Descent of the kidney in Latin. Wandering kidney diagnosis: danger and principles of treatment

Greek TE denoting pathological changes in organs and tissues, therapeutic and surgical techniques.

Greek TE	Latin word
Iatria, -iater Ectasia, -ectasis (ektasis)	Medicine, treatment of large groups of patients; doctor stretching, expansion, ectasia of the genital or tubular organ
Ptosis (ptosis descent ptosis)	omission, displacement of the organ downward
steno-, stenosis	Narrow, tight, constriction, stenosis
sclero-, -sclerosis	1. Solid, compacted; induration, sclerosis, induration 2.relating to the sclera (white of the eye)
malaco-, -malacia	Abnormal softness, softness, malation
	Formation, development of something: tissue, cells, organs
lyso-, -lys, -lysis, lyo-, -lyt	1. dissolution, dilution of something, lysis; resorption; 2.release of an organ (surgical operation) - dissection of adhesions, adhesions
	plastic surgery, plastic
	surgical operation of dissection of any organ, opening of any organ, tissue
	layer related; layer by layer (in radiography)
	surgical removal, excision of any organ or tissue, ectomy
Stomia (stoma, stomatos)	surgical operation of imposing an artificial opening, fistula, anastomosis (anastomosis of the m / u organs)
	surgical operation of attaching any internal organ, fixation.
R (h) aphia (phaphe)	suture surgery
	surgery to create immobility, strengthen the position of the organ
	Reception of organ enlargement - euriz;
Eurynter (euryno)	The tool for this procedure is reyrinter
Clasia (klasis)	surgery to destroy a part of the body, organ
Centesis (kentesis)	puncture, puncture Private, due to the absence or removal of an organ

1Compute TE, explain their meaning:

A, Splanchnology, gastroenterologia, intestinoplastica, ileocoloplastica, colpoperineotosnia, laparotomia, laparothoracotomia, gastrectasia, bronchoectasis, vagotomia, spondylotomia, enleroptosis, proctospasmus, hydrotherapia, pneumonopexia, stenocardia, lleosigmosiomia, pylo-rostenosis, choledochoplastica, phthisiairia (Gk. Phthisis consumption, tuberculosis ), choledochostomia, colostoma, colostomia, acroparalysis, choledochogastrotomia, splenoptosis, hysteroscopia, iomographia, nephrotomographia, nephrostcmia, splenitis, hepaticoduodenostoinia, splenorrhaphia, osteomalacia, chondromalacia, splanchnoptosis, metroplastica, pancreatotomia, a, thoracolaparotomia, thoracogastroschisis.

B. Salpingolysis, patellodesis, renoprlyus, thyreopnvus, ovarioprTvus, dacryocystographia, colporrhaphia, metreurynter, rhachischisis, salpingectomia, trachelotomia, rhachiotomia, thoracocentesis, cranioschisis, dacryocystostsnosis, laparocentesis, arthrodesis, cardiorrhexis, spondylodesis, cholangioma, spondylographia, urethritis, hysierocervicotomia, urete- rographia, ureterotomia, orchipexia, orchiectomia, divertieulectomia, salpingostomia, cholangitis, colpopexia, splenoportographia, osteolysis.

2Translate the phrases: gangrenous pneumonia, superficial inguinal hernia, acquired heart disease, congenital cyst, open fracture, closed fracture, malignant tumor, alveolar cancer, skin cancer, mucous cancer, lung cancer, alveolar sarcoma, multiple hemorrhagic serous sarcoma, acute hepatitis, purulent hepatitis, gluteal hernia, congenital glaucoma, wasps
false caries.

3 Form one-word terms in Latin with a given meaning:

A. Pain in the spine, fixation of the (vagus) kidney, prolapse of the kidney, removal of the uterus, gastrointestinal tract, creation of an external fistula on the kidney, dissection (parenchyma) of the kidney, fixation of the colon, dissection (opening) of the colon, imposition of the fistula on the colon, dental swelling, colon spasm, removal of the prostate gland, fixation of the (vagus) spleen, pain in the rectal area, fixation of the rectum; softening: bones, cartilage, brain; plastic surgery on the larynx, enlargement of the lungs, removal of the tonsils.

B. Inflammation of the vagina, sigmoid colon, sinus; plastic surgery of the vagina and perineum, rupture of the vagina, excision of the umbilicus, inflammation of the lacrimal sac, expansion of the lacrimal sac, radiography of the fallopian tubes, inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovary, creating an opening in the fallopian tube by surgery B receiving vaginal expansion, bone destruction, instrument for expanding the rectum, splitting spine.

4 Compose terms with a predetermined meaning

1.disease of the vertebra

2.science of the oral cavity

3.tongue pain

in the nasal cavity

5 Add terms

1. pain along the nerve - neur….

2. liver-hepato disease….

3. inspection of the body-somato ....

4. inflammation of the nasal mucosa - ... itis

5.measurement of the head - ... metria

6. articular swelling - ... oma

7. R- heart-cardio….

6. Translate the following terms into Latin

Inflammation of the gums

Foot pain

Swelling on the lip

Softening bones

Reconstructive surgery

7 Write the following terms in Latin and explain their meaning

Hiralgia

Osteomy

Spondylectomy

Suboplasty

chyelotomy

VI... Literature:

Main:

Chernyavsky M.N. Latin language and foundations of medical terminology - Moscow: Medicine. - 2002.

Shultz Yu.F. Latin language and foundations of terminology - Moscow, 1995.

Rakhishev AR Dictionary of anatomical terms - Almaty: “Rauan”. Demeu. - 1994.

Rakhishev A.R. Atlas of human anatomy. - Almaty, 2006. (1-4 volumes)

Additional:

Arnaudov G. D. Medical terminology in five languages. - Sofia, 1997.

Latin-Russian dictionary. Compiled by Tananushko K.A. - Minsk, Harvest - 2005

Latin-Russian and Russian-Latin dictionary. Compiled by Aslanova L.A. - Moscow, "House of Slavic Books" - 2010

Latin-Russian Dictionary of Medical Terminology. Compiled by Alekseev A.P. - Moscow, Centerpolygraph - 2006

International Anatomical Terminology. - Moscow, 1980.

Mashkovsky M.D. Medicines - Moscow, "New Wave", 16th edition - 2010 Medicineқ terminder sozdigi. Nurmukhambetov A.N. - Almaty, Dyk-Press - 2009

Order of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan 455 dated 30.10.95. “Rules for Prescribing Medicines”.

Vii... Control. Tests to determine the level of the formed communicative competence.

1. Define the correct translation of the term "bone tumor"

2. Determine the correct translation of the term "kidney inflammation"

3. Determine the correct translation of the term "the science of oral diseases"

4. Determine the correct translation of the term "toothache"

5. Determine the correct translation of the term "hormone treatment"

1.heliotherapia

2.ophthalmologus

3.phytothesapia

4. hormonotherapia

6. Determine the correct translation of the term "instrumental examination of the nose" "

1.stomatoscopia

7. Determine the correct translation of the term "pain in the pancreas"

2.pancreatalgia

3.spondyiodynia

8. Determine the correct translation of the term "inflammation of the stomach"

9. Determine the correct translation of the term "muscle tumor"

10 Determine the correct translation of the term "cystoscopia"

1.science about diseases of the bladder

2.instrumental examination of the bladder

3.the prolapse of the kidneys

4.muscle swelling

5.inflammation of the kidneys

Faculty: MTD

Module: Latin

for practical training

Theme: Greco-Latin doublets and single TEs denoting functional states.

Well:1

Discipline: Latin language

Compiled by: senior teacher Shoibekova A. Zh.

Almaty 2012

Lesson 1

I... Theme: Greco-Latin doublets and single TEs denoting denoting

functional states.

II... Target: 1. Learn to form and translate clinical terms denoting

functional states.

2.Discriminate TE and production bases

III... Learning objectives. Communicative and axiological competence:

Generate knowledge about clinterms for writing a diagnosis in Latin

at clinical departments.

Develop literate writing skills

To develop the skills of assimilation of lexical material denoting functional

states.

IV... The main questions of the topic:

1. Word formation. Greek TE denoting functional states.

V. Teaching and Teaching Methods: presentation of grammar material, training exercises (small groups, work in pairs).

Duration of the lesson.

Org. moment - 3 minutes.

Homework check - 10 min

Checking the lexical minimum - 10 min.

Explanation of the new material - 10 min.

Securing new material - 10 min

Test control - 5 min.

Assessment of students' knowledge - 2 min.

Related assignments

1 ... Check out the lesson material:

Formation of clinical terms for organs and tissues.

Greek roots Greek TE

Gastr - stomach algia - pain

Gastralgia - stomach ache.

Clinical terms should be translated from the end of the term.

Formation of clinical terms denoting functional and pathological conditions, processes

dys - disorderkinesia - traffic

dyskinesia - movement disorder

haemo stasis

blood is stagnant

haemostasis - stagnation of blood

3. Gastr - - logia

Gastrologia - stomach science

4. Lapar- belly, womb tomia-opening, razraz, section

laparotomia -gluttony

5. broncho -bronchus -ectasia- extension

bronchoectasia -dilation of the bronchi

Clinical terms should be translated from the end of the term.

For example:Splanchnoptosis

ptosis - omission

splanchno - internal organs

Splanchnoptosis - prolapse of internal organs.

Gastroenterologia

Logia- science

Gastro- stomach

Entero- intestines

Nephr + o + log / i / a hepat - it / is

Addition the most productive way of forming termsGreek - Latin origin.

Get to know the Greek TE, denoting functional and pathological conditions, processes.

GREEK TE	MEANING
	life, life processes
geno-, -genesis, -genesia, -genia	birth, generation, development, genesis
aesthesio-, aesthesia	feeling, sensation; sensitivity
astheno- (asthenes weak, from a- + sthenos strength; astheneia impotence, weakness)	weakness, weakening, asthenia
	respiratory, respiratory
pneumo-, pneumato-	air, gas in the organ
	air, air
Kinesia, kinemato-, kinemo-, kineto- (kinesis)	motion related
Crin-, -crinia (krino)	separation, excretion, secretion
	deficiency, decrease in the number, mainly blood cells
Cytosis (hist. Cytus cell + osis)	increase in the content of the number of cells in comparison with the norm
	flow, flow of secretion or fluid
	bleeding from the vessels of any organ
	congestion, stasis (blood, bile, urine, saliva)
	tension, tone
	formation, development of tissue, cells, organs
	hydrostatic pressure in vessels, hollow organs
Tropho-, -trophia	nutritional or dependent on it, on the blood supply to organs and tissues
	oxidized rel. To oxygen
phago-, -phagia	swallowing eating, absorbing
philo-, -philia	tendency predisposition to something; love
phobo-, -phobia	fear, illness. Disgust for anything
tropo-, -tropia	Direction, focus;
psycho-, -psychia	mental, to the psyche
	stroke, paralysis
	causative
	deposition of fat, fat-like substances
morpho-, -morph-	kind, shape, structure of something
ergo-, -ergia, -urgia	1) related to work, action 2) activity 3) reactivity
dynamo-, -dynamia	strength, effort
Gnosis, -gnosia	1) knowledge, science 2) the ability to recognize
Po (i) esis, -po (i) et- (poiesis production, education)	production of something (blood, urine)
	memory-related
... Methodical recommendations ... language(theoretical phonetics, grammar, lexicology, history studied language, ... practical occupations... 216 hours are devoted to independent work. ten. Themes for ... . Alphabet, types of alphabets. Greek and Latin alphabet. ... Manual for students of humanitarian universities and students of lyceums Document ... introduction ... language, in Belarusian language full and brief ... recommendations for ... history- as a starting point for solutions practical ... latin alphabet: "Latin Alphabet ... language"(M., 1844), which constituted the era in methodical ... latin language ... language - phonetics ... Educational-methodical complex of the discipline "classical language (Latin)" Direction of training Training and metodology complex Chapter Theme Independent work type 1. Phonetics latin language 1.1. From stories latin language- study of the lecture notes; - preparation for practical occupation. 1.2. Latin alphabet... The most important ... Work program for the Russian language. Literary reading work program Working programm Soloveichik M.S., Kuzmenko N.S. Methodical recommendations to the Russian textbook language"To the secrets of our language» for 1 (2, 3, 4) ... for studying themes, Related history physical culture and sports, personal hygiene, the organization of independent occupations ...

The attitude to the organs of the anterior surface of the right and left kidneys is not the same. The right kidney is projected onto the anterior abdominal wall in regiones epigastrica, umbilicalis et abdominalis lat. dext., the left one is in reg. epigastrica et abdominalis lat. sin. The right kidney is in contact with a small surface area with the adrenal gland; further downward, most of its anterior surface is adjacent to the liver. Its lower third belongs to flexura coli dextra; the descending part of the duodeni descends along the medial edge; there is no peritoneum in both of the latter parts. The lowest end of the right kidney is serous. Near the upper end of the left kidney, as well as the right, part of the anterior surface is in contact with the adrenal gland, immediately below the left kidney is adjacent throughout its upper third to the stomach, and the middle third to the pancreas, the lateral edge of the anterior surface in the upper part is adjacent to the spleen. The lower end of the anterior surface of the left kidney is medially in contact with the loops of the jejunum, and laterally - with flexura coli sinistra or with the initial part of the descending colon. With its posterior surface, each kidney in its upper section is adjacent to the diaphragm, which separates the kidney from the pleura, and below the XII rib - to mm. psoas major et quadratus lumborum, forming the kidney bed.

Kidney membranes.

The kidney is surrounded by its own fibrous membrane, capsula fibrosa, in the form of a thin smooth plate directly adjacent to the kidney substance. Normally, it can be quite easily separated from the kidney substance. Outward from the fibrous membrane, especially in the area hilum and on the back surface, there is a layer of loose adipose tissue that makes up fatty capsule of the kidney, capsula adiposa; fat is often absent on the front surface. Outside the fat capsule is the connective tissue fascia of the kidney, fascia renalis, which is connected by fibers with the fibrous capsule and splits into two sheets: one goes in front of the kidneys, the other - behind. Along the lateral edge of the kidneys, both sheets are joined together and pass into the layer of retroperitoneal connective tissue, from which they developed. Along the medial edge of the kidney, both leaves do not join together, but continue further to the midline separately: the anterior leaflet goes in front of the renal vessels, the aorta and the inferior vena cava and connects to the same leaflet on the opposite side, while the posterior leaflet passes anteriorly from the vertebral bodies, attaching to last. At the upper ends of the kidneys, also covering the adrenal glands, both sheets are joined together, limiting the mobility of the kidneys in this direction. At the lower ends, such a fusion of the leaves is usually not noticeable.

Fixation of the kidney

in its place, mainly intra-abdominal pressure is carried out due to the contraction of the abdominal muscles; less fascia renalis fused with the membranes of the kidney; muscle bed of the kidney, formed by mm. psoas major et quadratus lumborum, and renal vessels that prevent the removal of the kidney from the aorta and inferior vena cava. With the weakness of this fixing apparatus of the kidney, it can go down (vagus kidney), which requires quick stitching of it. Normally, the long axes of both kidneys, directed obliquely upward and medially, converge above the kidneys at an angle open downward. When the kidneys are lowered, being fixed at the midline by vessels, they are displaced downward and medially. As a result, the long axes of the kidneys converge below the latter at an angle open upward.

B. Salpingolysis, patellodesis, renoprivus, thyreoprivus, ovarioprivus, dacryocystographia, colporrhaphia, metreurynter, rhachischisis, salpingectomia, trachelotomia, rhachiotomia, thoracocentesis, cranioschisis, dacryocystostenosis, laparocentesis, arthrodesis, cardiorrhexis, spondylodesis, cholangioma, spondyloschisis, urethritis, hysterocervicotomia, ureterographia, ureterotomia, orchipexia, orchiectomia, trachelotomia, diverticulectomia, salpingostomia, cholangitis, colpopexia.

XIX. Translate:

gangrenous pneumonia, superficial inguinal hernia, malignant tumor, alveolar cancer, skin cancer, mucous cancer, lung cancer, alveolar sarcoma, multiple hemorrhagic sarcoma, acute appendicitis, serous hepatitis, purulent hepatitis, gluteal hernia.

XX. Form terms in Latin with a given meaning:

A. Pain in the spine, fixation of the (vagus) kidney, prolapse of the kidney, removal of the uterus, gastrointestinal tract, creation of an external fistula on the kidney, dissection (parenchyma) of the kidney, fixation of the colon, dissection (opening) of the colon, imposition of the fistula on the colon, dental swelling, colon spasm, removal of the prostate gland, fixation of the (vagus) spleen, pain in the rectal area, fixation of the rectum; softening: bones, cartilage, brain; plastic surgery on the larynx, expansion of the lungs, tooth trauma, complications of caries.

B. Inflammation: vagina, sigmoid colon, sinus; plastic surgery of the vagina and perineum, rupture of the vagina, excision of the umbilicus, inflammation of the lacrimal sac, expansion of the lacrimal sac, radiography of the fallopian tubes, inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovary, creating an opening in the fallopian tube operatively, expansion of the vagina, bone destruction, an instrument for expanding the rectum, splitting spine.

Select its prefix and generating base in each derivative. Translate the corresponding Russian equivalent, or, if not, explain the meaning of the motivated word.

1. Infraorbitalis, supraclavicularis, infratrochlearis, supratrochlearis, interclavicularis, interosseus, intralobularis, intramuscularis, parasternalis, episternalis, suprasternalis, subcorticalis, subduralis(about the meninges), epitympanicus, endocervicalis, applicatio (applico to apply), antenatalis (lat.natus birth), postnatalis, intertarsea, intranatalis, mesoduodenum, interalveolaris, subcutaneous, extrapulmonalis, extrapyramidalis (lat. submandibularis, retrobuccalis, premolares (dentes), subpleuralis, adducens (Latin duco drive), abducens, abductio, praeglaucoma, praecancerosus.

2. Aggravatio (gravis severe) - weight (illness); exhumatio (Latin humus earth) - digging up a corpse; adaptatio (Latin aptus capable, convenient), readaptatio; decompensatio, desactivatio, synphalangia, absorptio (Latin sorbeo to absorb, absorb), adsorptio; reabilitatio (Latin habilitas ability, fitness), praemorbidus (Latin mordus disease), exenteratio seu eventratio - extraction of entrails; exarticulatio - isolation of the limb in the joint, exstirpatio (Latin stirps the lower part of the trunk with roots) - eradication, complete removal of the organ; dementia (Latin mens, mentis thought, mind) - dementia, diastole - rhythmic expansion of the cavities of the heart, diathermia (Greek thermos warmth) - warming up deep-lying tissues, invasio (vado to direct, rush), dilatation (dilato to expand), disseminatio ( semino sow), differentialis - distinctive, endemia (Greek demos region, country, people) - the constant presence in a given area of ​​the incidence of people with a certain disease.

3. Empyema (Greek pyom pus) - accumulation of pus in the natural cavity; praesenilis (senex, senis old), praeventivus - protective, prodromalis (prodromos running in front) - foreshadowing, progrediens (gradior to go, protrude) - increasing, prolongatus - extended, pronephros - pronephros, metanephros - secondary kidney, final kidney; sequestratio - rejection of a necrotic area, secretum (secerno to separate), metaplasia (Greek plasis formation, formation) - persistent transformation of one type of tissue into another.

4. Metathalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, epitympanum, epiphysis (Greek phyo to grow), diaphysis, metaphysis, apophysis, decapitatio (in obstetrics - fruiting operation), compressio compression), eutopia (Greek topos place, normal location of the organ), dystopia , revaccinatio, regeneratio, degeneration, antagonismus (Greek agon struggle), invalidus (validus strong), conjunctiva, collectivus.

XXII. Translate the adjectives:

Submandibular, suboccipital, sublingual (nerve), sublingual (duct), inter-articular, intercostal, intermuscular, retrosternal, buccal, extraperitoneal, intramuscular, supra-marginal, suprasternal (with two different attachments), sub-sternal, sub-temporal, intervertebral, retrosternal adrenal, intrathoracic (from the Greek NS).

XXIII. Explain the meaning of TE and / or producing bases, bring Latin or Greek doublet correspondences to them:

A. 1. Haemolysis, haemotherapia, haemostasis, empyema, haemangioma, haemangiomatosis, haemarthrosis, haematologia, haematoma(limited collection of blood in tissues), haematonephrosis, azotaemia, cholaemia, uraemia, section, vasotomia, ectopia, vasoconstrictio, myoma, myoblastus, thymocytus, myoblastoma, perimysium, endomysium, acrohidrosis.

2. Myocardium, myometrium, carcinosacoma, cytopenia, hydraemia, lymphocytus, lympho(cyto) penia, hydrarthrosis, lymphorrhoea, chondroblastus, chondroblastoma, chondrogenesis, herniorrhaphia, perivasculitis, epicranium, eppharynx, gastrocele, meningocele, anemia, toxaemia, myasthenia.

3. Neurosis, neuritis, neuroma, neurolysis, angioneurosis, lymphadenitis, lymphangiitis, hyperaemia, lymphadenoma, lymphangioadenographia, hydradenitis, anhidrosis, aesthesiologia.

4. Angiectasia, phlebectasia, anaesthesia, hypaesthesia, phlebosclerosis, erythroblastus, ovocytus, dermatosis, dermographia, mesoderma, periderma, dermatitis, dermatostomatitis, sphygmographia, ureterolysis, pneumolysis, pneumomalacia, lithotomia, lithialis, cholelithiasis, urolithiasis, broncholithus, broncholithiasis, dysfunctio, chylothorax, chyluria, chylocele.

5. Pyodermia, pyaemia, pyorrhea, pyothorax, pyuria, pyometra, dyscrinia, secretio, incretio, endocrinologia, haemorrhagia, gastrorrhagia, odontorrhagia, oncogenesis, oncogramma(volume).

6. Synostasis, myelopathia, aplasia, hyperplasia, dysplasia, metaplasia, myelodysplasia, mesoduodenum, myelosis, ostemyelitis, mastoptosis, hydrocephalus, otoneurologia, otitis, ophthalmologia. vesica fellea, gynaecologia, paediatria, logopaedia, chondrocytus, haemocyti, gerontologia, hydrophilia, hydrophobia, geriatria.

7. Apnoë, hypopnoë, pneumocephalia, tenorrhaphia, aërohaemotherapia, pneumographia, respiratio, inspiratio, pneumarthrosis, sphygmogramma, atropia, dystrophia, hypertrophia, hypotrophia, vagotropus (a, umropus, a, um), anoxia, hypoxhalphia.

B. 1. Anergia, synergia, asynergia, hypergia, chirurgia, chondrodysplasia, tenodesis, atrichia, anonychia, onychorhexis, dacryoadentis, dacryolithus, s. us lacrimalis, hyperdynamia, hypodynamia, amnesia, sialadenitis, sialorrhoea, corpostasis, galactostasis, epoophoron, lipoma, dysmotphosis, pyoophoritis, pyopharitis, pyoovarium, morphologia, phacomalacia, blepharitis(on the skin) keratosis(on the skin) keratitis(about the eye) asthenopia, biopsia.

2. Cardioplegia, ophthalmolegia, aphonia, sphygmophonia, aethiologia, aethiopathogenesis, phrenicotomia, schizophrenia (schizosplit), dacryocystographia, dacryocystorhinostomia, hydrorrhachis, mesovarium, lipaemia, haemopoësis.

C.1. Atelodontia, atelochelia, ulorrhagia, uranoplegia, uranorrhaphia, meloplastica, meloscisis, odontolithus, odontogenesis, dysontologenesis, paradontitis, endodontitis, gnathitis, prognathia, progenia.

XXIV. Form terms in Latin with a given meaning:

A. 1. Tumor originating from the sweat glands; a tumor emanating from the tissue of the thymus gland; the presence of hemoglobin in the urine, the content of bile in the blood (constituent parts), calculus in the vessel, (benign) tumor from adipose tissue, difficulty in swallowing, accumulation of pus and blood in the (cavity) of the pericardium, the presence of pus in the peritoneal (cavity), muscle weakness, blood science (diseases of the system), cell pathology, skin inflammation, developmental disorder, mesentery of the small intestine, inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, inflammation of the lymph node, blood treatment.

2. An increase in the number of lymphocytes, stagnation of bile, stagnation of lymph, delay (flow) of blood, movement disorder, destruction of cells, uterine bleeding, tissue destruction, extracellular pressure, accumulation of air and blood in the pericardium, decreased (weakened) breathing.

XXV. Form the Latin names for "inflammations":

breast, pancreas, outer lining of veins, inner lining of veins, (tissues) around the pancreas.

XXVI. Write the names of the organs in Latin:

pylorus, liver, duodenum, ventricle, esophagus, larynx, pharynx, windpipe, peritoneum.

Identify TE, explain their meaning:

A. 1. Homogeneous, heterogeneous, isomerism, anisomerism, thermophilic, cryocauter ("-cauter" - TE, meaning a tool for cauterization), thermocauter, brachycephaly, brachydactyly, bradycardia, tachycardia, somatogenic, psychogenic, feminization, masculinization.

2. Heterotopy (atypical localization of tissues), isotope, heterochromia, xerophthalmia, homeostasis, hypoxia, acrocyanosis.

A. Pain in the spine, fixation of the (vagus) kidney, prolapse of the kidney, removal of the uterus, celiac disease, creation of an external fistula in the kidney, dissection (parenchyma) of the kidney, fixation of the colon, dissection (opening) of the colon, imposition of the fistula on the colon, dental swelling , colon spasm, removal of the prostate gland, fixation of the (vagus) spleen, pain in the rectal area, fixation of the rectum; softening: bones, cartilage, brain; plastic surgery on the larynx, expansion of the lungs, tooth trauma, complicated caries.

B. Inflammation: vagina, sigmoid colon, sinus; plastic surgery of the vagina and perineum, rupture of the vagina, excision of the umbilicus, inflammation of the lacrimal sac, expansion of the lacrimal sac, radiography of the fallopian tubes, inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovary, creating an opening in the fallopian tube operatively, expansion of the vagina, bone destruction, an instrument for expanding the rectum, splitting spine.

Prefix in key terms. Establishment of foldable-speed slots.

Clinical prefix. Formation of abbreviated words.

Prefixal word creation is even more typical for men and women of classical subjects. Introduce in the word the meaning behind it, the prefix can be introduced at the point of the localization of pathology, the manifestation, or the stages of the development of any kind of vision from the normal anatomical organism and the physiological process of human change.

As a rule, the prefixes are attracted to the old basics: walnuts - to walnuts, Latin - to Latin ones. Vinyats are popping, but the stench is not frequent.

Bagato s prefixes, how to take part in the approved clinical terms, in the past, in the words of anatomical subjects. However, I will respect those who are in the warehouse of the classical term can absolutely change. So, prefixi hyper-, hypo-, para- that in. in anatomical terms, they get used to the "local" sensation (over-, pid-, close-), that is, as in classical terms, the smell is new, only there and the realizable by them the meaning of a greater or lesser likelihood of similar symptoms NS.

As a rule, prefixes do not stick on the sticks with the basics of good voices, but if there are two voices sticking there: hypertrophia, ectopia, subluxatio and in.

You can correctly identify the prefix in the folding word, especially if you are in the middle of the folding term - it is even more important to know if you need to figure it out.

………………………………………………………………………………………

Prefixed word formation is very typical for clinical nouns and adjectives. By introducing the meaning assigned to it, the prefix can indicate the location of the pathology, the presence or severity of any deviation from the normal anatomical structure or physiological course of processes in the human body.

As a rule, prefixes are attracted to the basics that are native to the language: Greek - to Greek, Latin - to Latin. There are exceptions, but they are infrequent.

You have met many of the prefixes involved in the formation of clinical terms before, in the words of anatomical topics. However, one should pay attention to the fact that their meaning in the composition of a clinical term can completely change. So prefixes hyper-, hypo-, para- and others in anatomical terms are consumed exclusively in the “local” sense (over-, sub-, near-) toga, as in clinical terms they receive a new, only there and realized by them the meaning of greater or lesser severity of the disease phenomenon, similarity in symptomatology, etc. .d.

As a rule, prefixes do not use connecting vowels at the joints with stems, even if two consonants dock there: hypertrophia, ectopia, subluxatio, etc.

Being able to correctly isolate a prefix in a complex word, especially if it is in the middle of a complex term, is a very important skill that you need to master.

Naivazhlivіshі prefіksi walnutski pokazhennya.

Healthy kidneys are located on the right and left sides of the spine at the border of its thoracic and lumbar spine. Normally, they only slightly protrude from under the ribs, and the amplitude of their movement during breathing, coughing and physical exertion does not exceed 1-1.5 cm.The wandering kidney (ren mobilis in Latin) is a pathology in which the anatomical fixation of the main urinary organs is disturbed , and they acquire the ability to move freely in the retroperitoneal space. What are the causes, features of the course, symptoms and treatment of this condition: let's figure it out.

Pathological mobility of the kidneys in medicine is called nephroptosis (in Latin - nephroptosis). So, for example, with the omission of the urinary organ and keeping it in a motionless position, fixed nephroptosis develops. A pathology in which, in addition to moving along the vertical axis, the kidney freely moves from side to side, is called the wandering kidney.

Causes

Due to the anatomical features of the structure of the urinary system, women are more susceptible to disease than men. In about 80% of cases, right-sided nephroptosis develops.

Possible reasons for the formation of a vagus kidney can be:

• too fast weight loss during fasting, adherence to a strict diet, stress;
• genetic diseases, accompanied by a violation of the structure of muscle and connective tissue fibers;
• lifting weights, excessive physical activity;
• back and abdominal injuries;
• frequent pregnancies and childbirth;
• muscle atony in various neurological diseases, in old age;
• rachiocampsis.

An important pathogenetic aspect of the disease is the weakness of the anatomical structures that support the kidneys in a physiological position:

• fatty and connective tissue (fibrous) capsule;
• the renal bed, formed by the lateral lateral, lumbar major and square psoas muscles;
• powerful vascular network;
• the action of intra-abdominal pressure.

Clinical manifestations

The course of nephroptosis is usually chronic. At the initial stages, the mobile kidney does not manifest itself in any way, although pathological movements along the vertical and horizontal axes have already begun. A little later, the following signs of the disease join:

• Pain in the projection of the vagus kidney. It can be localized at the level of the hypochondrium or in the iliac region, often migrates. The nature of the painful sensations is dull, aching.
• Manifestations of an infectious lesion of the renal pelvis, bladder, ureters: burning sensation, cramps during urination, discoloration and odor of urine, the appearance of a cloudy sediment in it, sometimes hematuria.
• Hemodynamic disturbances: sharp jumps in blood pressure, tachycardia.
• Neurological symptoms: regional branch neuralgia, weakness, fatigue, asthenic syndrome phenomena, personality changes (irritability, anxiety, signs of hypochondria), sleep disturbances.
• Digestive disorders: decreased / complete lack of appetite, heaviness in the abdomen, flatulence, instability of the stool.

Depending on how much the mobility of the kidney is increased, three degrees of the disease are distinguished:

1. at the first, the affected organ comes out by a third from under the edge of the costal arch and is easy to palpate;
2. the second degree is characterized by the complete exit of the kidney from under the hypochondrium: it is palpable well if the patient is standing, but returns to its original position in a horizontal position;
3. the exit of the urinary organ from the hypochondrium - it moves freely in the retroperitoneal space.

A wandering kidney is a health hazard. In the absence of timely treatment, it causes bending, twisting and other changes in the supplying vessels and the ureter. These factors cause the development of complications:

• pyeloectasia and hydronephrosis;
• urostasis;
• infectious and inflammatory processes, chronic pyelonephritis;
• chronic renal failure.

Diagnostic and Treatment Principles

It is possible to diagnose the disease at an early stage only on the basis of instrumental methods - ultrasound, excretory urography, renal angiography, scintigraphy. Significant prolapse of the kidney is easily determined by the characteristic clinical picture and objective research data.

There are several ways to treat the disease. The etiological method - operative fixation of the vagus kidney - is carried out at grade 3 of nephroptosis to normalize the functioning of the organ and prevent possible complications. Extensive abdominal surgery is now rarely performed; minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques are preferred.

It is also possible to reduce the increased mobility of the urinary organ by conservative methods. All patients are advised to follow a diet restricting fatty fried foods and heavy protein foods, an adequate dietary regimen, and exercise therapy. The vagus kidney is fixed using an individually fitted corset or bandage.

Symptomatic therapy includes the appointment:

• antibiotics (with infection);
• diuretic drugs;
• plant uroseptics;
• anti-inflammatory drugs;
• antispasmodics;
• analgesics.

Nephroptosis is a disease with scant clinical symptoms that can lead to serious consequences. Timely diagnosis and reliable fixation of the vagus kidney will preserve normal urodynamics and avoid the development of complications.