and subjunctive inclinations; Forms differ from each other with suffixes: Lauda-t He praises, Lauda-Ba-T He praised, Lauda-V-I-T he praised, Lauda-Re-T he would praise. The synthetic character of Latin is clearly detected from the comparison of the above form of the 3rd l. units Perfect Laudavit (he praised) with appropriate temporary forms in new languages: IL A Loue, He Has Praised, etc.

The signs of the case in Latin are the case-based cases attached to the basis of the inclined name: Terra Earth, Terra-M Earth, Terra-Rum Land, Terris-S Earth (WIN.P.N.ch.)

1.2 Changeable parts of speech (general characteristic)

Changeable parts of speech - These include a noun (adjectivum), verb (Verbum), Communion (PARTICIUM), Proponation (Pronomen), Numeralium (Numeralium), Gerandius (Gerandium), Gerandivum, change in kind , number, case (decline) or represented, number, time, pledge and inclination (lifting). Changing words denoting real objects, concepts and persons are called declining. Under declining(Declinatio) It is understood as the change in the case forms of nouns, adjectives, communities, pronoun, numerical in various kinds and number. In Latin (as in Russian), declination means changing the shape of the appropriate word. The meaning of the change is that changing endings are joined by the unchanged basis. The end is a very important element of the vocabulary form, since it is at the end that we can judge the names of the word to one or another family, a number or pandering. The main characteristics of the changes of the declared word are as follows: the type of declination, the number, genus, the case. The original form of the word (with the indication of the genus) can be determined by dictionary or grammatical director. This applies mainly to nouns, adjectives and pronuches. Forms derived from verb, such as communion, gerundium and gerundive, are not usually not specified in the dictionary. Therefore, many information about the form of word formation must be memorable. This is one of the necessary stages of learning the language. The grammar section that suggests general information about the form of words and its change is called morphology. Here all the variable parts of the speech are studied, both inclined and the hidden. The interchange (Conjugatio) is a change in the shape of the verb. The lifting indicates what the difference exists between different times and persons of the action, what is the nature of the action, which is how to attitude to the action of a person committing or undergoing any action, or an object to which the action is directed. Changes that verb is manifested in various modifications of its shape. The shape of the verb is made up of the base, suffix and end. The basis of the verb is contained in the dictionary, suffixes and endings are the subject of study and memorization. The base of the verb is changing according to the time (the present or passed), the suffixes are changing according to time and tilt, the end is in accordance with the face, the number and pledge (active or passive). The main categories characterizing the change in the verb are therefore time, inclination, pledge, face and number. Communion, being a separable form, undergo changes in time and pledge, but at the same time leaning.

1.3. Unchanging parts of speech (general characteristics)

In most languages, some parts of the speech undergo changes, others remain unchanged. Consistent words - These are words that do not have grammatical forms of wordinity. they are do not have the end And always consume in the same form. Unchanging parts of speech are service part of speech regulating the relationships of other words. These include, first of all, prepositions (Praepositio), Unions (Conjunctio), particles (Particula). Also attributed to the number of immutable parts of speech.

Noun

Latin nouns vary in numbers and cases, and may also be male (Genus Masculinum), female (Genus Femininum) or medium (genus neutrum). There are nouns the unlock (indeclinabilia). In this case, they relate to the middle family. These include the names of letters, nonlaist names (Adam Adam, NOE) and individual words (Pondo - Pound; Gelu - Frost). There are nouns that are used only in one of the indirect cases (Monoptota) (Satias - suggestion; Frustratui - deception; etc.). Other nouns are known only in two cases (Diptota) (Supptiae, Supptias - Help). There are also those used only in three cases (TripTota) (VIM, VIM, VI - power). Nouns, denoting people and animals, in meaning can take both kinds - every time the one that is meant by this word (citizen, citizen - Civis). Such a double consumption of the genus is called a common genus (Genus Commune). The names of the winds, months and rivers have a male genus. The names of trees, cities, countries and islands usually have a female genus. The only number is called Numerus Singularis, multiple - Numerus Pluralis. The differential nouns (Heteroclita) in the singular, for example, have a female genus, and in multiple - average (carbasus - sail), respectively, in different numbers (\u003d childbirth) they are inclined by different decisions. It also happens the opposite situation - the average genus of the only number and female in the multiple (Epulum - Epuli - Pirushka). There are words of male genus in the singular, and in multiple acquirements also the middle race (Locus - place, Loci - seats are separate, for example, excerpts from books; and Loca - places related to each other, area, terrain). There are medium-sized words in the singular and male in the multiple (Coelum - Coeli - Sky). Some words, depending on the number, changes the value: Aedes - Temple (the only), house (multiple); COPIA (the only) - abundance, Copiae (multiple) - army. Some nouns are used only in a plural, for example: seeds (CANI), weapons (ARMA). This category includes the names of Roman and Greek holidays. Similar to Greek, all names of the average kind of accusative case coincides with the very famous. In the divergent case of a plural number, such names were inherited from the general-European language a sign of a collective concept - the end of a. The Greek influence on Latin manifested itself in the fact that borrowed from the Greek word (especially their own names) when declining can even maintain their Greek pelvic endings. In other cases, they are inclined in both versions - both with Latin and Greek endings. The reproduction of Greek forms is most often noticeable at poets. As in Greek and in Russian, Latin nouns may have common roots with the verb, arise as complex solid words or with the help of suffixes, and a little less often - with the help of consoles. This promotably enriches the vocabulary, expressive instruments of the language, allows you to transmit various shades. For example, there are nouns honor - honor; Honestas - respect; Honestudo - respect; Honestamentum - Decoration; honorarium - remuneration; Honorificentia - respect; Honoripeta - ambition; Honorius - Honorius, name your own. In the Latin nouns are given in the nominative case of the only number, then the end of the genitive case of the only number and abbreviated - the genus of the word (M, F, N is male, female, medium). Thus, you can understand the type of decline. For example: Animal, Alis, N Animal. In Archaic Latin, some cases had a different appearance than in classic. In particular, they resembled Greek more. For example, in a dutiful case of the only number in Latin, the lost Difthong Co sound was later, and in the Greek Iota moved to the position of the subscription letter.

Nouns names indicate objects and phenomena.

Rod (Genus)

Each noun in Latin refers to one of three clans:

• Male (Genus Masculinum)
• Female (Genus Femininum)
• Middle (Genus Neutrum)

An animated nouns are distributed through the genus in accordance with the biological floor.

Moreover

TO male roda These names of months, mountains, winds, large rivers, peoples, professions.

TO female related These names of countries, cities, islands, precious stones, trees.

TO middle Rud. Traditionally include the names of metals, elements, fruits, as well as the unclear words.

The noun is indicated in the dictionary, it is indicated by one of three letters: " m. "(Male)," f. "(female)," n. " (middle).

Number (Numerus)

In Latin, nouns can be used in a single or multiple number.

The only number (Numerus Singularis) - to designate one item,

Multiple number (numerus pluralis) - to designate many items.

In vocabulary and reference articles, the number of nouns is indicated by two letters: SG. (only) or PL (multiple).

Padege (Casus)

The noun can stand in one of the six podges:

Nominativus (Casus Nominativus) - answers questions: "Who?" "What?", In a sentence in the nominative case, it is subject to or registered part of the faithful. Denoted by the letter " N. "Or a combination" NOM. ".

Parental case (Casus Genetivus) - answers questions: "Who?" "What?", In the proposal in the parental case, there is an inconsistent definition for another noun. Denoted by the letter " G. " or " Gen. ".

Casus Dativus - answers questions: "Who?" "What?", In a suggestion in a dutiful case there is an indirect addition, accompanying action. Denoted by the title letter " D. "Or a combination" Dat. ".

Accusative case (Casus Accusativus) - answers questions: "Who?" "What?", In the proposal in the vinegenic case there is a direct addition to which the action is directed. Denotes " AC " or " ACC. ".

Separate or squeezing case (Casus Ablativus) - answers questions: "Who?" "What?", In the proposal in the squeezing case there is a circumstance. Denoted by letters " AB " or " ABL ".

The charming case (Casus Vocativus) - appeal to the face or subject, is not a member of the offer. Denoted by the letter " V. "Or a combination" VOC. ".

Declination (declinatio)

Each noun in Latin refers to one of 5 decline. Declination is determined at the end of the genitive case of the singular.

• I declination -ae.
• II declination -I.
• III declination -IS.
• IV declination -US.
• V declination -EI.

There are also differential words "VESPER" (II or III), "DOMUS" (II or IV).

Often talk about the types of declination and equate them to 5 declines. Strictly speaking, it is not. Types of decline in Latin language are much larger than decony. It should be noted that in the Latin language, knowledge about the belonging to a noun to one or another decline gives only an approximate view of the end of the word in a particular case. The exact idea of \u200b\u200bthe endings gives the types of declination. The system of declining types in Latin is more branched than the decline system, because It takes into account the variability within 5 decons, and therefore it is easier to use to solve the practical task - the declination of words.

In many textbooks, a very strange relationship to the types of declination. The total system of declining types does not exist and in different sources can be found different versions, but, as it has already been said, it is customary to talk about 5 declines or 5 types of declination, and then negotiate that there is, for example, decline IIII, which is somewhat different from declining IIIB .

Here we will not specify specific types of types, because In different authors, they are called differently, but we will try to describe the most detailed classification. So:

IN I decline Nouns 2 types:

1. male
2. female

(Declination paradigm is the same).

In II decline - 6 types:

1. ending on -us (in n.sg.) of male and female,
2. ending on -ius (in n.sg.) of male male,
3. ending on -ir (in n.sg.) male genus,
4. ending on -er (in n.sg.) male genus,
5. -um -um (in n.sg.) of the middle kind,
6. oshanging on -ius (in N.Sg.) of the middle kind.

The declination of all types is different.

A special type of declination forms a noun "Deus" - God.

In III decline - 6 types:

• 2 consonants:
  1. male and female
  2. neuter.
• 2 vowels:
  1. endowing on -e, -al, -ar medium-sized (equivalent and rigging);
  2. estimated, ending on -is female.
• 2 mixed:
  1. estimated, ending on -es, -is (male and female);
  2. none equal to various endings (male and female).

Almost all types in trifles, but differ.

Separate types of decline form the words "VIS" - power, "BOS" - Bull, IUPPITER - Jupiter.

IN IV decline - 2 types:

1. ending on -us male and female
2. oshanging on -u medium kind.

IN V decline Types are not allocated.

An affiliation of the word to some kind of declining type is somewhat more complicated than to determine the declination itself. To determine the type of declination, a slightly more subtle analysis of the word is needed, but over time it becomes a very useful habit.

Site types will be devoted to a separate article, which is now (unfortunately) in the development.

Vocational Form Noun

In the dictionary (with the exception of training dictionaries, about them in general a separate conversation) the noun is in the nominative case of the singular. Immediately after, through the comma, the end of the genitive case of the only number (the most which is determined by the declination of the noun), but if the basis of the nominal and genitive case is different, then the word can be specified in the second place. After a space (usually italics), it is indicated by the identity of the noun to one of 3 genera (M, F or N).

For example:

ramus, i m branch
Nominative - rAMUS.,
Genitive - rami. (II decline),
Rod - m. - Male.

lanx, lancis f bowl
Nominative - lANX,
Genitive - lancis (Consequently, III declination)
Rod - f. - Female.

End of nouns when declining

Paide	I.	II.		III		IV	V.
		maspie	neuter gender	on a consistent	on I.
Singular
N.	-a.	-US, -er, -ir	-Um.	-E, -al, -ar		-US, -u.	-es.
G.	-Ae.	-I.	-I.	-IS.	-IS.	-US.	-Ei.
D.	-Ae.	-o.	-o.	-I.	-I.	-UI.	-Ei.
AC	-am	-Um.	-Um.	-EM.	-E.	-Um.	-EM.
AB	-a.	-o.	-o.	-E.	-I.	-u.	-E.
V.	\u003d N.	-E.	\u003d N.	\u003d N.	\u003d N.	\u003d N.	\u003d N.
Plural
N.	-Ae.	-I.	-a.	-es.	-ia	-US.	-es.
G.	-Arum	-ORUM.	-ORUM.	-Um.	-ium.	-UM.	-erum
D.	-IS.	-IS.	-IS.	-Ibus.	-Ibus.	-Ibus.	-Ebus.
AC	-as.	-os.	-a.	-es.	-ia	-US.	-es.
AB	-IS.	-IS.	-IS.	-Ibus.	-Ibus.	-Ibus.	-Ebus.
V.	\u003d N.	\u003d N.	\u003d N.	\u003d N.	\u003d N.	\u003d N.	\u003d N.

1. The lessons "Natural name. Grammatical categories. "

2. Form:

3. The first of the questions for self-preparation on the topic of practical classes:

A) declination occurs by changing names for ... and ...

B) What kind of components is the Wordwork?

C) how to determine the decline of nouns?

D) how many lesions of nouns in Latin?

E) Name signs of nouns.

4. List of practical skills on the topic studied:

Determination of signs of five decons;

List of topics and abstracts (UIRS) offered by the Department:

Antique mythology

Antique History

Winged Latin expressions

6. The main concepts and positions of the topic.

Self-control of test tasks and situational tasks of this topic.

There is not a single medical term in which the noun or in the form of a separate word (tincture), or in the form of phrases: noun with other noun (valerian tincture) or nouns with adjective (bitter tincture).

In terms of its grammatical system, Latin belongs to the languages \u200b\u200bof synthetic (flexive) type. This means that, in contrast to languages \u200b\u200bwith an analytical system, grammatical relations are expressed in it mainly by changing the form of the word - adding suffixes and flexions (endings).

Noun (Nomen Substantivum) in Latin has a lot in common with nouns in German and especially in Russian (less in English and French). This community is explained by their origin from the Indo-European language.

1. Two numbers differ in Latin - Latin the only thing (Numerus Singularis) and multiple(Numerus pluralis), whose value in general coincides with the value of the corresponding numbers in Russian. The meaning of the word in the plural is sometimes different from its value in the singular: Copia (Sing.) - Abundance, reserve, Copiae (Plur.) - Army. Cf. Similar phenomena in new languages: Russian. Hour and watch. A small group make up words, used only in a plural: in the farm. Terminology - Species, Erum - Drug Fee (in Russian Spices).

Nouns in Latin differ (but do not change!) Also on grammatical rhodas; They can be a male genus (Genus Masculinum), the female genus (genus feminimum) and the middle kind (genus neutrum). The name of the names to one or another grammatical genus is determined either by their value, or according to the formal basis (flex, suffixes).

By meaning to the names of a noun male genus, except for individuals and animals of the male, are also the names of the winds, months and usually rivers. To the names of the female family, in addition to the names of female individuals and animals, there are often names of cities, countries, islands and trees. Do not transfer the category of the genus from the native language in any other (Herba \u003d Grass, but Costa - edge).

Declining It is called a change in names on numbers and cases. In classic Latin, six cases:

Casus Nominativus (Name) - the case of the subject and registered part of the composite facility.

Casus Genetivus (PABITIVE) is most often a case of inconsistent definition (Valerian's root infusion).

Casus Dativus (Current) - case of indirect add-on; Indicates a person to whom the action is addressed (issue a patient).

Casus Accusativus (Vinema) - Paddle Direct Supplement (solvent Tablet)

Casus Ablativus - ablatives (squeezing, or separate, case). In Latin ablaiv, the functions of the Tez Ceases, once existed independently:

a. Locativus "Where?" - prepositional

a. Instrumenti "Who? What?" - Certificate pelvic

a. Separationis "Where?" \u003d genus padege

Casus Vocativus (charting) - the case in which the name of the person or subject is placed when contacting. In the modern Russian language there is no case. Borrowing from the Old Slavonic language: God, Father (in Ukrainian: Sonka, Gali). The form of a charting case in Latin almost always coincides with the form of the nominative.

2. Word shape Latin noun, i.e. The form of his recording in the dictionary includes three components:

the form of a nominal case of the only number;

the end of the genitive case of the only number (and the final part of the foundation, if the foundations of nominative and parental cases do not coincide);

designation of the genus (abbreviated by one letter: M, F, N).

N.B! End table.

musculus (I, M)

corpus (ORIS, N)

arcus (US, M) - with the help of dictionary and table

case endings Determine the type of declination

A sign of declination is the end of the genitive case of the singular (Gen. Sing.):

3. Definition of the basis of the noun

Changing the names of cases and numbers is, as a rule, in joining the words of the corresponding case endings. The distribution of names in five decisions is rising to the difference between the end sounds of Indo-European foundations.

(-a, -o, - I, -U, -E) Sometimes, as a result of phonetic laws, the basis of the word has undergone some modifications in case forms, so that in the form of a nominative case of a single number, you can not always determine the identity of the word to a certain type of decline. Therefore, a practical feature for identification of declination is the form of a genital case of a single number.

In Russian, it is also not for all nouns, you can determine the basis for a nominative case. So, for example, the words "daughter", "mother", "day" the basis of nominative and indirect cases will be different (daughter - daughter). According to the vocabulary form of the Latin noun, you can always find out whether its practical basis coincides with the basis of the nominative case. For example: Caput, ITIS N; Region, onis f. At one-room explosive basis. and core. Cases, as a rule, does not coincide. In the vocabulary form of such words, it is customary to fully write the form of the genus. case.

4. General rules for determination roda Noun.

The sign of the grammatical genus of Latin nouns is the end of NOM. Sing. So, for example, all nouns having in NOM. Sing. ending -er, - male genus (Cancer, Vomer); -u - middle kind.

The grammar genus of Latin nouns cannot be determined based on the genus of the corresponding Russian nouns.

Declination is not a factor that determines the genus of the noun.

Nouns with the end in NOM. Sing. - US predominantly male genus. But: Corpus, Genus belongs to the middle family. In addition, Pinus, Crataegus, Quercus, etc. The names of the trees are a female kind, since the ancients believed that Nymifa-Driead lives in every tree - the patroness of the tree lives.

Nouns with the end - but treat the female race. BUT: Collega, Poeta, Nauta, Agricola - male genus. In addition, there are a number of nouns on - MA: Systema, Trauma, which relate to the average genus.

Nouns with endings in NOM. Sing. -UM - ON necessarily relate to the average.

Test tasks on the topic.

2. Fossa, AE F 5. FACIES, EI F

B) Specify the end of Genetivus Singularis Introducing Nouns:

6. Cerebrum, ... 2 9. Incisura, ... 1

7. CANALIS, ... 3 10. Res, ... 5

13. Vertebra, AE ...

16. Nosa partition

17. Top Jaw Bud

tuberis Maxilla.

1. maxillae Tuberis.

18. Bone of the blade

3. scapulae Spinae.

19. Shoulder Bone Head

20. Herridge Knee.

7. Situational tasks on the topic.

Guess the meaning of Latin words without the help of a dictionary. Write down in Russian LOVA, formed from Latin data.

Caput, ITIS N; URBS, URBIS F; Natura, AE F; Sol, Solis M; lingua, ae f; ASTRUM I N;

flos, Floris M; MENS, Mentis F; RADIX, RADICIS F; MANUS, US M; Terra, AE F; POTENTIAL, AE F; PUNCTUM, I N; Miles, IT IS M; HOMO, INIS M; REX, REGIS M.

Lesson number 4..

The subject of classes "inconsistent definition. The structure of the term. "

Form of work:

Preparation for practical classes.

Preparation of materials on UIRS.

List of questions for self-preparation on the topic of practical lesson:

What components are the dictionary form?

How to determine the decline of nouns?

Name the signs of 1,2,3,4 and the 5th decline in nouns.

How to determine the generation of nouns?

List of practical skills on the topic studied:

Determination of signs of five decons;

The ability to draw up a vocabulary form; Determine the declination, the basis.

Ability to make anatomical terms

5. List of topics and abstracts (UIRS) offered by the Department:

The history of the development of the Latin language.

Winged Latin expressions

The role of the Latin language in the development of medical terminology

Latin humanitarian value

Latin around us.

Latin borrowing.

6. Home concepts and themes

Self-adjoint test tasks.

Much more often than single Latin names, in the nomenclature uses thermal-phrases, double-headed and verbose.

The phrase is a syntax structure formed by a compound of two or more significant words associated with meaning and grammatically. In the phrase, the first rod word is always the name noun in the nominative case, denoting the subject itself; Other words serve definitions to it. Definitions are the explanatory members of the phrase, the words-clarifiers denoting some sign, the property of the object of designation. In the syntactivity of the word in the phrase is not equivalent. One of them is the first name of the noun, performs grammatically as a domicile word, as a grammatically dependent, subordinate.

Depending on the method of submission, two types of verification are found: management and coordination. If the dependent word is nouns, it is placed in the parental case. This type of verification is called management. Nouns definitions are called inconsistent. The second type of verification, when the definition function performs the adjective, is called coordination, and the definition - agreed.

Algorithm for constructing anatomical terms with a given value

Determine the stem (most importantly) The word term is the name noun in the nominative case.

All other words in terms of definitions. If the definition is expressed by nouns in the parental case, it is called inconsistent. Change the case of inconsistent definition cannot.

If the definition is pronounced, it is called coordinated, because The adjective always takes the number, boring and case of the noun, from which it grammatically depends.

In second place, regardless of Russian translation, in the pharmaceutical term there should be an inconsistent definition. In an anatomical term, the definitions relating not to one word, but to the whole phrase as a whole, most often denote the amount or shape and become in the last place.

In the absence of adjective, the order of words will be the same as in the Russian term.

A) determine the declination of the noun according to dictionary form

1.DUCTUS, US M 4. ARTICULATION, ONIS F

2. Fossa, AE F 5. FACIES, EI F

B). Specify the end of Genetivus Singularis Introducing Nouns:

6. Cerebrum, ... 2 9. Incisura, ... 1

7. CANALIS, ... 3 10. Res, ... 5

C) Identify the genus of the nouns 1,2,3,4, and 5 bowls on the forms of Nominativus Singularis and Genetives Singularis:

11. Skeleton, I ... 14. Processus, US ...

12. Nasus, I ... 15. Ligamentum, I ...

13. Vertebra, AE ...

D) Select the correct translation of the term:

16. Nosa partition

17. Top Jaw Bud

tuberis Maxilla.

1. maxillae Tuberis.

18. Bone of the blade

3. scapulae Spinae.

19. Shoulder Bone Head

20. Herridge Knee.

7. Situational tasks on the topic

1. An anatomical term consists of a name-defined name ... and the determination or definitions related to it. 2 Definitions are agreed and ... 3. Crazy definition is expressed most often with the name ... and is consistent with the defined nouns in ..., ... and ... .4. In Russian, the agreed definition is translated ... by definition. 5. The inconsistent definition is expressed only by the name ... in ... case. 6. The main, rod noun and the definitions agreed with him stand in the name of P., All other words are in ... the case.

In this article we will talk about such a part of speech as the name noun. To speak more specifically, we will talk about what grammatical signs of the noun are that it is for some of the speech, which is generally characteristic. Let's talk about how the morphological analysis of the nouns are made, what cases are they, how to determine the declination of nouns names. Of course, for each item we give the appropriate examples that will help to understand the material.

Noun as part of speech

The name of the noun is called such a part of speech, which answers questions about the subject - "Who?" So what?". Grammatical signs of the noun just the same include characteristic issues.

Immediately make a small note. Noun as part of speech can be divided according to several criteria. It can be animated (people, animals, and so on) and inanimate (flowers, trees, and so on). In addition, nouns are divided into own (people's names, animal naming, cities names and other similar objects, rivers, mountains) and nominal (words used by us in everyday life, names of objects: mug, spoon, and so on). In the end, nouns are divided into three kinds: male, female and medium. They have the appropriate endings, but it will be told a little later.

Noun as part of speech can be changed by cases. However, change the same word according to childbirth. It is also possible a change in numbers: the noun may be the only one, and maybe a plural.

Initial form

Grammatical signs of nouns include several parameters. Among them - the case and number. But according to these criteria, you can make the initial form of a noun. To do this, you need to put the word into a single number as well as in the nominative case. That is, the initial form of nouns can be considered the words: bird, spoon, bed and so on. All of them satisfy the requirements that are presented to the initial form of the noun.

As mentioned earlier, the noun answers questions "Who?" So what". In most cases, the nouns in the proposals are pronounced by the nouns. Of course, they can also be expressed by other parts of speech, but the share of the noun has the greatest number of cases. A variant is possible with a definition that is not separated. It is possible that the situation will be expressed and the circumstance.

Noun Noun: Own and Men

The grammatical signs of the noun include the division on their own and nominal. Nouns of their own type are basically the name of the persons. As a rule, these are single items. What can be attributed to their own nouns? Of course, names, patronymic, surnames of people, pits of domestic animals, etc. It also concerns geographic objects. For example, Krasnodar Territory, Mount Everest, Volga River. A variety of astronomical names are listed in this list, such as the names of stars and constellations, planets (sun, Neptune, and so on). The list of names of their own names of companies, works of art and culture, magazine names and newspapers, models of transport, and so on.

Turning to a nominal noun, we note that they can be obtained from their own changes in synonyms. In addition, examples can be given examples when the surname of the scientist became a unit of measurement (it is written with a small letter).

Noun Nouge: Animate and Inanimate

Grammatical signs of nouns include a number of criteria. In their list and these factors. Animate names of nouns denote living beings, that is, apply to people, animals, and so on. Everything else is nature, plants, rivers, sea, planets - inanimate nouns names. These are the items that we use in everyday life: dishes, clothes, etc.

As we said earlier, the noun answers questions "Who" and "What?". The first question is applied to an animated noun, the second - on the contrary, to inanimate.

Natural name: Single and multiple number

If it is said only about one subject, then the form names of the noun assume a single number. This is, in principle, logical. If it says immediately about several objects, for example, that there were "blue, white, red balls", then in this case it is said about the multiple number of noun "balls".

There are cases when the form names of the noun assumes the use of the word only in one number. That is, it can only be the only or only multiple number, and in no way differently.

Words used only in the singular

As examples, the so-called collective nouns can be given. They can only have the shape of the only number: a defector, humanity. In addition, the list of such nouns includes such items that have a real value, such as iron, platinum, asphalt, steel, milk and others. In the singular, signs and conditions are used: malice, joy, hatred, youth, darkness, burning, execution. There are still words-exceptions that are used only in the singular.

Words used only in a plural

Multiple numbers are considered to be the names of paired objects, such as shorts and pants, pants and glasses. Materials and residues also include multiple numbers: sawdust, pasta, yeast, cream. The names of the Games, like Zhmurki, hide and seek and intervals - vacation, day - also can not be used in the singular. Complete a list of nouns names that are used only in the plural, the state of nature, exceptions from geographical names and the names of actions: freezing, troubles, negotiations, Athens, Sokolniki, Mount Alps.

Natural Noun: Cases

The endings of the nouns depend on what the word is worth. Total cases there are 6.

1. An identifiable, helping to form the initial form of a noun, answers questions "Who?" So what?".
2. PABITIVE - Questions "Who?", "What?".
3. Certain case answers questions "Who?" And "What?".
4. Request - "mixture" of a genitive and immovable case. His questions are "Who", "What?".
5. Certificate case has questions "Who?", "What?".
6. Completes the list of cases offered. Nouns, put in such a case, answer questions about whom? And "What?".

The first question of each case is set for an animated noun. The second, consequently, inanimate. Determine the case name of the nouns can be asked. To do this, it first is looking for the word with which the required noun is associated, and then the corresponding question is already set.

Natural name: declination

End of nouns depend on the case, but not only from it. Along with the number and case, there is another factor from which they depend. In general, he consists of individual criteria in some way. This factor is to decline the names of the nouns. "

It is possible to draw a noun by changing it by case. There are three declinations in Russian. The first includes the names of nouns related to the female family. They must be the only number and have the ending -A or-it. This also includes nouns male clauses that denote people. They have the same endings.

The second declination includes nouns related to male clan, as well as the average genus. In this case, the nouns of the male genus must have ending -o, -e or have zero ending. The nouns of the middle kind, standing in the nominative case, should also end on-and -e.

The third declination is in its composition nouns relating to the female family. They have a zero ending, being delivered to the only number and nominative case.

Natural Noun: Different Words

In Russian there are nouns, which are called differential. These are ten nouns having medium genus (burden, time, seed, the flame, stirring, banner, tribe, name, udder). Also here refers a noun "path." In certain cases (namely, in the granual, proposed) these words have the endings that are characteristic of the nouns of the third decline. But if they put them in a creative case, they will take the end of the second decline.

Natural Noun: Unclear Words

If, when setting into all cases, the nouns has only one and the same ending, then this is the unwitting name noun. Examples: Radio, coffee, jury, Sochi.

Noun noun: Morphological analysis

The first point in the morphological analysis is the establishment of a part of speech. The second part includes the indication of morphological signs. This state formulation in the initial form, the indication of such permanent signs, such as their own or nominal, animation or inanimateness, indication of the kind of noun, its declination. The following subparagraph instructions of morphological signs are non-permanent characteristics. This is the case and number of words. Well, the morphological analysis is the indication of the syntactic role of the word.

Conclusion

The presence of almost all disassembled criteria that determine this part of speech is characteristic of many languages, one of which is our Russian. The name of the noun in it occupies a very important place and plays a big role.