The value of the development of the physical qualities of schoolchildren. Physical development is characterized by changes in three groups of indicators. Indicators of the development of physical qualities include

Date: 08.03.2020

This is the process of changing the forms and functions of the human body under the influence of living conditions and upbringing.

There are three levels of physical development: high, medium and low, and two intermediate above average and below average.

In the narrow sense of the word, physical development is understood as anthropometric indicators (height, weight, circumference-chest volume, foot size, etc.).

The level of physical development is determined in comparison with the normative tables.

From the textbook Kholodov Zh.K., Kuznetsov B.C. Theory and methodology of physical education and sports:

This is the process of formation, formation and subsequent change during the life of an individual of the morphological and functional properties of his body and the physical qualities and abilities based on them.

Physical development is characterized by changes in three groups of indicators.

Physique indicators (body length, body weight, posture, volumes and shapes of individual parts of the body, the amount of fat deposition, etc.), which characterize primarily the biological forms, or morphology, of a person.
Indicators (criteria) of health, reflecting morphological and functional changes in the physiological systems of the human body. The functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems, digestive and excretory organs, thermoregulation mechanisms, etc. is of decisive importance for human health.
3. Indicators of the development of physical qualities (strength, speed abilities, endurance, etc.).

Until about 25 years of age (the period of formation and growth), most morphological indicators increase in size and improve the functions of the body. Then, until the age of 45-50, physical development is, as it were, stabilized at a certain level. Later, with aging, the functional activity of the body gradually weakens and worsens, body length, muscle mass, etc. may decrease.

The nature of physical development as a process of changing these indicators throughout life depends on many reasons and is determined by a number of regularities. It is possible to successfully manage physical development only if these patterns are known and they are taken into account when constructing the process of physical education.

Physical development is determined to a certain extent laws of heredity , which should be taken into account as factors favorable or, conversely, hindering the physical improvement of a person. Heredity, in particular, should be taken into account when predicting a person's capabilities and success in sports.

The physical development process also obeys the law of age grading ... It is possible to intervene in the process of human physical development in order to manage it only on the basis of taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of the human body at different age periods: during the period of formation and growth, during the period of the highest development of its forms and functions, during the aging period.

The physical development process obeys the law of the unity of the organism and the environment and, therefore, essentially depends on the conditions of human life. Social conditions are primarily related to living conditions. The conditions of life, work, upbringing and material support significantly affect the physical condition of a person and determine the development and change in the forms and functions of the body. The geographic environment also has a known influence on physical development.

Choosing physical exercises and determining the magnitude of their loads, according to the law of exercise, one can count on the necessary adaptive restructuring in the body of the trainees. This takes into account that the body functions as a whole. Therefore, when choosing exercises and loads, mainly of selective influence, it is necessary to clearly understand all aspects of their influence on the body.

List of used literature:

Kholodov Zh.K., Kuznetsov B.C. Theory and methodology of physical education and sports: Textbook. manual for stud. higher. study. institutions. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2000. - 480 p.

Physical health of a person is the natural state of the body, due to the normal functioning of all its organs and systems. Stress, bad habits, unbalanced diet, lack of physical activity and other unfavorable conditions affect not only the social sphere of human activity, but also cause the appearance of various chronic diseases.

For their prevention, it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle, the basis of which is physical development. Regular fitness, yoga, jogging, swimming, ice skating, and other physical activities can help keep your body in good shape and help maintain a positive attitude. A healthy lifestyle reflects a certain life position aimed at developing culture and hygiene skills, maintaining and strengthening health, maintaining an optimal quality of life.

Human physical health factors

The main factor in a person's physical health is his lifestyle.

A healthy lifestyle is reasonable human behavior, including:

The optimal ratio of work and rest;
Correctly calculated physical activity;
Rejection of bad habits;
Balanced diet;
Positive thinking.

A healthy lifestyle ensures the full fulfillment of social functions, active participation in the labor, social, family and household spheres, and also directly affects life expectancy. According to experts, a person's physical health depends on lifestyle by more than 50%.

The factors of environmental impact on the human body can be divided into several groups of impact:

Physical - humidity and air pressure, as well as solar radiation, electromagnetic waves and many other indicators;
Chemical - various elements and compounds of natural and artificial origin, which are part of air, water, soil, food, building materials, clothing, electronics;
Biological - useful and harmful microorganisms, viruses, fungi, as well as animals, plants and their waste products.

The impact of the combination of these factors on the physical health of a person, according to experts, is about 20%.

To a lesser extent, health is influenced by heredity, which can be both a direct cause of diseases and take part in their development. From the point of view of genetics, all diseases can be divided into three types:

Hereditary diseases are diseases, the occurrence and development of which is associated with defects in inherited cells (Down's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, hemophilia, cardiomyopathy, and others);
Conditionally hereditary - with a genetic predisposition, but provoked by external factors (hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, eczema, and others);
Non-hereditary - due to the influence of the environment, and not associated with the genetic code.

All people have a genetic predisposition to various diseases, which is why doctors are always interested in the diseases of the patient's parents and other relatives. The influence of heredity on human physical health is estimated by researchers at 15%.

Medical care, according to expert data, has almost no effect on health (less than 10%). According to WHO research, the main cause of both the deterioration in the quality of life and premature death are chronic diseases, which can be divided into four main types:

Cardiovascular (heart attack, stroke);
Chronic respiratory (obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma);
Oncological;
Diabetes.

Alcohol consumption, smoking, unhealthy diets and insufficient physical activity contribute to the development of chronic diseases.

Consequently, the main indicator of a person's physical health is such a way of life, which should be aimed at preventing diseases, strengthening health, and achieving spiritual and physical harmony.

Human physical development and health

The basis of a healthy lifestyle is the physical development of a person, and health directly depends on the optimal balance of physical activity and rest. Regular exercise provides a high level of immunity, improves metabolism and blood circulation, normalizes blood pressure, and increases strength and endurance. When planning physical activity, it is imperative to proceed from the age and physiological characteristics of a person, take into account the state of health, and consult a doctor about possible contraindications. Loads should be optimal: insufficient - ineffective, excessive - harm the body. In addition, over time, the loads become habitual and must be gradually increased. Their intensity is determined by the number of repetitions of the exercises, the range of motion and the pace of execution.

Physical culture and human health

Physical culture is a sphere of social activity aimed at improving health and developing the physical abilities of a person. Therefore, doctors emphasize the connection between physical culture and human health. There are several types of physical education:

The last two types are especially important, since they quickly normalize the state of the body and contribute to the creation of favorable conditions for life.

A healthy lifestyle is the most important indicator of a person's physical health. To lead it means, on the one hand, to maintain social activity and a positive attitude towards the world, and on the other hand, to give up bad habits, balance diet and exercise regularly. Physical education provides motivation to prevent disease, keep the body in good physical shape, and increase life expectancy. Exercise improves mood, increases self-esteem and relieves stress, increases performance and has a beneficial effect on the body as a whole.

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Physical development- This is the process of changing the forms and functions of the human body under the influence of living conditions and upbringing.

In the narrow sense of the word, under physical development understand anthropometric indicators: height, weight, chest circumference-volume, foot size, etc. The level of physical development is determined in comparison with the normative tables.

In the textbook Kholodov Zh.K., Kuznetsova B.C. "Theory and methodology of physical education and sports" it is determined that physical development- this is the process of formation, formation and subsequent change during the life of an individual of the morphological and functional properties of his body and the physical qualities and abilities based on them.

The physical development of a person is influenced by heredity, the environment, socio-economic factors, working and living conditions, nutrition, physical activity, and sports. Features of the physical development and physique of a person largely depend on his constitution.

At each age stage, continuously occurring biological processes, which are characterized by a certain complex of morphological, functional, biochemical, mental and other properties of the organism, which are associated with each other and with the external environment, and the reserve of physical strength caused by this originality.

A good level of physical development is combined with high indicators of physical fitness, muscle and mental performance.

Physical development is characterized by changes in three groups of indicators.

1. Indicators of physique (body length, body weight, posture, volumes and shapes of individual parts of the body, the amount of fat deposition, etc.), which characterize primarily the biological forms, or morphology, of a person.

2. Indicators (criteria) of health, reflecting morphological and functional changes in the physiological systems of the human body. The functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems, digestive and excretory organs, thermoregulation mechanisms, etc. is of decisive importance for human health.

3. Indicators of the development of physical qualities (strength, speed abilities, endurance, etc.).

Physical development is determined by the laws of: heredity; age grading; the unity of the organism and the environment (climatogeographic, social factors); the biological law of exercise and the law of the unity of forms and functions of the body. Indicators of physical development are of great importance for assessing the quality of life of a society.

Physical development is determined to a certain extent laws of heredity, which should be taken into account as factors favorable or, conversely, hindering the physical improvement of a person. Heredity, in particular, should be taken into account when predicting a person's capabilities and success in sports.

The physical development process also obeys the law of age grading... It is possible to intervene in the process of human physical development in order to manage it only on the basis of taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of the human body at different age periods: during the period of formation and growth, during the period of the highest development of its forms and functions, during the aging period.

Of great importance for the management of physical development in the process of physical education are the biological law of exercise and the law of the unity of forms and functions of the body in its activity... These laws are the starting point for choosing the means and methods of physical education in each case. Therefore, choosing physical exercises and determining the magnitude of their loads, according to the law of exercise, one can count on the necessary adaptive restructuring in the body of those involved.

When doing physical exercises, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the physique of those involved. Body type - sizes, shapes, proportions and features of body parts, as well as the developmental features of bone, adipose and muscle tissues. There are three main body type... For a person of athletic build ( normostenic) is characterized by well-defined muscles, it is strong and broad in the shoulders. Asthenic- This is a person with weak muscles, it is difficult for him to build up strength and volume of muscles. Hypersthenic has a strong skeleton and, as a rule, loose muscles. These are people inclined to be overweight. However, these body types are rare in their pure form.

The size and shape of each person's body are genetically programmed. This hereditary program is realized in the course of successive morphological, physiological and biochemical transformations of the organism from its inception to the end of life. This is a constitutional type of a person's physique, but this is not only the physique itself, but also the program of his future physical development.

The main components of body weight are muscle, bone and adipose tissue. Their ratio largely depends on the conditions of motor activity and nutrition. Age-related changes, various diseases, increased physical activity change the size and shape of the body.

Among the body sizes, total (whole) and partial (part) are distinguished.

Total(general) body size - basic indicators physical development person. These include the length and weight of the body, as well as the girth of the chest.

Partial(partial) body dimensions are terms of the total size and characterize the size of individual parts of the body.

Most anthropometric indicators have significant individual fluctuations. The total size of the body depends on its length and weight, chest circumference. The proportions of the body are determined by the ratio of the sizes of the trunk, limbs and their segments. For example, to achieve high sports results in basketball, high growth and long limbs are of great importance.

Body sizes are important indicators (along with other parameters characterizing physical development) are important parameters of sports selection and sports orientation. As you know, the task of sports selection is to select the children who are most suitable in connection with the requirements of the sport. The problem of sports orientation and sports selection is complex, requiring the use of pedagogical, psychological, and biomedical methods.

Physical development indicators

Height, or body length, there is a significant indicator of physical development. The increase in growth is known to continue
up to 17-19 years old for girls and up to 19-22 years old for boys.

You can measure height using a height meter, or an anthropometer.
At home, you can measure your height as follows: you need to attach a centimeter tape (slightly higher than the height of the measured one) to the door jamb or to the wall so that the zero division is at the bottom; then stand with your back close to the tape, touching it with your heels, buttocks, interscapular region of the back and the back of the head (keep your head straight). Place a ruler or hardcover book on your head and press it against the tape. Without losing touching the ruler (book) with the tape, step back and look on the tape the number showing growth.

Weight (body mass). Observation of weight is an important aspect of self-control. Changes in weight during training are of particular interest. During the first 2-3 weeks of exercise, weight usually decreases, mainly in obese people,
by reducing the content of water and fat in the body. In the future, the weight increases due to the increase in muscle mass.
and becomes stable. It is known that weight can change during the day, so you need to weigh yourself at the same time (preferably in the morning), in the same clothes, after emptying the bowels and bladder.

Chest circumference. With age, it usually increases up to 20 years for boys and up to 18 years for girls. This indicator of physical development is measured in three phases: during normal calm breathing (in a pause), maximum inhalation and maximum exhalation. When the measuring tape is applied to the back, it should pass under the lower angles of the shoulder blades, and in front - along the lower edge of the nipple circles in men and over the breasts in women. Having made the measurements, the chest excursion is calculated, that is, the difference between the sizes of the circles on inhalation and exhalation is determined. This indicator depends on the development of the chest, its mobility and the type of breathing.

Muscle strength characterized by the ability to overcome external resistance or to resist it. As a motor quality, muscle strength is of great importance for the manifestation of other motor abilities: speed, dexterity, endurance. Control over the development of muscle strength can be carried out using dynamometers - mechanical or electronic. If there is no dynamometer, then some idea of the development of strength, more precisely, of strength endurance, can be obtained by performing pull-ups on the bar, push-ups lying on the hands or doing squats on one leg. The maximum possible number of pull-ups, push-ups or squats is performed and the result is recorded
in the self-control diary. This value will be the reference.
In the future, for example, once a month, this procedure is repeated, so over time a chain of data is collected that characterizes the development of a given physical quality.

Rapidity(speed abilities). Physical culture and sports activities contribute to the development of speed, which is manifested in the speed of movements, their frequency and in time of motor reactions. The speed depends mainly on the functional state of the central nervous system (mobility of nervous processes), as well as on strength, flexibility, and the degree of mastery of the technique of movement.

Human speed abilities are very important not only
in sports, but also in professional activities and in everyday life. So, the highest results of their measurements are noted with a good functional state of the body, high working capacity and with a favorable emotional background. For self-control, the maximum speed in any elementary movement and the time of a simple motor reaction are determined. For example, the maximum frequency of movement of the hand is determined.

On a sheet of paper, divided into 4 equal squares, you need to put the maximum number of points with a pencil in 20 seconds (5 seconds in each square). Then all points are counted. In trained athletes, with a good functional state of the motor sphere, the maximum frequency of hand movements is normally 30-35 in 5 seconds. If the frequency of movements from square to square decreases, then this indicates insufficient functional stability of the nervous system.

Agility is a physical quality characterized by good coordination and high precision of movements. A dexterous person quickly masters new movements and is able to
to their rapid restructuring. Dexterity depends on the degree of development of the analyzers (primarily motor), as well as on the plasticity of the central nervous system.

To determine the development of dexterity, you can use throwing the ball at a target, exercises in balance and many others. To obtain comparable results, the ball must always be thrown at the target.
from the same distance. For the development of agility, it is good to use exercises with turns, bends, jumps, fast rotations, etc.

Flexibility- the ability to perform movements with a large amplitude in various joints. Flexibility is measured by determining the degree of mobility of individual links of the musculoskeletal system when performing exercises that require movements with maximum amplitude. It depends on many factors: elasticity of muscles and ligaments, external temperature, time of day (when the temperature rises, flexibility increases, in the morning flexibility is significantly reduced), etc.

We emphasize that testing (measurements) should be carried out after an appropriate warm-up.

All data is entered into a self-control diary. The self-control diary form is given in Appendix 3.

3.20.5. Injury prevention in the classroom
on physical education

Prevention of domestic, labor and sports injuries is a set of actions and requirements to avoid them in life. In the process of study and in further work, students should know the causes of injury and be able to
warn them.

Among the main causes of injury can be: 1) violation of safety measures; 2) inadequacy of physical activity; 3) weak resistance to stress; 4) lack of culture of behavior, failure to comply with the norms of a healthy lifestyle (violation of sleep, nutrition, personal hygiene, alcohol consumption, pathological health conditions, etc.).

Each person needs to know how to help a victim with an injury before medical attention arrives.

Bleeding there are external (in violation of the skin) and internal (in case of damage to internal organs - ruptures of blood vessels, liver, spleen, etc.). Internal - these are especially dangerous bleeding with pronounced symptoms (sharp paleness, cold sweat, the pulse is sometimes not palpable, loss of consciousness).

First aid- complete rest, cold on the stomach, urgent call to the doctor.

At outward bleeding should be identified by color
and pulsations, what is the nature of the damage to the vessel. At arterial bleeding blood is red and throbbing, with venous dark red and juicy.

First aid- stopping blood (pressing, pressing bandage). The damaged part of the body (leg, arm, head) should be raised. If necessary, a tourniquet is applied for up to 1.5 hours in summer and up to 1 hour in winter. In this case, it is necessary to be aware of the strict observance of the time of application of the tourniquet (be sure to write down
and put a note under the harness). After a certain period of time (by appointment) - loosen the tourniquet, allow the bleeding to recover and, if there is no stopping, the tourniquet is additionally tightened, but for no more than 45 minutes.

To stop bleeding when nose injuries you need to tilt your head back slightly, put cold on the bridge of your nose,
put a cotton swab in the nostrils. It is necessary to let the ammonia sniff and grind the whiskey.

Fainting and loss of consciousness occur as a result of a violation of the blood supply to the brain (bruise, blow, suffocation).

First aid- lay the victim on the floor (feet above the head), ensuring the flow of air. Ammonia and vinegar, as for a nose injury.

Gravitational (traumatic) shock a very dangerous condition arising from a large wound, fracture.

First aid- to create complete rest, to introduce anesthesia, to warm up (overlaid with heating pads, give them hot and sweet tea, coffee, vodka). Transportation without special devices is contraindicated.

Heat and sunstroke- this is a state of overheating of the body under the rays of the sun or in a sauna.

First aid- it is necessary to transfer the victim to the shade, free from clothes, offer plenty of drink
and rubdown with cold water. Next, you need to call a doctor.

Burns are divided into 4 degrees depending on the size of the damage to human tissues and organs. In the conditions of physical education, burns of the 1st degree are mainly encountered (hot water in the shower, exposure to steam in the sauna, etc.).

First aid- put the victim under a stream of cold water, apply a bandage with a solution of baking soda
(1 tsp / spoon per glass), wipe the damaged surface with alcohol, cologne, vodka, apply a sterile bandage on top. For burns of II-IV degree - immediate hospitalization.

Frostbite they are also distinguished by 4 degrees of effect on the body.

First aid- rub with a scarf or mitten, rubbing with hands is possible, transfer the victim to a warm room. It is recommended to grind the damaged surface with alcohol, vodka. It is possible to rub the limbs to redness by dropping them into a bucket of soapy water, gradually bringing the temperature to 35-37 degrees. In case of frostbite of II-IV degree - be sure to transfer the victim to a warm room, protect the damaged area from contamination, put your head in a higher position in relation to the body, give hot tea, coffee. Medical assistance is required.

Drowning- This is a loss of consciousness due to the uncontrolled ingress of water into the respiratory system.

First aid- the first activities are associated with revitalization. Cleaning all cavities (nose, mouth, ears) from dirt, silt, mucus. They fix the tongue by pinning it to the lip (with a pin, hairpin). Next, you need to get down on one knee, put the victim with his stomach on his thigh and press on his back - water should pour out of the stomach and lungs. Then be sure to do artificial respiration.

Artificial respiration: in case of unconsciousness, the victim is given mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose breathing, having previously freed the oral cavity from dirt and other masses. A roller should be placed under the shoulders. Air is blown in 16-20 times per minute. If you are alone with the victim, you must do
4 times chest compressions and 1 mouth resuscitation
in the mouth "or" mouth to nose ", until spontaneous breathing is restored. This is a great physical and individual stress, but life most often returns to the victim. This is first aid. After that, you need to urgently call a qualified doctor.

Cardiac arrest the most dangerous injury for practitioners. If ammonia and patting on the cheeks do not help, they proceed to an indirect massage. Free from clothes. Being to the left of the victim, the palm of the left hand rhythmically
(50-60 times per minute) press on the sternum, take away the hand - give it the opportunity to relax. Force (using your entire body mass) should not be used. Urgent call for an ambulance.

Abrasions the most common and simple injuries.

First aid. They are treated with hydrogen peroxide, dried with a cotton swab and smeared with brilliant green or iodine.

With bruises cold is recommended (in any way - snow, water, metal object), a pressure bandage. Heat compresses can be applied after 2-3 days; warmth is also recommended, lightly massaging the damaged surface.

With dislocations complete immobility of the damaged surface, fixing bandage, if necessary, stopping bleeding is recommended. With severe pain, it is possible to administer anesthetics inside, cold is recommended at the site of injury. It is strictly forbidden to correct the dislocation. Doctor's help is required.

Fracture is damage to the bone. Fractures are closed and open types... With closed fractures, the skin surface is not damaged. In addition, closed fractures are complete and incomplete(cracks). With open fractures (muscles, tendons, blood vessels, nerves, skin are torn).

First aid- it is necessary to create complete peace
and immobility of the injured limb by fixing it at least 2 joints. Fix and stabilize the injured limb by applying a splint. In the absence of specialized tires, you can use a stick, ski, rods, etc.
In case of a fracture of the forearm, a fixing bandage is applied to the elbow and wrist joints, bending the arm at the elbow and turning the palm towards the stomach.

At hip injury fix three joints: hip, knee, ankle. At broken ribs it is necessary to apply a tight tightening bandage to the chest. To do this, you can use a scarf, sheet, towel, etc. If damaged pelvic bones the victim must be put
on the back on a hard surface - a board, a door, etc., bend the knees, spreading them apart (for convenience, it is advisable to put a roller under the knee joints).

At spinal fracture- you cannot lift a person, turn him over. It is necessary to carefully place a hard surface under it (shield, board, door) and fix the victim until qualified assistance arrives.

Control questions:

1. The essence of the concept of "health", the main factors of threat to human life and health

2. Causes of civilization diseases. Physical culture as a means of counteracting them.

3. What are the main indicators of public health.

4. What are the main factors of orthobiosis identified by scientists?

5. What place does physical education take in a healthy lifestyle of students?

6. What are the indicators for evaluating the special ??? physical activity?

7. What features of the female body should be taken into account in physical culture lessons?

9. What are the basic hygiene measures required when performing physical activity.

10. What is the impact of exercise
on the cardiovascular system?

11. What is the impact of exercise
on the respiratory system?

12. What is the impact of exercise
on the musculoskeletal system?

13. What elements of self-massage do you know?

14. What are the main means used in physical education classes with special medical groups?

21. What are the goals and objectives of control and self-control when doing physical exercises.

22. Describe the objective and subjective indicators of a person's physical development.

23. What types of injuries do you know?

24. What are the first aid measures for various types of injuries.