Minerals daily need and role in the body. Minerals

Various minerals, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium - they all have the most important effects on humans. It is very important to ensure timely receipt of the necessary compounds in the body for its stable renewal and restoration of all systems.

Characteristics of the substance

It is one of the most important chemical elements for human health and well-being. Phosphates - compounds with it - are widely represented in food products. This element is often found in nature.

Analysis of the average diet of any person shows that it contains a dose of a component that is 7-10 times higher than the required limit for an adult.

Effect on the body

Phosphorus is a mineral substance. The daily dose (phosphorus is meant) stabilizes the condition of bones, teeth, hair and nails. These parts of the body contain about 85% of the element in relation to the whole body.

Various phosphorus compounds are also involved in the most diverse chemical reactions in the human body and are responsible for the production of energy, the breakdown of protein, carbohydrates and fatty acids, as well as contribute to protein synthesis.

Importance to the body

Phosphorus is a mineral substance, the daily dose of which plays a role in almost all processes of the body.

The main role of this component belongs to the spheres of metabolism, energy production, maintenance of the functions of the nervous system. That is why an essential part of the human diet is the amount of phosphorus, if it is sufficient, helps restore and renew muscles, liver, kidneys, bones. Also formed enzymes and hormonal compounds, composed of B-group vitamins. These substances are also included in the formula of nucleic acids, which are responsible for heredity, as well as ATP - adenosine triphosphate, which provides energy for vital processes. Lack of these elements in the daily dose can lead to serious violations.

The total daily dose of phosphate in the adult diet is 1.2 g. An increased dose (1.5-1.8) is required during lactation and pregnancy, as well as during the course of tuberculosis, diseases of the nervous nature, fractures and various bone diseases.

Phosphorus intake

It is necessary to monitor the sources of phosphorus and to eat these products in a timely manner. The daily dose of minerals should be as close to normal as possible.

Most phosphates come from grains and legumes, but the latter option refers to poorly digestible phytin. Animal products leave about 70% of the initial phosphorus content in the body, while plant-based foods with fiber provide about 40%.

For the best effect, it is necessary to soak the cereals - this contributes to the increased conservation of phosphorus.

Mineral matter (including the daily dose of phosphorus) is usually reduced. This happens if the absorption of this component occurs when the calcium concentration is too high and the proteins in the menu are minimal.

Fertilizer value

A great influence on the composition of food products of animal and vegetable origin have phosphorus which are used in agriculture and animal husbandry. Phosphorus in them appears as one of the three main elements that play a fundamental role in the development of living organisms (along with nitrogen and potassium). This element regulates the processes of chemical metabolism, serves as a source of energy, forms the composition of DNA and RNA.

Varieties of fertilizers

The introduction of mineral substances is done in the fall, so that they have time to be absorbed into the ground and after that they can be easily absorbed by plants. In the spring repeat feeding, already with fast-acting compounds. Today, the following types of phosphate fertilizers are used.

• The superphosphates containing monokaltsinirovanny acid and sulfur compounds, magnesium. The water-soluble form contributes to the rapid absorption of elements. The range of use of such an element is quite wide: for any crops, soils, and at any time of the year. Can be used alone or in a mixture.
•   containing phosphorus concentrate - up to 40% of the total mass. Used for autumn dressing and basal zone. It is advisable to reduce all the doses administered twice in order to avoid an overabundance of substances and burning through the root system of plants and trees. In terms of cost, this fertilizer exceeds simple phosphate due to the concentration in the composition of the nutrient fertilizer, but in the end this option turns out to be more profitable due to the smaller amount of use.
• Ammophos, obtained by neutralization with ammonia. The amount of nitrogen is reduced after the reaction, together with phosphorus, it is one of the active elements in the assimilation process. This element is good in feeding cucumbers and melons, it lacks nitrates and chlorine, because of it does not appear allergic reactions, powdery mildew, chlorosis in crops. It is better to use ammophos in autumn or under spring plowing.

Diammophos - ammonium hydrogen phosphate, where the main element is the phosphorus concentrate, which allows to save fertilizer. This element reduces the level of acidity, increases the base in the soil. Allows combination with organic matter - manure, humus, droppings. It is important to dilute the mixture well to avoid stinginess.

•   from organic waste - the product of processing animal farm from animal bones. It contains 60% of phosphates, which allows you to make a real useful compost without the use of chemicals.

Fertilizers with phosphorus compounds are used everywhere: from the ground for potted flowers to extensive cereal fields and melon plantations.

The role of phosphorus in agriculture

Phosphorus is a mineral substance, the daily dose of which plays an important role in providing fruits, berries, crops with useful elements - under their influence, plants bear fruit better, form good seeds and transfer a significant part of useful components in human nutrition. The advantages of phosphates are that they are absorbed by plants in the maximum allowable amounts, even with an excess of the substance in the applied fertilizer.

In agriculture, minerals are actively used. Their role is very high. The lack of phosphates detrimental effect on the chemical composition and condition of plants, their yield. Moreover, the lack of phosphorus in the soil can lead to the extinction of forests, fields and rural areas. Phosphorus regulates the reproductive function of the flora of the entire globe. Without this element, seeds cannot develop, the growth of trees decreases, the earth becomes barren sod.

Regulation in the body

For the prevention of deficiency of elements, the doctor prescribes a special diet, which the patient must strictly adhere to (various mineral salts). Norm (minerals in this case is phosphorus) helps to solve a large number of health problems.

With a lack of blood formation or circulation, diabetes mellitus, uraturia, okasaluriya are prescribed. Acidic food options are recommended in case of urolithiasis, phosphaturia, epilepsy and other indications.

Minerals for the body are very important - they regulate the salt and water metabolism, establish a stable osmotic pressure in the cells of the body and the fluids of the intercellular cavity. And this contributes to the active movement of elements and the acceleration of metabolic processes.

Lack of substances

Mineral substances, food sources of which rarely appear in the human diet, begin to pass into a deficient state. Most often this comes from unbalanced nutrition, when a particular phosphate-poor dish dominates the menu, to the detriment of others. For example, milk and its products are good sources of calcium, which is easily digested, but at the same time milk has a weak effect on blood formation and is poor in magnesium.

In addition to eating disorders, the main causes of phosphorus deficiency in the body are as follows.

1. The specificity of the composition of products produced in a particular region of residence of a person. In certain areas there may be a predominance of certain substances, while others may be present in a very limited composition.
2. The depleted composition of drinking water in the region, which leads to endemic diseases: iodine deficiency, infectious infections.
3. Excessive intake of proteins, fats or carbohydrates also disrupts the normal absorption of mineral compounds in the alimentary tract.
4. Improper heat treatment of products during cooking, when many substances are lost. In this case, it is better to use steamed vegetables, broths, soak products to preserve healthy juices. Approximately 20-30% of useful substances go into the broth, minerals are better retained when using a double boiler and preserving the peel.
5. The absence of a change in diet during the period of the required increase in the dose of certain substances - during pregnancy, feeding, medical procedures, preventive measures. At this point, increased doses of various minerals are needed: phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron.
6. Background of chronic diseases that lead to a deterioration in the absorption of various compounds, the loss of nutrients due to chemotherapy, burns, increased urination, vomiting. Such symptoms can be caused by tuberculosis, infections, digestive disorders, poisoning, endocrine disorders.

What else does a person need besides phosphorus?

Micro- and macronutrients are contained in large doses in certain products and in appropriate proportions. They can be from tens to hundreds of milligrams for every 100 g of tissue or product.

Most often the most necessary substances are: calcium, fluorine, vanadium, selenium, nickel, zinc, iodine, molybdenum, chromium, manganese, magnesium, iron, strontium, copper - there are 14 of them.

What are the benefits for the body?

Phosphorus, vitamins and minerals in the overall combination have a global impact on patient health. The first is the construction of bones. Also, trace elements are actively involved in the regulation of acid-base balance in the digestive tract.

Mostly minerals have an alkaline effect. Alkaline reactions also contribute to meat, fish, fruits, berries. And the acidic environment is created by eggs, milk, chicken, cereals.

Instead of conclusion

Well-established nutrition and timely prevention of deficiency of mineral compounds contribute to the timely disposal of the lack or excess of iodine, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and other minerals.

If salt-free nutrition is necessary according to the regimen in the case of kidney diseases, it leads to a deficiency of sodium and chloride compounds. The clinical picture obtained by the doctor in the course of a comprehensive analysis of blood and other substances from the patient may show the need to strengthen the supply of a chemical substance (eg, phosphorus) for the prevention of disease.

For completeness of the effect, it is necessary to carefully observe all the prescriptions and complete mutual understanding of the doctor with the patient. Regulation of the level of phosphorus and the establishment of chemical balance in the body does not take long in the case of a constructive approach to solving this burning problem.

So, we found out what is the daily dose of phosphorus (mineral matter).

Clark phosphorus 9.3 · 10 -2%. The richest in phosphorus are alkaline, as well as basic and medium rocks.

In the main rocks, it contains 0.14, in the mesic rocks, 0.16, in oxides, 0.07, in sedimentary rocks, 0.077. The phosphorus content can also be judged by the prevalence of its most widely encountered mineral, apatite. The average content of apatite in alkaline rocks is 1.5-2.5%, in basic (gabbro) 1%, and in granites 0.57%. It is even less in ultramafices, including 0.07% in peridotites. Such elements as, uranium, rare earth, fluorine, chlorine are often associated with phosphorus, sometimes, which in some cases can be simultaneously extracted.

The most important industrial minerals of phosphorus are fluorapatite, chlorapatite, hydroxylapagite, carbonate apatite (podolit). To a lesser degree, staffelite, or collophane, is close in composition to carbonatapatite, wavelite, crandallite, millisite, francolite, sintering, vivianite, strengitite and its aluminum-containing difference: barrandite, leucophosphate, rock bridgetite, or frondelite, phosphosiderite.

Cryptocrystalline phosphorus formation of exogenous origin, represented by varieties of apatite with an admixture, glauconite, carbonates, clay and other minerals, called phosphorites. In the main industrial phosphorus mineral, fluorapatite contains P 2 O 5 42.3% and F up to 3.8%. A number of transitional formations between fluorine and chlorapatite, as well as other differences of apatite, are noted. In apatites, there is often an increased amount of strontium, rare elements, sometimes. In phosphate rock the content of uranium is often elevated, in some cases of industrial interest. In addition, glauconite is associated with sedimentary phosphorites in some cases, which can be used as potash fertilizer for other purposes.

Phosphorus is mainly used in the fertilizer industry, i.e., in the production of mineral fertilizers. Methods for the processing of phosphorus ores are different. The simplest method is the grinding of phosphorites after their preliminary enrichment (for example, after washing the nodules of phosphorites from the sandy-clay mass). The resulting phosphate flour is a cheap and relatively long-acting fertilizer.

But plants assimilate it too slowly; therefore, they prefer other fertilizers obtained from more advanced processing, namely, as a result of acid and thermal processing of phosphate and apatite. Pre apatite, and sometimes phosphorite ores are enriched by flotation. The most common sulfuric acid processing. The result is a superphosphate: a mixture of calcium dihydrophosphate with calcium sulfate, which contains P 2 O 5 14-20%. Using phosphoric acid, a double superphosphate with P 2 O 5 of 40-50% is obtained. Many other phosphorus and complex (for example, nitrogen-phosphorus) fertilizers are obtained. An example of the latter is diamofos. For sulfuric acid processing of phosphoric ores, undesirable impurities are sesquioxides and magnesium oxide. When electrothermal processing of ores receive elemental phosphorus, which then goes for the production of concentrated fertilizers.

Phosphorus compounds are used in the production of detergents, phosphoric acids - in the chemical industry, phosphorus halides - in organic synthesis. Organophosphate compounds are used in the manufacture of drugs, as a means of combating pests of agriculture. In addition, a small amount of phosphorus is introduced into the alloys, which causes a slight expansion of the metal during solidification and thereby provides accurate forms during casting.

Phosphorus and its compounds are used in other Industries: in the production of feed, matches, in photography, etc.

The main producers of phosphate raw materials are the USA, the USSR, Morocco, Tunisia, Togo, Senegal, Jordan, Israel, Syria. A large amount of phosphate rock is mined in Western Sahara, in northwest Africa (Egypt), as well as on the islands of the Pacific Ocean, Nauru and Ocean, and about. Christmas Mexico, Australia, Iran, Brazil, Uganda, Peru have large reserves of phosphorus.

And in the earth's crust (for example, in minerals apatite and phosphate), and in the cells of plants and animals. It is also present in the human body. Moreover, its amount is relatively large - from 600 to 900 g, which is about 1% of the total body weight. Therefore, it belongs to the group of macronutrients. But it is usually found not in its pure form, but in the form of various compounds: orthophosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid and their salts.

Functions

Phosphor has for man very importantBecause it performs several very important functions and affects many physiological processes:

Daily need

Typically, the daily need of an adult in a given mineral substance ranges from 800 to 1600 mg. In children, it increases with age from 300 mg in an infant to 1800 mg for a teenager. But with increased physical exertion, pregnancy and lactation, it increases slightly.

But the most important rule isin order to maintain the proportion between calcium and phosphorus intake in the body - 1: 1.2-1.8, i.e. phosphorus should be consumed about one and a half times more.

Deficiency

If this need is not met, then there may be a shortage of this macro. It happens quite rarely, and the reason can be both insufficient intake of it from food, and increased excretion with urine in certain diseases (hyperthyroidism, blood cancer), poisoning with salts of heavy metals or disruption of its metabolism.

Up to a certain limit, the lack of phosphorus is compensated by its entry into the blood from the bones. But after a while it leads to osteoporosis, i.e. bone loss, as a result, it becomes less durable; and impaired calcium metabolism. This condition can manifest itself as general symptoms (weakness, irritability, memory impairment, loss of appetite), and more specific symptoms (pain in bones and joints, diseases of teeth and bones).

Excess

Excessive amounts of phosphorus in the body while simultaneously increasing the calcium content is almost harmless. But a one-sided increase in its concentration in the body leads to the leaching of calcium from the bones and, accordingly, to diseases of the bones and teeth. Also at the same time the work of the cardiovascular and nervous systems of the body is disrupted, and kidney stones can form.

Sources

The main source of phosphorus for humans is the food of the animal (fish, meat, eggs, dairy products) and of plant origin (grains, nuts, etc.). But most easily it is absorbed from dairy products and, somewhat worse, from meat and seafood. But from plant sources to get this element more difficult. For this, for example, it is recommended that cereals and legumes be steeped for some time before cooking. Also contribute to its better assimilation  vitamins, and.

Categories	Amount of Phosphorus, mg	Products
very high content	more than 300 mg	Beef liver, flounder, whitefish, caviar, sprats in oil, dried boletus, cheeses, powdered milk, beans, soy, rye, wheat, barley, oatmeal and barley, rice, cocoa powder, pistachios, almonds, peanuts, walnuts , sunflower seeds and pumpkin, dry yeast
high content	200-299 mg	Beef, lamb, chicken, most fish (tuna, halibut, salmon, cod, river perch, mackerel, sardine, sturgeon, horse mackerel, capelin, pollock, smelt) and canned ones, crabs, squid and shrimp, cottage cheese, buckwheat, millet, peas, rye bread, chocolate
moderate content	100 - 199 mg	Pork, veal, crucian carp, burbot, boiled sausage, chicken egg, mushrooms, corn grits, bread from the 2nd grade flour, raisins
low content	50 - 99 mg	Milk, sour cream, kefir, semolina, pasta, bread made from the highest and 1st grade flour, potatoes, carrots, Brussels sprouts and cauliflower, prunes, dates
very low content	less than 50 mg	Butter, cabbage, beets, cucumbers, tomatoes, green onions, apples, pears, plums, apricots, watermelon, cherries, grapes, strawberries, currants

Different minerals, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus - all these elements have an important impact on the health of the human body. It is quite important to ensure timely receipt of all the required organic compounds in the body for its restoration of systems, as well as a stable update.

The role of minerals in the body

In humans mineral trace elements play a diverse and large roleThese substances are in its structure and perform a huge number of basic functions:

Acid-base balance

Mineral trace elements in the body support acid-base balance. This balance is necessary for the formation of constancy of its internal environment. But dietary habits and the predominance of alkaline or acidic compounds in it can affect the changes in acid-base balance. Mineral alkaline trace elements include  sodium, magnesium, calcium. They are quite a lot in milk and dairy products with the exception of cheese, vegetables, potatoes, berries and fruits. Acid mineral trace elements include chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus. Their large number is in fish, meat, bread, eggs, cereals.

When the pH is less than 7, the medium is acidic, and if more - alkaline. Human blood is alkalineits pH is about 7.5. Acids in the body all the time are produced in the process of constant metabolism. Also, the body receives a large amount of acids from food. To prevent various diseases, they are neutralized by alkaline trace elements.

  Food testing for alkalinity or acidity  carried out in this way. The product is burned, and the remaining ash is analyzed. When ash is alkaline, then the product is alkaline. When the ash is acidic, then the product is naturally acidic. But there are exceptions. For example, sugar with its alkaline ash and certain tropical fruits and vegetables, including tomatoes, shift the body's internal environment to the acid side.

Nutrition is required to form a slightly alkaline environment in the circulatory system, providing a higher energy level for the body, strengthens teeth and bones, provides immunity from flu and colds.

Average mineral demand

For development and conservation normal body activity A person uses mineral trace elements all the time, so their daily replenishment is required. The lack of individual substances or their constant absence can lead to various diseases. Mineral elements enter the body, as a rule, with nutrition, and only a few through the lungs and skin.

  Mineral elements, being absorbed in the stomach, pass into the blood  and transported to places of accumulation or active exchange. Most often, in humans, they are deposited in bones, and are also in dissolved form in the liquid parts of the body. From the body, these trace elements come with feces and urine.

Most often, a person has deficiencies of selenium, zinc, copper, manganese and magnesium. In children during active growth and in women during pregnancy, the body often lacks iron and calcium.

Sources of minerals

For any person source of mineral elements  is food and water consumed. Some trace elements are found everywhere and in significant amounts, and some are less common and in small quantities.

Different products in themselves contain different amounts of mineral elements. So, for example, in fermented milk products there are more than 25 different minerals, among which the most important are iron, calcium, fluorine, manganese, iodine, zinc. Meat products are composed of substances such as titanium, silver, zinc, copper, and seafood - nickel, fluorine, iodine.

Some foods have the ability to selectively concentrate a large amount of certain mineral elements. For example, cereals concentrate a lot of silicon in themselves, algae - iodine, oysters - zinc and copper, and a large amount of cadmium is concentrated in mollusks.

  Is of paramount importance the ratio between different mineral elementsthat enter the body. In some cases, they lower each other’s beneficial qualities. For example, calcium absorption is impaired with an excessive amount of magnesium or phosphorus. To achieve the best effect, it is necessary to observe the proportions of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus as 1: 2: 3, respectively.

Excess and lack of mineral elements

Regardless of high prevalence of mineral elements in nature, disturbances in the body that are associated with a shortage or sometimes with their excessive amount are very common. The most common causes that cause this condition are:

Excessive the amount of certain mineral elements can create a toxic effect, as well as an imbalance of the nervous system as a whole. For example, sodium, acting simultaneously with potassium, is the most important trace element of the hydraulic system: sodium accumulates water in the body, and potassium, on the contrary, gives it water. Shortage of table salt, which consists of two substances: chlorine and sodium, can cause puffiness and lead to an increase in internal pressure.

  Additional consumption of mineral elements is assigned when they are lacking in the body. Determine micronutrient deficiencies  possible with the help of chemical research. There may also be studies not related to chemical composition. Thus, for example, the definition of red blood cells in the blood makes it possible to determine the lack of iron, a visual inspection of the neck makes it possible to determine the lack of iodine, and bone densitometry - a shortage of calcium in the body. Treatment with mineral elements occurs only on the basis of a diagnosis (for example, iron deficiency anemia during iron deficiency or hypomagnesaemia with a low amount of magnesium in the blood).

Forms of the existence of mineral elements

In the human body mineral elements  I can exist in several forms:

The value of phosphorus in humans

Phosphorus is an element that is actively involved in many exchange processes. It is necessary to consume this substance and the elderly, and young children.

Phosphorus takes part in the development of the skeletal system. In the body of children calcium with phosphorus is responsible for the proper formation of the teeth and bone system. The use of these substances prevents the occurrence of osteochondrosis, makes bones strong, because the consumption of phosphorus is necessary at any age. Also this substance takes part in the exchange processes. With it, energy is released from food. Due to this, a person can maintain his figure in perfect shape. In addition, further element takes part in the assimilation of certain vitamins.

For the normal functioning of the heart and kidneys in the body must be the necessary amount of phosphorus. In newborns, this mineral substance also takes part in the development of the nervous system.

everyday a person must consume from 1300 to 1600 mg of phosphorus. Mineral substance, the daily dose, which is required for the good functioning of the heart and kidneys, the normal course of metabolic processes should ideally be at least 2000 mg.

Phosphorus characteristic

it one of the main chemical trace elements for good health and human health. Phosphates - compounds with it - are found in large quantities in food products. High phosphorus content is in:

These foods are rich in other vitamins, substances that must be consumed daily.

The importance of phosphorus for the body

Phosphorus plays a role in almost every process in the body  person The main role of this trace element belongs to the areas of maintaining the functions of the nervous system, energy production, and metabolism. That is why an essential part of the diet of each person are minerals.

Summing up it is necessary to say that enough phosphorus  allows you to update and restore muscles, bones, kidneys, liver. Also formulated are B-group vitamins, hormonal compounds and enzymes are formed. In this case, these substances are in the formula of nucleic acids responsible for heredity, and ATP - adenosine triphosphate, which provides energy for vital processes. The lack of these trace elements in the daily dose leads to serious violations.

Phosphorus is one of the most biologically important elements. It is part of a large number of various organic compounds involved in the construction of living structures of the body and the implementation of the most important metabolic processes.

An essential role in the processes of vital activity belongs to inorganic phosphate - the phosphoric acid residue - and its salts. Inorganic phosphate along with calcium is part of the main mineral component of bone tissue - oxyapatite. Phospholipids, which are the building blocks of cell membranes, perform a similar function.

Being a part of nucleotides and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), phosphate takes part in the processes of coding, storage and use of genetic information, synthesis of nucleic acids, proteins, growth and cell division.

No less important is the role of organic phosphorus compounds in the energy supply of vital processes. So, in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate in the body, energy is accumulated and used.

The value of phosphorus in the energy metabolism is caused not only by the central role of ATP, but also by the fact that all transformations of glucose in the body occur with its participation.

With the participation of the phosphoric acid residue, the vitamins begin to function.

Special mention should be made of the role of cyclic adenosine-monophosphoric acid (CAMP) - the central link of the hormonal regulation system, a substance that transmits the regulatory actions of a number of hormones to cells.

The multilateral functions of phosphorus compounds predetermine their important role for such leading physiological processes as conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction. Phosphorus compounds are involved in the formation of myelin, which forms the insulating sheath of nerve fibers.

Inorganic phosphate also plays a significant role in maintaining acid-base balance. A necessary condition for the absorption of phosphorus from organic compounds is their breakdown of intestinal alkaline phosphatase - an enzyme produced in the intestine.

The absence in the human intestine of phytase (an enzyme that processes phytin) makes it impossible for the absorption of phosphorus of phytic (inositol phosphoric) acid, in the form of which a significant part of the phosphorus of plant products is found. Processing phytin yeast containing phytase, for example in the process of baking bread, promotes the absorption of phosphorus.

The efficiency of phosphorus absorption depends on the ratio of calcium and phosphorus. The optimum ratio for the suction of both elements is 1: 1.

Maintenance of phosphorus in the body and the regulation of its metabolism is carried out with the participation of vitamin D and the parathyroid hormone.

How much phosphorus do we need?

The exact human need for phosphorus has not been established. The current norm for adults in Russia is 1200– 1600 mg.

Most foods are rich in phosphorus, and a regular diet easily supplies up to 1500 mg of phosphorus per day. In this regard, the lack of phosphorus, due to its lack of food, almost never occurs. A more serious problem is the prevention of excessive phosphorus in the body. In this regard, it is important to ensure the optimal ratio of calcium and phosphorus in the human diet. In real conditions, achieving this goal is difficult, because in a ratio close to optimal, calcium and phosphorus are found only in milk and dairy products, as well as in some vegetables, berries and fruits. In all other products, this ratio is strongly shifted towards excess phosphorus. So, in bread and in potatoes the phosphorus content is 5 times higher than the calcium level, and in fish and meat - by 10 and even 20 (!) Times.

In this regard, in the diet of modern man, especially with the predominance of meat products and bread, the ratio of calcium and phosphorus can be very different from the optimal in the direction of excessive consumption of phosphorus. This unfavorable ratio shifts further towards the excess of phosphorus due to the extensive use of phosphate-containing food additives, in particular polyphosphates, added to sausages as a water-holding agent.

About the adverse effects of excessive phosphorus intake for humans is evidenced by a number of observations, in particular, data on lower bone density in people who consume phosphate-rich meat food compared to vegetarians, the ratio of calcium and phosphorus in their diet is close to optimal. Thus, excessive consumption of phosphorus leads to osteoporosis - a dilution of bone tissue.

Experiments conducted on laboratory rats have shown that with vitamin D deficiency even a moderate excess of phosphorus in the diet increases such manifestations of vitamin deficiency as growth retardation, increased deposition of calcium salts in tissues and organs, including in the placenta during pregnancy, may lead to deterioration of the blood supply to the fetus.

Since the reduction of phosphorus in the diet through the selection of natural products is almost unattainable, expectant mothers are encouraged to use specialized dietary products with low phosphorus and high calcium based on milk and dairy products, flour and cereals products, as well as the corresponding protein products.