The skin is the respiratory organ. Deep breathing Why do we sneeze with our eyes closed

Date: 20.06.2020

The Russian Foundation for Advanced Study has begun testing liquid breathing technology for divers on dogs.

Vitaly Davydov, Deputy Director General of the Fund, spoke about this. According to him, field tests are already underway.

In one of his laboratories, work is underway on liquid breathing. While experiments are being carried out on dogs. With us, the red dachshund was immersed in a large flask of water, face down. It would seem, why scoff at the animal, now it will choke. But no. She sat under water for 15 minutes. And the record is 30 minutes. It's incredible. It turns out that the dog's lungs were filled with a liquid saturated with oxygen, which enabled him to breathe underwater. When they pulled her out, she was a little sluggish - they say, due to hypothermia (and I think who would like to hang out under water in a jar in front of everyone's eyes), but after a few minutes she became quite herself. Soon the experiments will be carried out on people, - says the journalist of "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" Igor Chernyak, who witnessed the unusual tests.

All this looked like a fantastic plot of the famous film "The Abyss", where a person could descend to a great depth in a spacesuit, whose helmet was filled with liquid. The submariner breathed with it. Now this is no longer a fantasy.

Liquid breathing technology involves filling the lungs with a special liquid saturated with oxygen, which enters the bloodstream. The Advanced Research Fund approved the implementation of a unique project; the work is being carried out by the Research Institute of Occupational Medicine. It is planned to create a special spacesuit that will be useful not only for submariners, but also for pilots and astronauts.

As Vitaly Davydov told the TASS correspondent, a special capsule was created for the dogs, which was immersed in a hydrochamber with high pressure. At the moment, dogs can breathe without health consequences for more than half an hour at a depth of 500 meters. "All test dogs survived and feel well after prolonged liquid breathing," the deputy head of the FPI assured.

Few people know that experiments on liquid breathing in humans have already been carried out in our country. They gave amazing results. The aquanauts breathed liquid at a depth of half a kilometer or more. But the people never found out about their heroes.

In the 1980s, the USSR developed and began to implement a serious program to rescue people at depth.

Special rescue submarines were designed and even commissioned. The possibilities of human adaptation to depths of hundreds of meters were studied. Moreover, the aquanaut should have been at such a depth not in a heavy diving suit, but in a light insulated diving suit with scuba diving behind his back, his movements were not constrained by anything.

Since the human body consists almost entirely of water, then the terrible pressure at depth in itself is not dangerous for it. The body just needs to be prepared for it by increasing the pressure in the pressure chamber to the required value. The main problem is different. How to breathe at a pressure of tens of atmospheres? Clean air becomes a poison for the body. It must be diluted in specially prepared gas mixtures, usually nitrogen-helium-oxygen.

Their formulation - the proportions of different gases - is the biggest secret in all countries where similar research is going on. But at very great depths, helium mixtures do not help either. The lungs must be filled with fluid so that they do not burst. What is a liquid that, once in the lungs, does not lead to suffocation, but transfers oxygen through the alveoli to the body - a secret from secrets.

That is why all work with aquanauts in the USSR, and then in Russia was carried out under the heading "top secret".

Nevertheless, there is quite reliable information that in the late 1980s there was a deep-water aqua station in the Black Sea, in which test submariners lived and worked. They went out to sea, dressed only in wetsuits, with scuba diving on their backs, and worked at depths from 300 to 500 meters. A special gas mixture was supplied to their lungs under pressure.

It was assumed that if the submarine is in distress and lay down on the bottom, then a rescue submarine will be sent to it. Aquanauts will be prepared in advance for work at the appropriate depth.

The hardest thing is to be able to withstand the filling of the lungs with liquid and just not die of fear.

And when the rescue submarine approaches the scene of the disaster, divers in light equipment will go out into the ocean, examine the emergency boat and help evacuate the crew using special deep-sea vehicles.

It was not possible to finish those works due to the collapse of the USSR. However, those who worked at depth, nevertheless managed to award the stars of the Heroes of the Soviet Union.

Probably, even more interesting research was continued in our time near St. Petersburg on the basis of one of the research institutes of the Navy.

There, too, experiments were carried out on gas mixtures for deep-sea research. But, most importantly, perhaps for the first time in the world, people there learned to breathe liquid.

By its uniqueness, those works were much more complex than, let's say, preparing astronauts for flights to the moon. The testers were subjected to enormous physical and psychological stress.

At first, the body of aquanauts in an air pressure chamber was adapted to a depth of several hundred meters. They then moved to a chamber filled with liquid, where the immersion continued to depths of, it is said, almost a kilometer.

The hardest thing, according to those who did have a chance to communicate with the aquanauts, according to them, was to withstand the filling of the lungs with liquid and just not die of fear. This does not mean cowardice. The fear of choking is a natural reaction of the body. Anything could have happened. Spasm of the lungs or cerebral vessels, even a heart attack.

When a person understood that the fluid in the lungs does not bring death, but gives life at a great depth, there were very special, truly fantastic sensations. But only those who have experienced such a dive know about them.

Alas, the work, stunning in its importance, was stopped for an elementary reason - due to a lack of finance. The Aquanaut Heroes were given the title of Heroes of Russia and retired. The names of the submariners are classified to this day.

Although they should have been honored as the first cosmonauts, because they paved the way into the deep hydrocosm of the Earth.

Now experiments on liquid breathing have been resumed; they are being carried out on dogs, mainly dachshunds. They also experience stress.

But researchers feel sorry for them. As a rule, after underwater experiments, they are taken to live at their home, where they are fed yummy food, surrounded by affection and care.

It is widely believed that the skin breathes. A friend of mine, a highly qualified dermatologist, talked about provoking students with the question of skin breathing. Most of the students said that the skin, of course, breathes, they recalled Tolstoy's story about how the boy was painted with gold paint, put in a showcase and he died from the fact that his skin did not breathe. "What is the respiratory organ of the skin?" - my friend was interested. “Pores,” came the answer. When the structure of the pore was disassembled, it turned out that it could not breathe in any way: the sebaceous glands have one and very specific function - to secrete sebum to lubricate the skin surface. The same applies to the sweat glands - they cannot breathe in any way. In general, gas exchange through the skin is biophysically simply impossible. Oxygen diffuses through the skin along a concentration gradient with an activity no greater than through a leather coat.

My friend in this way attracted the attention of students to the subject under study for a long time. I was also impressed by this story - in the question of skin breathing, I was not far from those students. But I didn’t calm down. I wondered why people so persistently think that their skin breathes? To tell the truth, I can explain the illusion of “breathing” or “breathing difficulties” of the skin rather prosaically: it is important for the skin to be able to freely evaporate water (sweat) if necessary, and if this is not possible, then a person has the feeling that his skin “ suffocates. "

I confess that this explanation disappointed me a little, because I like the other answer better: the skin breathes, but not oxygen. She breathes “psychoid” (Jung mentioned the presence of such a substance), she breathes “fluids” (Mesmer), “orgone” (Reich), currents spilled in space. Space is the Semantic Universe, as V.V. Nalimov *.

As in fish, the organ of hearing is the dorsal line, so in humans, acupuncture points serve as the organ of perception of "extrasensory" information.

Artificial respiration (artificial lung ventilation, mechanical ventilation) are measures aimed at maintaining the circulation of air through the human lungs. This is the only method of treating conditions in which patients have no spontaneous breathing, or does not provide sufficient blood oxygen saturation.

What to do if breathing stops?

Lay the victim on his back on a firm surface, unfasten the clothing that is restricting the chest and ensure full airway.
If there is content in the mouth or pharynx, remove it with your finger or tissue.
Kneel next to the victim to the left of him, check if he is breathing and feel the pulse. If there is no pulse or breathing, call an ambulance and immediately start artificial respiration and heart massage (cardiopulmonary resuscitation).
Place a roller about 15-20 cm thick under the shoulders (not under the head or under the neck!) (For example, you can tightly fold a thick jacket) so that the victim's head is thrown back strongly and the mouth opens.
It should be remembered that excessive abduction of the head can lead to narrowing of the airways.
For a more complete opening of the airways, it is necessary to push the lower jaw forward, lifting the chin up to prevent the tongue from falling back.
If you suspect a spine or head injury, start resuscitation without changing the position of the body and head.
Mouth-to-mouth breathing creates significant hygienic inconveniences, which can be avoided by putting any loose, clean cloth, handkerchief, or napkin on the victim's mouth.
Take a deep breath and cover the victim's mouth with your mouth as tightly as possible. In this case, with the hand located at the victim's forehead, it is necessary to clamp the wings of his nose with your fingers. Make two full breaths. Each exhalation should last 1-2 seconds. After each exhalation, release the victim's mouth and remove your fingers from his nose to allow air to escape. Watch your chest and air movement. The number of breaths per minute should be 12-15. Inhalation should be carried out quickly and abruptly (less abruptly in children) so that the duration of inspiration is 2 times less than the expiration time.
After the first exhalation, check the pulse and press sharply on the chest 5 times.
Check pulse and breathing in a minute. If pulse and respiration are still not restored, artificial respiration and cardiac massage should be continued at a ratio of 2:30.
Care must be taken that the inhaled air does not lead to excessive distension of the stomach. To avoid this, it is necessary to periodically empty the victim's stomach from air by pressing on the epigastric (epigastric) region.
When breathing is carried out by the mouth-to-nose method, air is blown through the nose. In this case, the victim's mouth should be covered with a hand, on which the jaw is simultaneously shifted upward to prevent tongue sinking.
Do not stop resuscitation before the arrival of an ambulance. In case of restoration of blood circulation and breathing, stop resuscitation and check the pulse and breathing every 1-2 minutes.
You cannot leave the victim alone.
The child needs to do artificial respiration, covering his mouth and nose with his lips.
To do heart massage for a kid with two fingers, for a schoolchild - with one hand.
When resuscitation is carried out by two people, the massager squeezes the chest 5 times with a frequency of about 1 time per 1 second, after which the second assisting person makes one vigorous and rapid exhalation from the mouth into the mouth or nose of the victim. 12 such cycles are carried out in 1 minute. If resuscitation is performed by one person, then the resuscitator is forced to perform an indirect heart massage at a more frequent rhythm - approximately 15 cardiac contractions in 12 seconds, then 2 energetic blows of air into the lungs are carried out in 3 seconds; 4 such cycles are performed in 1 minute, and as a result - 60 heart contractions and 8 breaths.

Don't lose it. Subscribe and receive a link to the article in your mail.

"If you can breathe slowly, your mind will calm down and regain vitality."Satyananda Swami Saraswati (founder of the International Yoga Society Movement).

People have long thought about the question: "How to breathe correctly?" Just imagine: the first mention of correct breathing dates back to the 6th century BC. An ancient Chinese proverb says: "One who knows the art of breathing can walk on the sand without leaving a trace."

Otto Heinrich Warburg (German biochemist, one of the outstanding scientists of the 20th century in the field of cytology) revealed in 1931 a sad pattern: a lack of oxygen is a direct and sure path to the formation of cancer.

So if you care about your health?

If you want to comprehend something new, effective and useful? - then, this article is especially for you! Read, analyze, put knowledge into action, work - live in joy.

And first, let's figure out what types of breathing exist and, most importantly, what is their effect on us:

Clavicular(If you are hunched over, your shoulders are raised, your stomach is compressed, this means that you are very much depriving yourself of oxygen). Get better!
Chest breathing(In this case, the chest expands due to the work of the intercostal muscles, which contributes to the saturation of the body with oxygen. This method is more physiological during pregnancy).
Deep breathing involving the muscles of the diaphragm(With such breathing, air is mainly filled in the lower parts of the lungs, this is how men and athletes breathe most often. The most convenient way is during physical exertion).

Breathing is the mirror of mental health. Psychiatrist Alexander Lowen has long studied emotional blockages (neurotic and schizoid disorders of people) that prevent proper breathing. He found a striking clear relationship between the character and the type of his emotional disorder. And as it turned out later, schizoid personalities are inclined to breathing in the upper chest. And people of the neurotic type use shallow diaphragmatic breathing.

Dr. Lowen came to the conclusion that by restoring the correct way of breathing, people are able to find a normal life.

Dangers of "wrong" breathing

If we breathe incorrectly, then less oxygen enters our lungs, which means less oxygen enters the cells of the body. Did you know that the condition of the skin and hair directly depends on the work of the lungs? So, if gas exchange in the lungs is disturbed, a number of functions are transferred to the skin, and this leads to the appearance of wrinkles and other troubles. Fearfully??? Then by all means correct your breathing.

Correct breathing training

Start your workout by assessing your breathing habits: just breathe and watch you do it.

Ask yourself: "How do I breathe - through my nose or through my mouth?" Breathing through the nose has physiological significance:

The mucous membrane of the nose warms
Filters
Moisturizes inhaled air

This does not happen when a person breathes through their mouth.

So, the first important rule of proper breathing is breathe through the nose.

Now, take an interest: "Do I breathe in the same rhythm or not?" Have you experienced rapid breathing? What is your breathing rate at the moment? Count the number of breaths per minute (the normal rate is 16 to 20 per minute).

Ask yourself a question: "Are there any extraneous sounds when breathing?" What happens when you breathe in? What is when you exhale? With proper breathing:

It should not be noticeable how the chest rises and falls.
And the wall of the abdomen should rise with each inhalation and retract during exhalation.

Breathe right means to breathe like child — breathe in the lower abdomen(abdominal breathing).

By changing the rhythm, pace and depth of breathing, you affect chemical reactions and metabolic processes in the body, your appearance, your thoughts, mood and attitude to the world.

It is quite difficult to quickly readjust to the correct breathing, but still, if you wish, you can. Constant training is important here.

So, when training breathing, it is necessary:

1. Breathe with minimal air consumption.

2. Inhale as slowly as possible (draw in air).

3. Exhale - as freely as possible (release the air).

4. There should be no pauses after exhalation.

5. Never inhale or exhale as deeply as possible.

6. Breathing should always be accompanied by a slight noise.

Breath of yogis

The concepts of "breathing" and "yoga" are inextricably linked.

Yogis have been practicing effective breathing for several millennia, they have developed a unique technique that works incredible wonders:

Cures insomnia
Mental disorders
Diseases of the heart and intestines
Relieve headache.

General principles of correct breathing in yoga

Before you start practicing correct breathing, remember some of its features:

With full breathing, all areas of the lungs should be involved - the top, subclavian and sub-shoulder parts.
The middle is under the ribcage.
The bottom is the supra-diaphragm part.

And, what is very important: the internal state should be balanced and positive, no irritability!

Get into a comfortable position: sit or lie down
Pull in your stomach, pushing all the air out of the bottom of your lungs, and relax it again.
Then exhale slowly and deeply through the nose - this inhalation will fill the bottom of the lungs. In this case, the stomach should rise.
Following the bottom, inflate the middle, during which the ribcage will expand. And the last one is the upper one, under the collarbones.
After filling your lungs, hold your breath.
Then slowly exhale all the air in the reverse order. First of all, release the upper part of the lungs, then the middle and lower ones.
Pull in your stomach to realize that all the air has come out.
Hold your breath again.

Now let's talk about meditation.

Word " Meditation"In Sanskrit sounds like dhyana, which is translated as" concentration. " In China this word was transformed into "Ch'an", and in Japan - "Zen".

Meditation- philosophy, and whoever comprehends it, begins to gradually realize the essence of life, his purpose in it, and also see the true meaning behind being.

For meditation at home, you will need a separate space - it must be absolutely clean, used only for meditation. It is helpful if you take a bath or shower before starting your meditation. Purity of the body is important for the purification of consciousness.

Bird dance

This is an amazing exercise that allows you to plunge into the world of childhood, throw off the shackles of reality, and become freer. The birthplace of dance is the Baikal region, it was there that he was born during one of the trainings.

It is best to perform it with music:

close your eyes
Relax
Breathe slowly, consistently, and deeply.

Imagine a bird flying. How did you feel watching him? Did you want to soar up and dissolve into the sky?

Immerse yourself completely in an exciting sensation, let go of conventions, allow yourself to be a bird - light, free, soaring.

Correct breathing exercises

Exercise # 1.

Stand up straight
Bring one leg forward
Imagine holding a balloon in your hands
Begin to toss it lightly, accompanying each throw with a sound.

Use only vowels first:

U - O - A - E - I - S.

And then start adding consonants to the beginning of the syllable:

BU - BO - BA - BE - BI - W;
VU - VO - VA - VE - VI - YOU;
As you drop the ball, repeat everything from the beginning.

Exercise 2

Exercise for training the diaphragm.

You need text, absolutely any text, but poetry is best. It is important to be able to pronounce words without closing your mouth. That's all!
Friends, and also never forget to monitor your posture and stop snacking on foods high in carbohydrates (they cause fluctuations in blood sugar levels, and as a result, breathing quickens).

As you can see, following the rules is not difficult at all, the main thing is to be diligent and focused.

Breathe easily, freely. Breathe correctly!

It is a mistake to think that a person breathes only with the lungs. No, we all have a second respiratory organ - our skin. A person breathes with his whole body. A person breathes not only with his lungs, but also with his skin. Because our skin is nothing more than a second respiratory organ.

Of course, in this respect we are inferior to some other creatures - reptiles, amphibians, many of which have developed skin respiration much better than humans. But still, in humans, the role of the skin in the process of breathing is very, very great. Suffice it to say that the skin removes 700-800 grams of water vapor per day - 2 times more than the lungs! Human skin is not just the outer shell of the body. One can only admire the wisdom of nature, which has created such a perfect material.

The skin has a wide variety of functions.
It protects the body from external influences, acting as a barrier between the body and the external environment.

The skin is a really reliable barrier that protects internal organs from various types of damage. The skin does not allow various causative agents of diseases and infections into our body - and not only because it purely mechanically protects against the penetration of infection into the body, but also because it forms a special acidic environment on its surface in which pathogens die.

The skin helps the kidneys by removing waste from the body along with sweat.

The skin maintains a constant body temperature in summer and winter. It helps us not to overheat in the heat and not get too cold in the cold. This is due to the fact that the skin is permeated through and through with the smallest blood vessels - capillaries. At low air temperatures, the capillaries narrow, blood flow to the skin decreases, and the skin practically ceases to give off heat to the outside - it retains all the heat inside the body. We can freeze on the outside, but inside the body remains warm and active, as always! And if the air temperature is high, then the capillaries expand, blood flow to the skin increases, and the skin begins to give out a lot of heat, thus cooling the entire body.

The skin is an organ of the senses: it allows us to know the world around us with the help of touch.

And finally, an important function of the skin is the function of respiration: through tiny holes - pores - the skin breathes. It absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide - and thus helps the lungs to breathe. Note: it is the skin that is the organ of the human body that first comes into contact with air. The air must still reach the lungs so that oxygen begins to enter the body, and it already enters through the skin, it is enough to be in the air and take off your clothes. By the way, yogis can hold their breath for a long time and breathe very rarely, precisely because they have extremely developed skin breathing, which, with certain training, largely replaces breathing with lungs! But if the body is placed in a poisonous environment where the skin cannot breathe, and the head is left in the fresh air, then pulmonary respiration in this case will not save: the pores will be clogged with poisons, and any living creature, be it an animal or a person, will die in these conditions will not be able to survive.

This is how important it is for the pores of the skin to breathe freely and receive oxygen. That is why the skin is truly the second respiratory organ, without which we cannot live as well as without the lungs.

The skin requires free breathing, as our entire body requires it. That is why on a warm day we so want to take off our clothes. The skin wants to breathe, the skin cannot live without! After all, if the skin is deprived of the ability to breathe, it does not receive the required amount of oxygen, and therefore vital energy. If you keep a person dressed in airtight clothing, and even in a stuffy room, but allow him to breathe oxygen at the same time, he will still not feel healthy and strong. Pulmonary breathing alone is not enough to supply the required amount of prana to the body! This requires the supply of oxygen and vitality through the skin.

It was not by chance that nature created us naked - she did not assume that we would dress in tight clothes, lock ourselves in stuffy rooms and forget how important skin respiration is. Modern man has weaned his skin to breathe. And the skin has largely lost this important function: it really almost forgot how to breathe! A person whose skin respiration is very weak is at risk of his health. First, he deprives himself of a large amount of vitality, and therefore feels eternally weak and tired. Secondly, studies have shown that a lack of oxygen in skin cells creates the prerequisites for the development of cancer cells.

Skin that has impaired respiratory function and looks unhealthy on the outside.

Pale, flabby skin, with bruises and bags under the eyes, devoid of elasticity, having an unhealthy earthy gray color, riddled with red streaks - these are signs of many deviations from nature, including disorders of skin respiration. When the skin breathes, life force moves in it. Vitality carries not only health, but also youth! The skin that breathes looks young, elastic, beautiful, wrinkles are smoothed on it, the complexion becomes vibrant and fresh. Therefore, I believe that exposing the body in the fresh air is not only a hardening procedure, but an effective method for the prevention and treatment of many diseases.

But for the treatment with nudity to help, you must first restore the lost function of skin respiration, help the skin start breathing again. What is needed for this? Of course, it is necessary that the movement of energy begins in the skin so that there is no congestion. How to get the energy in the skin to start moving if the skin is lifeless, if its pores are clogged, if it is poorly supplied with blood? First, you need to try to return the skin to its normal state - to cleanse, open the pores, make the skin capillaries work normally.

The skin breathes through the pores - it is. But every cell of the body, including skin cells, also breathes from the inside - with the help of capillaries, which supply oxygen to the cells with blood. A healthy organism is an organism in which there is a balance of such external and internal breathing. If the respiratory system works well, if the lungs are normally supplied with oxygen, if they supply oxygen to all tissues of the body to every cell, if oxygen is carried by capillaries to the very surface of the skin, to every millimeter of this surface, if the skin inhales oxygen every time and this oxygen arriving through the pores, it meets oxygen delivered to each cell by capillaries - then we can say that the body is truly alive, healthy, it breathes with every cell, there is not the slightest area where oxygen does not enter, where it would be observed stagnation of energy. Such a person is strong, cheerful, active, pure, like a mountain river. If the process of such double breathing - inside and out - is disturbed, if both breaths do not meet in the cells of our skin, then a person gradually becomes not like a pure mountain river, but like a stagnant swamp, where putrefactive processes will begin sooner or later.

To restore the skin to its true respiratory function means to revitalize its capillaries, on the one hand, and to open, make its pores breathe, on the other hand. Exercise for the capillaries will help to cope with the first task. But there are also other methods, which have been proven for centuries, that allow us to solve two problems at once - to improve the blood supply to the skin and to cleanse it, to prepare it to improve its supply with external oxygen.