Poisonous gas produced in the ground. Air pollution

, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, methane, hydrogen, heavy hydrocarbons, radon, ammonia and other harmful gases, as well as water vapor and dust. Some poisonous gases are formed during blasting operations or as a result of work in underground conditions of internal combustion engines, others are released from rocks or minerals and mine waters.

Blood oxygen saturation depends on the value of its partial pressure. In deep mines, the partial pressure of oxygen in the mine air is higher than its value corresponding to normal atmospheric pressure. Such conditions are most favorable for the assimilation of oxygen by the blood of people. On the contrary, in high-altitude conditions, the partial pressure of oxygen decreases and its assimilation into the blood worsens.
With a decrease in the oxygen content to 17%, severe shortness of breath and palpitations occur, with an oxygen content of 12%, a fainting state appears, with 9% death occurs due to oxygen starvation.

Carbon dioxide (CO 2)- a colorless gas, odorless, with a slightly acidic taste. The relative density is 1.52. The relative molecular weight of carbon dioxide is 44, its density under normal conditions is 1.96 kg / m3. cc .. Solubility in water at 0 ° C is 179.7% by volume.
Heavier than air. It accumulates near the soil of workings, in dead-end workings, where there is no ventilation.
Concentration up to 5% - rapid breathing (shortness of breath), 10% - fainting, 10% and above - death.
Source - blasting operations, fire, operation of internal combustion engines, rotting organic matter (rotting wood in a mine), discharge from rocks.

Nitrogen- gas without color, taste and smell. Its relative density is 0.97, its density under normal conditions is 1.25 kg / m3. cub. Nitrogen is chemically inert, but at very high temperatures, such as during blasting operations and electric arc welding, it can oxidize to form highly toxic gases. An increase in the nitrogen content in the air has an effect on a person due to a decrease in the oxygen content.

Carbon monoxide (CO)(carbon monoxide) - gas without color, taste, smell. The relative density of carbon monoxide is 0.97, its density under normal conditions is 1.25 kg / m3. cub. Carbon monoxide is poorly soluble in water. Carbon monoxide burns and explodes at a concentration in the air of 12.5 to 75%. Carbon monoxide is very poisonous, easily combines with blood hemoglobin, preventing oxygen from entering the blood and causing oxygen starvation of the body.
Lighter than air, it accumulates in the upper parts of the workings. Able to cause mild poisoning at a concentration in the air of 0.02-0.05%. At a concentration of 1%, death occurs after several breaths.
Formed during blasting operations, fires, operation of internal combustion engines. It is impossible to detect this gas! (gas analyzer only) The only rescue in the affected area is the self-contained self-rescuer.

Nitrogen dioxide is, along with the most stable nitrogen oxide in the air. Very poisonous, like other nitrogen oxides. The relative density of nitrogen dioxide is 1.59, the density of nitrogen dioxide under normal conditions is 2.05 kg / m3. cub. Nitrogen dioxide is brown in color and has a characteristic pungent odor. Nitric dioxide causes irritation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and eyes and, in severe cases, pulmonary edema.

Sulphur dioxide colorless, has a sour and strong irritating smell of burning sulfur. The relative density of sulfur dioxide is 2.213, and the density of sulfur dioxide under normal conditions is 2.86 kg / m3. cub. Sulfur dioxide is highly soluble in water. Sulfur dioxide is highly toxic. The presence of sulfur dioxide in the air causes irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and eyes, and in severe cases, inflammation of the bronchi, edema of the larynx and lungs.

Hydrogen sulfide- gas without color, with a sweetish taste and the smell of rotten eggs. Hydrogen sulphide is perceptible by smell even when its content is equal to 0.0001%. The relative density of hydrogen sulfide is 1.18, the density under normal conditions is 1.52 kg / cubic meter. Hydrogen sulfide burns, and explodes at a concentration of 6% in air. Hydrogen sulfide is readily soluble in water.
Hydrogen sulfide is very toxic, irritating to the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. Symptoms of severe hydrogen sulfide poisoning include nausea, vomiting, and fainting.

Acrolein- colorless, easily evaporating liquid. Acrolein is formed by the decomposition of diesel fuel under high temperature conditions. Acrolein is highly toxic.

Aldehydes(anise, cinnamon, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, formaldehyde, chloral) - very poisonous decomposition products of fuel when operating internal combustion engines. The most dangerous is formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is readily soluble in water.

Heavy hydrocarbons- ethane, propane and butane - explosive gases emitted from weakly metamorphosed coals. Heavy hydrocarbons can be formed during blasting operations.

Compressor gases are formed during the decomposition of lubricating oils in compressors and enter the mine workings with compressed air. Compressor gases can cause explosions and poisoning.

Methane- colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. The relative density of methane is 0.554, the density of methane under normal conditions is 0.716 kg / m3. cubic meters .. Methane is slightly soluble in water. Methane is found in large quantities in coal deposits, in smaller quantities - in deposits of potassium salts, in small quantities - in deposits of some other minerals.

Chlorine is a greenish-yellow poisonous gas, 2.5 times heavier than air. The smell of chlorine is felt by a person when its concentration in the air is more than 0.003 mg / l. The maximum permissible concentration of chlorine in the air is 0.001 mg / l. With chlorine poisoning, chest pains, coughing, and pulmonary edema appear. Chlorine irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose and corrodes the areas of the skin where sweat occurs. Chlorine is a delayed-release poisonous gas, the full effect of which appears 2-4 hours after poisoning. [...]

Colorless gas with an unpleasant smell of "rotten fish", melting point -134 ° C, boiling point -87 ° C, dissolves in water. Phosphine is highly flammable in air and is a potent reducing agent. A highly poisonous gas. [...]

Dust and poisonous gas emissions. Most often, pollutants enter forests through acid rain. In the immediate vicinity of industrial plants that pollute the atmosphere, burns of tree leaves are possible. In the Russian Federation, a critical situation has arisen in the forests of the Baikal region, suffering from sulfur pollution, and in the forests around the Norilsk mining and processing plant. As a result of the Chernobyl accident (see Chernobyl), 65% of the forests of the Bryansk and Kaluga regions were damaged. [...]

When working with very poisonous vapors and gases (chloropicrin, hydrocyanic acid, dichloroethane, etc.), a passport is entered for each box, in which the name of the pesticide, its concentration and the duration of use of the box are noted. At the end of the service life, the box is replaced with a new one. When a poisonous gas or steam breaks through, the box is replaced, even if it has been in operation for less than that provided for a box of this brand. [...]

Due to the release of an extremely poisonous gas - selenium dioxide, the furnace in which the charge is calcined must be equipped with a sufficiently powerful ventilation device. [...]

Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless poisonous gas with an unpleasant odor, which is perceptible even at low concentrations (1.4-2.3 mg / m3). Its danger lies in the fact that at very high concentrations, the sensation of smell weakens due to paralysis of nerve endings. The density of Н28 in relation to air is 1.19, as a result of which it accumulates in low places, easily dissolves in water and passes into a free state. It enters the body mainly through the respiratory system, affecting the mucous membrane, enters the bloodstream, acts on the nervous system, has an oxidative effect, has the effect of summation with HC, increasing their toxic effect. MPC of hydrogen sulphide in the air of the working area with the joint presence of hydrocarbons (at least traces) - 3 mg / m3. MPC of hydrogen sulfide in the atmospheric air of populated areas - 0.008 mg / m3. At a concentration of 200-300 mg / m3 in the air, burning sensation in the eyes, irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract, a metallic taste in the mouth, headaches, and nausea are observed. At 750 mg / m3, life-threatening poisoning occurs within 15-20 minutes. At a concentration of 1000 mg / m3 and above, death can occur almost instantly. [...]

Hydrogen sulfide NgB is a colorless, poisonous gas with a pungent odor. It is found mainly in emissions from oil and gas fields. In agriculture, it occurs mainly during bacterial decay of high-protein products of plant and animal origin. [...]

At low speed, when the release of poisonous gases from gasoline engines is especially large, only the electric motor is used. At higher speeds, a gasoline engine is used, and then it operates with maximum efficiency and minimum air pollution. [...]

Maximum permissible concentration of poisonous gases, vapors and dust in the air of working premises. [...]

Disinfection boils down to the fact that poisonous vapors or gases are introduced into a closed volume (room, chamber, under the tent, etc.) - Pests in the disinfected object die within a few hours or days. After that, the object is degassed from the remains of poisonous gas or steam (usually by natural ventilation). [...]

Dust suspended in the air adsorbs poisonous gases, forming a dense, toxic fog (smog), which increases the amount of precipitation. Saturated with sulphurous, nitrogenous and other substances, these sediments form corrosive acids. For this reason, the rate of corrosion destruction of machinery and equipment increases many times. [...]

Chlorine dioxide is a greenish-yellow poisonous gas with a more intense odor than chlorine. Chlorine dioxide explodes easily from an electric spark, in direct sunlight, or when heated to temperatures above 60 ° C. In contact with many organic substances, C102 is explosive even at ordinary temperatures. The oxidizing potential of С102 in acidic media is 1.50 V. The solubility of chlorine dioxide in water at a temperature of 25 ° С is 81.06, and at 40 ° С - 51.40 g / l. Its aqueous solutions, in comparison with chlorine water, have a more intense yellow-green color. [...]

Carbon sulphide COS is a colorless, odorless, highly flammable, poisonous gas that condenses at 50.2 ° C. MPC for carbon sulphide in industrial premises - no more than 1, in settlements - no more than 0.15 mg / m3. When heated, decomposes to form carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide, carbon monoxide and sulfur. [...]

It should be remembered that ozone at a concentration of more than 5-10 6 by volume is a poisonous gas, dangerous because of the irritation of the respiratory tract caused by it and its carcinogenic properties. [...]

When mixing some industrial effluents, poisonous gases, precipitates that cause overgrowing of pipes, etc. can be formed. containing lime, sludge forms, causing pipe overgrowth [...]

Hydraulic valves are arranged to prevent the penetration of poisonous gases, fire in an explosion or burning oil products into production facilities, warehouses with flammable substances, etc.; the gates are located at the points of wastewater discharge from industrial buildings and at the points of connection of sewer pipes from tank and warehouse parks with flammable substances. [...]

Whole plantations of trees are greatly affected, and often perish, from smoke and poisonous gases in the air. First, red-brown necrotic spots appear on the leaves, and the needles turn red. The growth decreases, sometimes the trees lose their leaves and dry out. [...]

In December 1984, in the Indian city of Bhipal, as a result of the leakage of almost 40 tons of poisonous gas at the plant of the American company Union Carbide, more than 2.5 thousand people were killed, and over 50 thousand were seriously poisoned, of which about 20 thousand were poisoned. got blind, got lung and kidney diseases. [...]

In addition, dust from industrial areas suspended in the air adsorbs poisonous gases. Solid and liquid particles from 0.1 to 1 micron, dispersed in the air, are captured by the lungs and can lead to serious consequences for human health. [...]

Special mention should be made of the transfer of urban vehicles to liquefied gas and special additives (catalysts) to the fuel, which greatly reduce the amount of poisonous gases in the exhaust, or the retrofitting of vehicles with catalytic converters. There is some practical experience in this matter, and widespread implementation in order to protect the atmosphere in the boundless future is beyond doubt, the created environmental hazard requires an urgent solution. [...]

In this regard, at the Orenburg complex, the spill of liquid sulfur, the release of poisonous gases from industrial wastewater installations, etc. are especially dangerous. [...]

So, in 79 A.D. on the Apennine Peninsula as a result of a volcanic eruption, the release of poisonous gases, lava killed thousands of people. [...]

A colorless, highly poisonous gas with a characteristic sweetish smell of rotten fruit, rotten foliage or wet hay. Under normal pressure, it solidifies at -128 ° C and liquefies at +8 ° C. In a gaseous state it is about 3.5 times heavier than air, in a liquid state it is 1.4 times heavier than water. Even at low temperatures it is highly volatile. [...]

As a result of the mixing of the rapidly evaporating ammonia with the natural gas flowing out of the pipeline ruptured in an accident, an explosive ignition of this mixture occurred, and a strong fire broke out. When a cloud of gases ignited, a warehouse with nitrophos was ignited, located at a distance of 50 m from the emergency tank, with the subsequent decomposition of this substance and the release of poisonous gases, including ammonia, nitrogen oxides and chlorine. [...]

It is possible that I fell on all fours, because even with a dimmed consciousness, I had a reaction to sheltering my head from poisonous gases in the unpolluted air near the floor. I was still on my knees when I reached the groove and turned the ignition key. The lamp that hung over the table with the radio equipment went out. Fortunately, there was a lantern on the box. Pushing the lantern in front of me, I crawled back to my dwelling, to the bed. [...]

According to the calculations of specialists, as a result of water corrosion, shell shells are currently close to destruction with a corresponding leakage of poisonous gases. It is possible that some of them have already been destroyed. Some possible scenarios of the consequences of this predict an ecological catastrophe for the entire Baltic Sea basin (see also Section 1.8.3). [...]

This group includes diseases caused by unfavorable climatic and soil conditions, mechanical damage and the action of poisonous gases, smoke, soot and dust contained in the air, especially in cities and industrial settlements. Under the influence of these factors, the formation of spots and blooms on leaves and shoots, drying of leaves and needles, wilting and death of seedlings and annual shoots, withering and drying of shoots and tree tops, bark burns, the formation of wounds on the trunks, ®branches are observed. [... ]

An interesting report by R.S.Vorobyov about the work of the prominent industrial hygienist of the USA Elkins for 1961 comparing the maximum permissible concentrations of poisonous gases, vapors and dust in the air of industrial premises, which are guided in the USA and the USSR. Elkins divides toxic substances into 8 groups. [...]

To extinguish fires, they use: water, water emulsions of haloidated hydrocarbons, chemical and air-mechanical foam, water vapor, carbon dioxide, inert gases, powders and various combinations of these compositions. The necessary means of extinguishing a fire is selected based on the condition of its compatibility with the burning material, i.e. conditions that exclude the appearance of harmful side effects (explosions, the formation of poisonous gases, etc.). [...]

At the very first signs of poisoning with gaseous hydrocyanic acid, immediately leave the poisoned area into clean air, remove the gas mask and clothing that has adsorbed the poisonous gas; further, inhalation of amyl nitrite vapors with cotton wool moistened with it (3-5 drops). Complete rest. Warming the body. In case of a sharp violation or complete suspension of breathing, artificial respiration. [...]

Industrial wastewater of such composition should not be discharged into a common sewer collector, in which there is a chemical interaction of wastewater with the release of toxic gases or a large amount of insoluble substances that clog the collector are formed. [...]

First aid for poisoning. If the poisoning occurs through the esophagus, it is necessary to force the victim to drink 4-6 glasses of warm water and induce vomiting. In case of poisoning with poisonous gases and vapors of volatile substances (ammonia, benzene, chloroform, nitrogen oxides, industrial gas), you need to transfer the victim to the air, without allowing the body to cool, provide absolute rest and give oxygen to inhale. If breathing stops, give artificial respiration. In case of acid poisoning, you must often rinse your mouth with a 5% solution of sodium bicarbonate. In all cases of poisoning, consult a doctor. All bottles must be labeled with the name of the contents and an indication of the use. [...]

The Japanese are very interested in replacing cars with internal combustion engines with electric vehicles for many reasons. The main thing is to solve the problem of reducing air pollution with toxic gases in densely populated cities. Another reason is the more rational operation of power plants. Now in Japan, as in other countries, the main load on power plants falls on the daytime. If the electric car went into mass operation, then recharging millions of batteries at night would allow power plants to work evenly throughout the day. [...]

Production of nitric acid, ferric chloride and picric acid. This production is still accompanied by significant atmospheric pollution, and the laws on the operation of the enterprise set a limit of 4.6 g / m3 of poisonous gases, emitted mainly in the form of sulfur dioxide. [...]

The decomposition process that has begun can be judged by the blackening of the water and the sharp, unpleasant odor emanating from it. During the decomposition of protein compounds, hydrogen sulfide is released along with other substances. It is a poisonous gas, the presence of which in water, even in small quantities, gives it the smell of rotten eggs. Hydrogen sulfide, combining with the iron that is constantly present in the water, forms a black iron sulphide, which explains the blackening of the decomposing water. The decay process is accompanied by the release of a fetid odor. This happens not only with waste water, but also with rotting of sludge and solid waste. [...]

CATASTROPHIC SUCCESSION - a succession caused by some natural (fire, windfall, unusual flood, mass reproduction of pests, etc.) or anthropogenic (felling, death from poisonous gases, etc.) factor, which is catastrophic for the ecosystem. [.. .]

Catastrophic succession is a succession resulting from any natural or anthropogenic factors catastrophic for the ecosystem: wind, unusual floods, mass reproduction of pests, death from poisonous gases or harmful substances, etc. [...]

A certain amount of gaseous combustion products inevitably enters the atmosphere, and it is they that irritate our eyes, larynx and lungs, destroy plants and spoil even such seemingly indestructible things as metal and stone. Sulfur, nitrogen compounds and so-called hydrocarbons can always be found in the composition of the most harmful and poisonous gases. [...]

The device of several networks for the removal of industrial wastewater is caused by the impossibility of combining them for sanitary reasons, fire and explosion hazard, as well as blockage of the network. For example, it is impossible to allow mixing in the network: a) effluents containing cyanides with acidic waters due to the formation of a poisonous gas - hydrocyanic acid; b) sulphide effluent with acidic, which leads to the release of sulfur dioxide; c) effluents saturated with carbon disulfide, with any effluent, the temperature of which is above 40 °, in order to avoid explosions; d) viscose effluent with acidic waters, leading to the formation of large amounts of carbon disulfide and coagulation of viscose, which can lead to rapid clogging of the network and the risk of explosion; e) effluents containing sulfuric acid with lime runoff due to the formation of calcium sulfate precipitating, which can clog the network. The effluent discharged by separate networks is often treated in local facilities with the disposal of the recovered substances. Treated water is returned to circulation or sent for additional treatment at biological treatment facilities at general plant or settlements. [...]

In many cases, mixing certain types of wastewater in the sewer network can lead to undesirable consequences. Therefore, it is impossible, for example, to allow mixing in the enterprise network or in the city sewage system: a) acidic waters with wastewater containing cyanides, due to the possibility of the formation of poisonous gases (hydrocyanic acid); b) wastewater containing sulphides with acidic effluents (hydrogen sulphide is released); c) viscose waste water with acidic effluents (in this case, viscose coagulation occurs with the release of carbon disulfide and regenerated cellulose from it); d) acidic wastewater (sulfuric acid) with wastewater containing lime (calcium sulfate is formed, which can precipitate and promote overgrowth of pipes). [...]

The car acts either as electric only or as a hybrid. In the latter case, when the speed exceeds 18 km / h, the gasoline engine turns on, which drives the car further. Additional energy for acceleration is provided by an electric motor that turns on automatically in conjunction with a gasoline engine. When the car is at a standstill, the gasoline engine can continue to run, recharging the batteries. At low speed, when the emission of poisonous gases from the gasoline engines is at its maximum, only the electric motor is used, and the gasoline engine runs only at high speed with the minimum emission of gases. When running on gasoline alone, the batteries are recharged using a special device. At the choice of the driver, the gasoline engine can be left switched on for recharging the batteries and at stops. Conversely, batteries can be recharged from a normal 115 volt mains supply (this is the standard voltage for a US household). A 12 V auxiliary battery provides power for the low voltage electronics, fan and headlights. [...]

By the nature of the impact, pollution is subdivided into primary and secondary. Primary pollution is the entry into the environment of directly pollutants formed in the course of natural natural-anthropogenic and purely anthropogenic processes. Secondary pollution is the formation (synthesis) of hazardous pollutants in the course of physicochemical processes taking place directly in the environment. So, from non-toxic components, under certain conditions, poisonous gases are formed - phosgene; Freons, chemically inert at the Earth's surface, enter into photochemical reactions in the stratosphere, producing chlorine ions, which serve as a catalyst in the destruction of the ozone layer (screen) of the planet. Certain reagents of such interaction may not be hazardous. [...]

Thermal pollution is associated with an increase in the temperature of the waters as a result of mixing them with more heated surface or process waters. For example, it is known that at the site of the Kola nuclear power plant located beyond the Arctic Circle, 7 years after the start of operation, the temperature of groundwater increased from 6 to 19 ° C near the main building. With an increase in temperature, the gas and chemical composition in the waters changes, which leads to the multiplication of anaerobic bacteria, an increase in the number of hydrobionts and the release of poisonous gases - hydrogen sulfide, methane. At the same time, water "blooms", as well as the accelerated development of microflora and microfauna, which contributes to the development of other types of pollution. According to the existing sanitary standards, the temperature of the reservoir should not increase by more than 3 ° С in summer and 5 ° С in winter, and the heat load on the reservoir should not exceed 12-17 kJ / m3. [...]

Only from the middle of the XIX century. began to purify wastewater, especially in cities, using ponds or lakes with a large surface as sedimentation tanks. Organic substances are processed by microorganisms with the participation of oxygen dissolved in water. Microorganisms multiply extremely quickly, contributing to coagulation with the formation of large flocs, which settle in stagnant water, capturing other constituents of fecal water. The sludge collected at the bottom undergoes a slow decay process (anaerobic decomposition), while poisonous gases are released; at the end of the XIX century. Based on these processes, the so-called Emscher settling plants were designed (see Fig. 3.6). They are two cylinders with conical bottoms, the settling sludge passes from the inner to the outer cylinder and collects at the bottom. The resulting decomposition gases can be captured and used as fuel. [...]

In the summer of 1970, the Americans were once again convinced that their cities were gradually turning into giant gas chambers. A thick gray shroud hung over dozens of cities in America for almost two weeks. All these days people hardly saw the sun, although the temperature reached 40 ° C. Temperature inversion, as meteorologists call this atmospheric phenomenon, has suspended normal air circulation over the entire east coast of the United States. A dense layer of warm air, like a cotton blanket, descended over the streets of huge cities, crushing the smoke of industrial enterprises and clouds of poisonous gas from the exhaust pipes of millions of cars to the ground.

Poison gas is a toxic chemical that causes intoxication of the body and damage to internal organs and systems. It enters through the respiratory system, skin, gastrointestinal tract.

List of poisonous gases depending on their toxicological effects:

1. Nerves - carbon monoxide, sarin.
2. Skin blisters - lewisite, mustard gas.
3. Choking - phosgene, diphosgene, chlorine.
4. Tear - bromobenzyl cyanide, chloroacetophenone.
5. Common effects are hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride.
6. Irritant - adamsite, CR, CS.
7. Psychotomimetic - BZ, LSD-25.

Let's consider the most dangerous gases, the mechanism of their destruction, signs of poisoning in humans.

Zarin

Sarin is a poisonous liquid substance that at a temperature of 20 ° C quickly evaporates and has a nerve effect on the human body... In a gas state, it is colorless and odorless, most dangerous if inhaled.

Symptoms appear immediately upon inhalation. The first signs of poisoning are shortness of breath, pupil constriction.

Clinical manifestations:

• irritation of the nasal mucosa, liquid discharge;
• drooling, vomiting;
• squeezing in the chest;
• shortness of breath, blue skin;
• spasm of the bronchi and increased production of mucus in them;
• pulmonary edema;
• severe cramps and abdominal pain.

Upon ingestion of high concentration Sarin vapors severe brain damage occurs in 1-2 minutes... A person cannot control the physiological functions of the body - involuntary defecation and urination. Convulsions, convulsions appear. Coma develops, followed by cardiac arrest.

Mustard gas

Mustard gas is a mustard gas. It is a chemical compound of skin blistering action. In liquid form, the substance has a mustard smell. It enters the body in two ways - by airborne droplets and by contact of liquid with skin. It tends to accumulate. Signs of poisoning appear after 2-8 hours.

Symptoms of inhalation gas intoxication:

• damage to the mucous membrane of the eyes;
• watery eyes, photophobia, gritty eyes;
• dryness and burning in the nose, then swelling of the nasopharynx with purulent discharge;
• laryngitis, tracheitis;
• bronchitis.

If the liquid gets into the eyes, it will cause blindness. With a severe degree of poisoning with mustard gas, pneumonia develops, death occurs on the 3-4th day from suffocation.

Symptoms of gas poisoning in contact with the skin are redness followed by the formation of bubbles containing serous fluid, skin lesions, ulcers, necrosis. Gas destroys cell membranes, disrupts carbohydrate metabolism, partially destroys DNA and RNA.

Lewisite

Lewisite is a powerful poisonous substance, the vapors of which are able to penetrate a chemical protection suit and a gas mask. It is a brown liquid with a pungent odor. Gas belongs to skin blisters. Acts on the body instantly and has no latency period.

Symptoms of gas poisoning with skin lesions develop within 5 minutes:

• pain and burning at the site of contact;
• inflammatory changes;
• painful redness;
• the formation of bubbles, they quickly open;
• the appearance of erosion, heal for several weeks;
• in severe cases, when high concentrations of lewisite are ingested, deep ulcers are formed.

Symptoms when inhaling gas:

• damage to the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx, trachea, bronchi;
• liquid from the nose;
• sneezing, coughing;
• headache;
• nausea, vomiting;
• loss of voice;
• feeling of pressure in the chest, shortness of breath.

Mucous membranes of the eyes are very sensitive to poisonous gas... It becomes red, the eyelids swell, and lacrimation increases. The person experiences a burning sensation in the eyes. When liquid lewisite enters the gastrointestinal tract, the victim begins to profuse salivation and vomiting. Sharp pains in the abdominal cavity join. Internal organs are affected, blood pressure drops sharply.

Hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas with a pungent smell of rotten eggs. In high concentrations, the substance is very toxic. When inhaled, symptoms of general intoxication develop - headache, dizziness, weakness... Hydrogen sulfide is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and acts on the central nervous system.

Signs of gas poisoning:

• metallic taste in the mouth;
• paralysis of the nerve responsible for the sense of smell, so the victim immediately ceases to feel any smells;
• respiratory tract damage, pulmonary edema;
• severe cramps;
• coma.

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is a colorless poisonous substance, lighter than air. Entering the body through the respiratory tract, it is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and binds to hemoglobin. This blocks the transport of oxygen to all cells, oxygen starvation sets in, and cellular respiration stops.

Carbon monoxide poisoning symptoms:

• dizziness and headache;
• rapid breathing and heartbeat, shortness of breath;
• noise in ears;
• impaired visual acuity, flickering in the eyes;
• redness of the skin;
• nausea, vomiting.

In severe poisoning, convulsions are observed. The symptoms preceding the coma are increasing - a drop in blood pressure, severe weakness, loss of consciousness. In the absence of medical care, death occurs in 1 hour.

Phosgene

Phosgene is a colorless gas that smells like rotten hay. The substance is dangerous by inhalation. the first signs of intoxication appear after 4-8 hours... At high concentrations, death occurs in 3 seconds. Gas entering the lungs destroys them, causing immediate edema.

Symptoms at different stages of poisoning:

1. Pulmonary edema begins to develop in the latency period, when the victim is unaware of the poisoning. The first signals from the body are a sweet, sugary taste in the mouth, nausea. Sometimes there is vomiting. A person feels a sore throat, itching and burning in the nasopharynx. A cough reflex occurs, breathing and pulse are disturbed.
2. After a latent period, the victim's condition deteriorates sharply. A strong cough appears, the person begins to choke. The skin and lips turn blue.
3. Stage of progressive deterioration - strong pressure in the chest, leading to suffocation, the respiratory rate increases 70 per minute (norm 18). The lungs produce a lot of fluid and mucus due to decomposition of the alveoli. The person coughs up phlegm with blood. Breathing becomes impossible. 50% of the BCC (circulating blood volume) goes into the lungs, and increases them. The mass of one lung can be 2.5 kg (the norm is 500-600 g).

In severe cases, death in 10-15 minutes... In case of gas poisoning of moderate severity, death occurs after 2-3 days. Recovery can occur 2-3 weeks after poisoning, but this is rare due to the addition of an infection.

Hydrocyanic acid

Hydrocyanic acid is a colorless, light and mobile liquid with a pronounced odor. It blocks the oxygen supply chain through the tissues, causing tissue hypoxia. Gas affects the nervous system by disrupting the innervation of organs.

Breathing Poisoning Symptoms:

• dyspnea;
• at the beginning of the development of the clinical picture, rapid breathing;
• with severe intoxication - respiratory depression and stopping.

Heart symptoms:

• slowing down the beats of the heart;
• increased blood pressure;
• vasospasm;
• as the symptoms increase, a drop in pressure, an increase in heart rate, acute cardiovascular failure, cardiac arrest.

Poisonous gases are strong, fast-acting substances. To save a person, emergency resuscitation measures are needed... If the outcome is favorable, the victim needs long-term rehabilitation treatment.

Many volatile compounds are destructive and can kill a person. The most poisonous gas is sarin, since it spreads almost instantly and infects all living things that come in its path, and in most cases its inhalation is fatal.

Many people would like to know what a poisonous gas is, which substance is the most dangerous. Modern scientists have found that sarin has the most destructive effect on the human body. To be more precise, this substance is a volatile liquid. When the flask is depressurized, it immediately evaporates and turns into gas.

Sarin dissolves quickly in water and any liquids. That is why they can poison not only the air, but also water bodies. In this case, a small lake, for example, can remain poisoned for 2 months or even longer.

This substance enters the human body not only through the respiratory tract, but also tends to be absorbed into the skin, which is very dangerous. It spreads instantly. This gas is capable of infecting all living things within a radius of 20 kilometers from the place of application.

Symptoms of sarin poisoning may appear within minutes after inhalation, but there have been times when they become noticeable only after a few hours. This is true if small amounts of gas enter the body. If the dose is large, the person very quickly begins seizures, muscle weakness, and then paralysis is observed, which leads to death. If the degree of poisoning is very mild, there is a deterioration in vision, narrowing of the pupils of the eyes, difficulty breathing, salivation, but the person does not die of respiratory paralysis. The lethal concentration of the poison is 0.06 milligrams of substance per cubic meter of air. It is when such air is inhaled that death occurs.

Sarin belongs to the group of military nerve gases. It was used in the Iranian War in the 1980s, as well as in Japan. Representatives of most states signed agreements on the inadmissibility of the use of such powerful weapons. Fortunately, at present, gas is practically not in demand. In addition to its high toxicity, it also has a decent resistance. For example, in craters and trenches, in closed rooms, it remains active for several hours in summer and several days in winter.

Experts note that sarin is many times more toxic than cyanide. At first, this gas was synthesized in order to create a fundamentally new pesticide, but after studying its properties, scientists realized that the substance was too dangerous. Its use in agriculture is strictly prohibited. Currently, not all countries have such chemical weapons.

Sarin has been identified as the most poisonous and deadly gas in existence. This substance can cause serious poisoning and even death of a person, therefore it is used as a biological weapon, although gas is prohibited in many countries.

The air we are accustomed to breathing is a mixture of gases: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and others. Special gases are used in households and in various industries. Synthetic materials are made from gases. Some types of cars run on gas.

Some facts

The gas that a person uses in everyday life and at work is natural gas. Natural gas is a mineral. It is formed in the bowels of the Earth and is a mixture of various gases.

Gas, like fire, helps a person, but in some cases it becomes dangerous:

• if an uncontrolled leak has occurred;
• if a lot of gas has collected in an enclosed space.

In nature, there are different gases with different properties: some gases rise upward, while others collect below, near the surface of the earth. Some gases are harmless, others are life-threatening. Situations may arise when, in order to save your life, as well as to provide assistance to the victim, you must know what gas you are dealing with.

In chemistry lessons in high school, you will learn all the properties of various gases, but for now we will get to know them from the point of view of life safety.

Let's talk in more detail about the most common hazardous gases in everyday life.

Carbon monoxide destroys many human lives in fires, as well as in baths, country and rural houses with improper use of stove heating. It is extremely poisonous, and since it is odorless and colorless, it does not irritate the eyes - it is difficult to detect. In a dwelling, in a bathhouse, the source of carbon monoxide is incomplete combustion of fuel in the stoves, premature closure of the stove valve. Carbon monoxide poisoning is a more common cause of death in fires than fire and fever. The same gas is the cause of death in the cold season of people basking in a car with the engine running. Carbon monoxide is also formed in the event of incomplete combustion of domestic gas. Therefore, poor ventilation in the kitchen and bathroom (with a gas water heater) can also lead to death. Carbon monoxide rises, and, therefore, in the room where this gas has accumulated, you need to crawl.

In addition to carbon monoxide, car exhaust contains and accumulates along highways and another poisonous gas - nitric oxide. Therefore, it is best to avoid walking on busy streets and close windows overlooking the carriageway, especially during rush hours. And also never pick mushrooms and berries near the roads where cars often drive!

Poisonous gases are also released when burning synthetic finishing materials, carpets. In order not to be poisoned, it is better to move crouching low. More air is retained at the bottom.

You should be aware of the poisonous gas that forms in the soil - the uppermost layer of the earth's surface, and which can accumulate in depressions of the terrain. For example, in old landfills, in swamps, in sewer wells, basements, mines. This gas is also tasteless and odorless and is heavier than air. In such cases, it is necessary to approach the victim in protective equipment.

Household gas... It can be of two types: main gas, which is more often used in large cities, and liquefied gas in cylinders, consisting of a mixture of two gases - propane and butane. Propane is lighter than air and, therefore, rises up; butane is heavier and therefore, when leaking, fills primarily basements and underground utilities.

Household gas is colorless and odorless. Therefore, a strong-smelling substance is added to it, giving it a special "gaseous" smell. Thanks to him, we can detect a "leak" of gas.

Domestic gas leakage reasons:

• malfunction of gas pipes, stoves, columns, cylinders;
• improper installation of gas equipment;
• weak fastening of the rubber hose between the cylinder (pipe) and the plate;
• incomplete closing of the gas stove tap;
• pouring boiling water over the fire of a gas burner;
• blowing out a weak fire with a draft.

Gas leaks can result in explosion, fire and human poisoning.

If you are heating or cooking yourself, stay close to the gas stove and watch the gas burner.

It is very important to provide good ventilation in the room where the gas stove is installed. If there is no exhaust system, then during long-term operation of the gas stove, you must always keep the window or window ajar. If there is a ventilation hole in the kitchen, it is necessary to monitor the cleanliness of the filter installed in it, as it is gradually clogged with dust and soot.

Know that the flame of the burning gas must be even, blue in color. If it is red or yellow, and carbon deposits appear on the dishes, the gas does not burn out completely. We must call the master.

Remember! If you smell household gas in the house or entrance, you must not use electricity: turn on the light, ring the bell, call the elevator, as well as matches and lighters. Any spark can cause a gas explosion throughout the house. When you smell gas, quickly open doors and windows so that the accumulation of poisonous gas is blown out by a draft. Cut off the gas pipe. All this must be done by holding your breath and covering your mouth and nose with any tissue. If the cause of the gas contamination is unclear and it is not possible to eliminate it on your own, then you should quickly leave the dangerous place and call the emergency gas service by phone "04".

In case of poisoning with any gas, a person first begins to be very painful and dizzy, and tinnitus appears. Then it darkens in the eyes, nausea begins. If this happens to you, you need to quickly leave this room and inform the adults about your condition and the danger that has arisen.

With more severe poisoning, consciousness is disturbed, muscle weakness, drowsiness appear. Loss of consciousness, seizures and death are possible.

First aid to a victim of carbon monoxide or household gas: immediately take (take) him out into the street. If breathing is weak or stops, artificial respiration should be given. Rubbing the body, applying a heating pad to the legs, and short-term inhalation of ammonia vapors help in such cases. If a person has signs of severe poisoning, then an ambulance must be called urgently.

Questions

1. What dangerous gases do you know?
2. Where does carbon monoxide accumulate in an enclosed space? Why?
3. What should a person do if they feel the signs of gas poisoning?
4. Which rescue service should I contact in case of a domestic gas leak?
5. What should not be done in the event of a domestic gas leak in an apartment or other enclosed space?
6. Situational task.
   • Misha came home and smelled gas. He immediately went to the kitchen and turned on the light ... Did Misha do the right thing?
7. How to help a person if he is poisoned by household gas or carbon monoxide?
8. Where and under what conditions can carbon monoxide be encountered in everyday life?