What painkillers are used in dentistry. Local anesthetics in dentistry: composition, classification

Date: 20.06.2020

In dentistry, both therapeutic and surgical, different types and techniques of anesthesia are used, for example, conduction, infiltration, intracanal, intraosseous, intraligamentary (intraligamentous), tuberal and others. Their differences lie in the place of application and in some features of their impact. As a rule, modern dental clinics in Moscow use carpool anesthesia. This means that the anesthetic is supplied in disposable cartridges - a kind of cartridges with anesthetic solution, which are inserted into syringes with disposable screw-on needles. Due to this, the carpules remain sterile, since the dentist does not have to open them, due to which the contact of the medicine with air is excluded.

Conduction anesthesia

Conduction anesthesia is aimed at blocking the nerve through which the pain signal is transmitted. Thus, it turns out to “turn off” a significant part of the jaw associated with the nerve that has been exposed to the drug for a sufficiently long time - from an hour to an hour and a half. As a rule, conduction anesthesia is prescribed if extensive intervention is needed on several molars and adjacent soft tissues. With the conduction method, the introduction of the anesthetic occurs in the immediate vicinity of the nerve, and this place is very important to calculate correctly, since if it is too far from the nerve, pain relief may not occur, and if it gets into the nerve itself, a complication such as neuropathy may develop. . According to statistics, neuropathy occurs in 1% of cases and most often completely recedes within a year. By the way, when conducting conduction anesthesia in dentistry under ultrasound control, its safety and effectiveness are significantly increased.

Application anesthesia in dentistry and preparations

Infiltration or application anesthesia in dentistry is carried out by impregnating soft tissues with an anesthetic solution, as a result of which the nerve endings located in the treated area are blocked. With application anesthesia, the anesthetic is applied without the use of a syringe. A small amount of the agent is applied with a cotton swab or fingers, which subsequently penetrates inward, by about 3 mm, and the selected area is anesthetized. In dentistry, it is used to perform simple and quick operations associated with anesthesia of the oral mucosa, as it acts, on average, from 10 to (in rare cases) 25 minutes. Often it is preceded by a subsequent injection anesthesia, especially if the patient is a child or is afraid of injections. There are also preparations for topical anesthesia in the form of aerosols. In dentistry, they are not widely used due to the difficulties in calculating the dosage, as well as easy penetration into the respiratory tract and bloodstream, which increases the risk of complications.

Infiltration anesthesia

This is one of the most common methods of anesthesia in modern dentistry. There are two types of infiltration anesthesia: direct and indirect. Direct anesthesia is injected directly under the mucous membrane near the teeth that require treatment, and acts at the injection site. Indirect extends to the surrounding tissues and captures a larger area, while its prevalence depends on the type of surrounding tissues. For example, in the upper jaw the alveolar process is more porous, while in the lower jaw it is more dense, which means that the effect of infiltration anesthesia on the upper jaw will be more effective.

Intraligamentary anesthesia

Intraligamentary anesthesia is also called intraligamentous and intraperiodontal. Its difference is in a higher pressure with the introduction of an anesthetic, which ensures uniform spreading of a small amount of the drug in the periodontal space, as well as its penetration into the intraosseous space. Drugs should be administered very slowly. When using this type of anesthesia, much less drug is required than with the introduction of conventional infiltration, it occurs within 15-45 seconds and lasts 20-30 minutes. For intraligamentary anesthesia, special syringes are often used, allowing you to effortlessly inject the drug at the right pressure and thus achieve the best result.

Intraosseous anesthesia

Intraosseous anesthesia in dentistry is chosen when infiltration or conduction anesthesia is ineffective. It is usually performed in the area of the lower molars and is indicated for treatment, extraction of teeth and operations on the alveolar process. However, it is rarely used because of the complex technique of execution: it is necessary to cut the mucous membrane, then with a special bur with a diameter equal to the size of the syringe needle, make a hole in the bone in order to direct the syringe directly to the spongy substance. The drug should be administered slowly, under high pressure.

Among the advantages of this type of anesthesia is significant efficiency, a small amount of even a weak anesthetic is enough. Among the minuses is the complexity of implementation, as well as serious risks of complications if the drug enters the bloodstream, which is likely in case of accidental damage to the vessel.

Intracanal anesthesia

The intracanal method of anesthesia speaks for itself. Usually, intracanal anesthesia in dentistry is carried out in this way: using a drill, a hole is made in the tooth corresponding to the diameter of the needle, and the drug is injected directly into the pulp or deeper into the canal. Sometimes the carious cavity itself is used for this. If we are talking about intraligamentary technique, then we mean the introduction of a local anesthetic solution into the space at the root of the tooth (periodontal), and the tuberal technique means the introduction of a substance into the posterior alveolar branches of the upper jaw.

Tuberal anesthesia

Tuberal anesthesia is named so in connection with the injection site - the tubercles of the upper jaw, which in Latin are called tuber. Here are the posterior alveolar nerves that innervate the area of the alveolar crest from the third to the first molar. This type of anesthesia is the most dangerous in terms of possible complications due to individual differences in the structure of this area and the location of nerves and blood vessels in it. Distinguish intraoral and extraoral method of administration of tuberal anesthesia. It is believed that the intraoral method is more likely to cause injury, while the external method is safer, and it is also easier to ensure adequate antiseptic surface treatment before injection.

Computer anesthesia

Computer anesthesia allows dentists to calculate more accurate doses of the drug, inject it at the desired speed, preselected by the computer, and painlessly guide the syringe needle, which has a special cutting edge. Precisely administered anesthesia can last up to 40 minutes, and the visual and audible signals given by the device allow the doctor to position the needle in the right way, without the risk of tissue damage, injection of anesthetic into the vessel bed, or placing the needle too far from the nerve.

Ultrasonic anesthesia

When conducting anesthesia, it is very important to choose the right injection site, since an error entails serious complications. This is especially true of conduction anesthesia, where the drug should be in close proximity to the nerve, but it cannot be touched with a needle. Ultrasound helps to determine the injection site of the anesthetic. Under the control of an ultrasound machine, it is possible to calculate the location of the needle and its proximity to the nerve to the millimeter, and thereby ensure the most effective and safe anesthesia of the desired area.

General anesthesia in dentistry

In some cases, the patient may require dental treatment under general anesthesia. As a rule, it is resorted to when serious and long-term treatment is needed, for example, the extraction of several teeth at a time or complex jaw surgeries. An indication for the use of general anesthesia in dentistry can also be a serious dental phobia or a disease in which a person cannot adequately contact the doctor, or he may experience unexpected reactions to the actions of the doctor, such as epilepsy.

As an alternative to general anesthesia for mood correction and getting rid of the fear of dental treatment, there is sedation in dentistry. It does not “turn off” the consciousness, but plunges into half-asleep and calms, helps to relax, to perceive what is happening in a positive way. However, sedation is not anesthesia, so it is used in combination with local anesthesia.

When is anesthesia used in pediatric dentistry?

In most adults, the fear of dental treatment has remained since childhood, so today one of the tasks of a pediatric dentist is to prevent the occurrence of dental phobia or get rid of fears that have already formed in a child. General anesthesia is often the only way to solve dental problems in children under three years of age, as well as in babies with developmental disabilities, in particular, with autism, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy or epilepsy.

It is not always necessary to carry out dental treatment in children under anesthesia. A small patient, who came to a kind and open doctor, will allow most of the manipulations to be performed while being conscious. The main condition is that these manipulations must be painless. According to some studies, today the most painful procedure for a child is the anesthetic injection itself. That is why in pediatric dentistry, application anesthesia is used before the injection, the preparations for which have a pleasant taste, which contributes to a good mood in children and their cooperation with the doctor.

In addition, today in dentistry, a device for computer anesthesia is no longer a rarity, which allows you to painlessly inject the medicine and clearly measure its correct dosage.

Modern anesthesia in dentistry: contraindications for use

The main contraindication to anesthesia in dentistry is allergy to its components; side effects should also be taken into account, which are most often associated with the presence of additional substances in the anesthetic solution: vasoconstrictors, preservatives and stabilizers. In particular, it is necessary to carefully choose drugs for patients with cardiovascular diseases, arterial hypertension, decompensated forms of endocrine diseases (diabetes mellitus, thyrotoxicosis, and others). To determine which substances a person has a negative reaction to, the doctor sends him to the Institute of Allergology to perform tests. In accordance with these data, a safe drug for local anesthesia is selected, and in case of a reaction to all groups of anesthetics, general anesthesia is used.

What are the features of anesthesia in dentistry for pregnant women?

It is also important for pregnant women to provide pain-free dental treatment. However, conventional painkillers are not suitable for them, since vasoconstrictors (they are also vasoconstrictors) are usually added to the anesthetic solution in order to keep it in the right place and prolong its action. Vasoconstrictors also reduce the potential for common side effects and reduce bleeding. For example, adrenaline added to a 4% solution of articaine can extend its analgesic effect from three to forty-five minutes.

Only mepivacaine can be used without epinephrine, because, unlike other local anesthetics used in dentistry (articaine, which is considered the best option today, novocaine and lidocaine), it does not have the ability to dilate blood vessels at the injection site, which means it can be recommended for pregnant women, children, and other categories of patients who should not be given adrenaline. These include, for example, those suffering from cardiovascular diseases, arterial hypertension, severe forms of diabetes mellitus, severe thyrotoxicosis.

How much does anesthesia cost in dentistry?

The cost of anesthesia in dentistry varies depending on the level of the clinic and the drug used in your case. On average, the price of infiltration anesthesia in Moscow starts from 300 rubles and reaches 3,000 rubles in VIP-level dentistry, application - from 100 to 1,500 rubles, and conduction - from 300 to 4,000 rubles.

Fear of treatment or extraction of teeth is largely due to the fact that before there were no good quality anesthetic drugs. Today, polyclinics use new generation anesthetics. Painkillers in dentistry completely eliminate pain both during the main actions and at the time of their introduction.

Indications for the use of painkillers in dentistry

Anesthesia is required during the following manipulations:

What painkillers are used in dental treatment?

The best means for local anesthesia are anesthetics of the articaine series.. The main substance is much more effective than Novocaine and Lidocaine.

An important feature of Articaine is the possibility of its use in purulent inflammation, when the effect of other drugs is reduced. In addition to the main component, modern anesthetics contain vasoconstrictors.

Adrenaline or epinephrine constricts blood vessels, preventing the drug from being washed out of the injection site. Pain time is increased.

The drug is an analogue of Ultracaine, their composition is the same. Produced in Germany in two forms depending on the content of epinephrine.

Mepivastezin or Scandonest

Available in two forms, it contains adrenaline, as well as preservatives that can provoke an allergic reaction. The effect after administration of the drug to the patient occurs in 1-3 minutes. Septanest is acceptable for use in children from 4 years of age.

Included in the group of esters of the second generation. It is used less and less, because in terms of effectiveness it copes with pain 4-5 times worse than other drugs. More often, Novocaine is administered during minor dental operations.

What is the pain relief when removing a wisdom tooth?

When removing a wisdom tooth, ester or amide anesthetics may be chosen. The action of the first is fast and short-lived. These include Pyromecaine and Novocaine.

Amides include:

trimekain– injection, anesthetizes for 90 minutes;
lidocaine– valid up to 5 hours;
bupivacaine- anesthetizes better than novocaine by 6 times, but it is 7 times more toxic, it lasts up to 13 hours;
ultracain D-S- the effect is 5 times higher than after the introduction of Novocaine, lasts 75 minutes, can be used by pregnant women;

Names of modern anesthetics without adrenaline

Adrenaline-free pain relievers include:

Articaine hydrochloride. The leader among other anesthetics. Available with epinephrine, without it and with a high content of a vasoconstrictor;
Ubistezin. Patients with an allergic reaction, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, bronchial asthma, heart failure and thyroid disease are prescribed a drug marked "D", without adrenaline;
prilocaine. It is used without vasoconstrictors or with their insignificant content. Pregnant women, patients with pathologies of the heart, lungs, liver, the drug is not prescribed;
Trimecain. It has a calming effect, it is not used so often in dentistry;
Bupivacaine. With pathologies of the heart, liver diseases is not used;
Pyromecaine. It has an antiarrhythmic effect, therefore it is recommended to administer to people with rhythm disturbances.

Pain relief during pregnancy and breastfeeding

The best option for pregnant and lactating mothers is Ultracaine and Ubisiesin carpula in a ratio of 1:200,000. The vasoconstrictor does not affect the fetus because it cannot cross the placenta.

Both carpool anesthetics are safe for breastfeeding children because the components of the drug do not pass into milk. Scandonest and Mepivastezin without epinephrine are also often used by doctors. They are 2 times more toxic than Novocaine and are absorbed into the blood faster.

What drugs are used in pediatric dentistry?

In children, anesthesia takes place in two stages. First of all, the dentist performs application anesthesia, that is, using an aerosol or gel with Lidocaine and Benzocaine, reduces the sensitivity of the mucosa, then injects an anesthetic.

In pediatric dentistry, preparations with Articaine are more often used. It is less toxic and is rapidly eliminated from the body.

According to the instructions, these drugs can be administered to children from the age of 4 years. When removing molars, an injection of Mepivacaine can be given.

Contraindications and side effects of local anesthesia

The dentist is obliged to find out from the patient about possible somatic diseases or an allergic reaction to any drugs before starting treatment.

Contraindications to anesthesia can be:

allergy to the administered drug;
hormonal disorders in thyroid pathologies;
diabetes.

How much does dental anesthesia cost in the clinic?

The cost of anesthesia in dentistry is determined based on the individual prices of clinics, the equipment used and the experience of doctors. The average price for an injection is 800-1200 rubles, the application costs from 100 to 1500, the conductor method - from 250 to 4000.

List of the most powerful medicines for toothache

There are 3 types of painkillers: opiates, analgesics and nonsteroidal drugs. The latter are mainly used in dentistry. They cope well with pain, are not addictive, you can buy them without a doctor's prescription.

There are a lot of medicines for relieving toothache, but 5 of the most effective can be distinguished:

Ketonal. Based on ketoprofen, it is prescribed after tooth extraction, as an anti-inflammatory therapy after implantation and other interventions;
Nurofen. Based on ibuprofen, also used in pediatric dentistry, has virtually no side effects;
Voltaren. Used as anti-inflammatory therapy for TMJ;
nise. Based on nimesulide, relieves swelling and inflammation;
Nolodotak. Based on flupirtine, relieves acute and chronic pain.

Types of anesthesia in dental treatment: what anesthetics and painkillers are used in dentistry?

Many people are afraid to visit the dentist. The doctor's actions are associated with pain and discomfort. Suffering from toothache, patients delay the visit to the dentist until a critical moment and often, not having time to spare, ask the doctor to perform several extensive procedures at once.

Today, dentistry uses several methods of anesthesia for the extraction and treatment of teeth. An experienced specialist knows which drug is better to anesthetize. The patient will not feel pain, and the dentist will be able to perform dental treatment at the proper level.

Anesthesia methods used in dentistry

Anesthesia for tooth extraction and other dental procedures involves a decrease or complete loss of sensation in certain areas of the oral cavity. It is possible to anesthetize the site of surgical intervention through the use of pharmaceuticals that interrupt the transmission of pain impulses coming from pain sources to the brain.

So, it is almost impossible to carry out high-quality treatment of wisdom teeth without anesthesia - the therapeutic and surgical actions performed by the doctor will be accompanied by severe pain. That is why all modern dental clinics treat teeth using various types of anesthesia.

General anesthesia

Under general anesthesia, the patient falls into a deep sleep, his consciousness is turned off. With this method of anesthesia, narcotic drugs are administered intravenously or inhaled. During dental treatment, the patient's condition is monitored by an anesthesiologist-resuscitator.

When a person is under general anesthesia, on the one hand, it is easier for a dentist to treat teeth, in particular, a wisdom tooth. But on the other hand, the doctor constantly needs to adapt to the patient, since he is immobilized and cannot fix his head in the correct position and open his mouth wider. As a rule, with this type of anesthesia, a person after waking up does not remember what happened to him during the operation.

This type of anesthesia is advisable to use in the case of:

complex surgical operation;
pathological fear of a dental procedure;
allergies to local anesthetics.

In many cases, general anesthesia for dental procedures is contraindicated. Before the patient is put into a state of anesthesia, he needs to donate blood for analysis and undergo an ECG to rule out heart pathologies.

Shortly before the dental surgery, the patient should give up smoking and alcohol. A few hours before immersion in anesthesia, the patient should not eat.

Local anesthesia

Local anesthesia is the safest. The person is conscious, the drug used has an effect only on the peripheral nervous system.

With the introduction of carpool (strictly dosed) anesthesia, the patient begins to feel numbness of the gums, tongue and lips. There are frequent cases when, with an incorrectly calculated dose of the drug, patients complained that anesthesia did not work. With the advent of karpul (an anesthetic ampoule), this problem disappeared. After the splitting of the analgesic, its action stops, the sensitivity is restored.

Preparations for general anesthesia

Is anesthesia harmful when removing wisdom teeth? Under the influence of drugs, a person does not feel pain, but at the same time, his body is subjected to serious stress. First of all, the brain suffers, anesthesia affects the conduction system of the heart, the components of the anesthetic can cause allergic reactions. That is why during the operation, an anesthesiologist is present next to the patient, who has all the necessary resuscitation equipment at his disposal.

In dentistry, only intravenous general anesthesia is performed using drugs called Ketamine, Propofol, sodium thiopental, etc., which have a hypnotic, sedative, and muscle relaxant effect. In a state of deep sleep, a person can be immersed with the help of nitrous oxide, inhaled through a mask.

Types of anesthetics for local anesthesia

To date, the strongest anesthetics of the articaine series are considered the best anesthesia used in dentistry for local anesthesia. The main component of the painkiller is several times more effective than Lidocaine and Novocaine.

A distinctive feature of Articaine is the possibility of using it for purulent inflammations, when the activity of other drugs decreases. Many patients in such cases do not understand why the anesthetic does not work. In addition to the main component of Articaine, modern preparations contain vasoconstrictors. Due to adrenaline or epinophrine, the vessels narrow, preventing the drug from being washed out of the injection site. The strength of anesthesia and the duration of the intraseptal anesthetic increase.

Ubistezin is an analogue of Ultracaine, the composition of the two drugs is identical. The manufacturer is registered in Germany. The anesthetic is available in two forms depending on the concentration of epinephrine: Ubistezin or Ubistezin forte.

Mepivastezin or Scandonest

It is not recommended for hypertensive patients to use anesthetics with vasoconstrictive components; at high pressure, it is worth choosing drugs without adrenaline and epinephrine in the composition. Mepivastezin (produced in Germany) and its complete analogue Scandonest (France) are prescribed to patients at risk.

These pharmaceuticals do not contain vasoconstrictors, so they are used to relieve pain in children, pregnant women and patients with bronchial asthma. Mepivastezin and Scandonest are also prescribed to patients with adrenaline intolerance.

Dentists have been successfully using Septanest anesthesia for several years. The anesthetic is presented in two forms, each of which differs in the content of adrenaline in the composition. Unlike Ultracaine and its analogues, Septanest contains preservatives, which, according to the instructions for use, can provoke allergic reactions.

After the drug is administered to the patient, the anesthetic effect occurs after 1-3 minutes. Anesthesia lasts for 45 minutes. As a local anesthetic, Septanest can be used in children from 4 years of age.

Novocain belongs to the group of esters of the second generation. A drug with moderate anesthetic activity is inferior in effectiveness to anesthetics of the articaine and mepivacaine series. It is used less and less, as modern painkillers are 4-5 times better at coping with pain during tooth extraction. Novocaine is used for minor dental operations and in the treatment of pain syndromes.

Other types of anesthetics

Going to an appointment with a surgeon to remove a tooth, many people wonder what kind of anesthesia are there? According to their chemical properties, anesthetics are divided into two groups: substituted amides and esters. There are short, medium and long acting drugs. Also, anesthesia in dentistry has its own classification:

superficial;
conductive;
infiltration.

Lidocaine has a deep analgesic effect, but copes with toothache worse than other intraseptal anesthetics. If we compare it with Novocain, which is widely used in public medical institutions, then the choice of dentists is more likely to stop at Lidocaine.

What drugs are allowed during pregnancy?

The best option for pregnant women and nursing mothers is Ultracaine or Ubistezin carpula with epinephrine at a concentration of 1: 200,000. The vasoconstrictor has no effect on the fetus, as it cannot cross the placenta. Studies have proven the safety of these carpool anesthetics in relation to breastfed children - their components do not enter breast milk.

During pregnancy, you do not need to refuse an injection with vasoconstrictors. However, in their practice, doctors use Scandonest and Mepivastezin without epinephrine in the composition for anesthesia of women during pregnancy. These drugs are twice as toxic as Novocaine and are absorbed into the blood faster.

The use of anesthesia in children

What anesthesia is used in pediatric dentistry? Dentists anesthetize children in two stages. Initially, application anesthesia is carried out, when the doctor, using an aerosol or a special gel with Lidocaine or Benzocaine, desensitizes the mucosal area, where the anesthetic will subsequently be injected. Also, this type of anesthesia is used for intraosseous anesthesia.

Children are administered drugs with Articaine as the main component. It is less toxic and is rapidly eliminated from the body. According to the instructions for use, such drugs can be used for anesthesia in children older than 4 years. Also, when removing molars, an injection of Mepivacaine is often given. In pediatric dental practice, a table with weight and the maximum allowable dose of the anesthetic administered is often used.

Types of modern methods of anesthesia in dentistry, drugs for pain relief

The fears associated with pain during the treatment and extraction of teeth are due to the fact that there were no high-quality anesthetic drugs before. But today, almost all dentistry clinics use local anesthetics of a new generation. Modern drugs allow you to completely eliminate pain, not only during the main operation, but even at the time of their introduction.

Anesthesiology in dentistry

Anesthesia is called the absolute disappearance or partial reduction of sensitivity in the whole body or its individual parts. This effect is achieved by introducing special preparations into the patient's body that block the transmission of a pain impulse from the area of intervention to the brain.

Types of anesthesia in dentistry

According to the principle of impact on the psyche, there are two main types of anesthesia:

Local anesthesia, in which the patient is awake, and the loss of sensitivity occurs exclusively in the area of future medical manipulations.
General anesthesia (narcosis). During the operation, the patient is unconscious, the whole body is anesthetized and the skeletal muscles are relaxed.

Depending on the method of supplying the anesthetic into the body in dentistry, injection and non-injection anesthesia are distinguished. With the injection method, the anesthetic drug is administered by injection. It can be administered intravenously, into the soft tissues of the oral cavity, into the bone or periosteum. With non-injection anesthesia, the anesthetic is supplied by inhalation or applied to the surface of the mucosa.

General anesthesia in dentistry

General anesthesia is the complete loss of sensitivity of nerve fibers, accompanied by impaired consciousness. In dentistry, anesthesia for dental treatment is used less often than local anesthesia. This is due not only to the small area of the surgical field, but also to a large number of contraindications and possible complications.

General anesthesia can only be used in those dental clinics that have an anesthesiologist and resuscitation equipment that may be required in case of emergency resuscitation.

General anesthesia in dentistry is necessary only for long-term complex maxillofacial operations - correction of the "cleft palate", multiple implantation, surgery after injury. Other indications for the use of general anesthesia:

allergic reactions to local anesthetics;
mental illnesses;
panic fear of manipulations in the oral cavity.

Contraindications:

diseases of the respiratory system;
pathologies of the cardiovascular system;
intolerance to anesthetic drugs.

The anesthetic may be given by injection or by inhalation. Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas, is the most commonly used general anesthesia drug among dentists. With the help of an intravenous injection, the patient is immersed in a medical sleep, for this, drugs are used that have a hypnotic, analgesic, muscle-relaxant and sedative effect. The most common are:

Ketamine.
Propanidide.
Hexenal.
Sodium hydroxybutyrate.

Local anesthesia in dentistry

In dental treatment, local anesthesia is most in demand, aimed at blocking nerve impulses from the area of the surgical field. Local anesthetics have an analgesic effect, due to which the patient does not experience pain, but retains sensitivity to touch and temperature.

The duration of anesthesia depends on how and what exactly dentists anesthetize the surgical field. The maximum effect lasts for two hours.

Local anesthesia is used for the following manipulations:

turning under the bridge or crown;
pin tooth extension;
implant placement;
channel cleaning;
surgical treatment of gums;
removal of carious tissues;
extraction of teeth;
excision of the hood over the wisdom tooth.

Types and methods of local anesthesia in dentistry

Depending on what area and for how long it is necessary to desensitize, the dentist selects the optimal technology, medicine and its concentration. The main methods of administering an anesthetic are:

infiltration;
intraligamentary;
stem;
intraosseous;
application.

Infiltration method

It is used in dental practice and maxillofacial surgery. The advantage of the method is a quick action, a long analgesic effect, the possibility of repeated administration during a protracted operation, the rapid removal of the anesthetic from the body, and deep analgesia of a large area of tissues. About eighty percent of dental interventions are performed under infiltration anesthesia.

The method is applied with the following manipulations:

The anesthetic medicine is injected in layers, first under the mucous membrane at the top of the tooth root, and then into the deeper layers. The patient feels discomfort only at the first injection, the rest are completely painless.

There are two types of infiltration dental anesthesia - direct and diffuse. In the first case, the injection site of the anesthetic is anesthetized directly, in the second case, the analgesic effect extends to the nearest tissue areas.

For local infiltration anesthesia in dentistry, the following drugs are used:

Intraligamentary (intraligamentous) method

It is a modern type of infiltration anesthesia. The dose of the administered anesthetic is minimal (does not exceed 0.06 ml), which makes it possible to treat and remove teeth in pregnant and lactating women.

The anesthetic is injected into the periodontal space with a special syringe and under high pressure. The number of injections depends on the number of roots of the tooth. Sensitivity to pain disappears instantly, without causing a feeling of numbness, so the patient can speak freely and does not feel discomfort after the operation.

Restrictions to the use of the method are:

The duration of the manipulation is more than 30 minutes.
Fang manipulations. Due to anatomical features, it is not always possible to anesthetize them intraligamentally.
Inflammatory processes in the periodontium, periodontal pocket, flux.
Radical cyst of the tooth.

The intraligamentous method of anesthesia is the most painless and safest in dentistry, so it is often used in pediatric practice. Ease of implementation, painlessness, safety and high efficiency makes the method popular among dentists. The cost of such a procedure is higher than infiltration due to the high prices for injectors.

For intraligamentous anesthesia in dental treatment, the following drugs are used:

Stem (conductor) method

Distinctive features of the stem method of anesthesia are the power and long duration of the effect. It is used during long-term surgical operations and in situations where it is necessary to block sensitivity in the tissue area of the entire lower or upper jaw.

Indications for conductive anesthesia are:

pain syndrome of high intensity;
neuralgia;
removal of cystic formations;
endodontic treatment;
severe injuries of the jaw and zygomatic bone;
curettage;
complex tooth extraction.

The injection is injected into the region of the base of the skull, due to which it is possible to block two jaw nerves at once - both upper and lower. An injection is performed by an anesthesiologist and exclusively in a hospital.

Unlike all other methods of local anesthesia, the stem one does not affect the nerve endings, but completely on the nerve or group of nerves. The anesthetic action takes one and a half to two hours. Novocain and Lidocaine are considered to be the basic preparations; more effective agents are used in modern anesthesiology.

Application method (surface, terminal)

It is used mainly in pediatric dental practice to desensitize the place where the anesthetic will be injected, which ensures the absolute absence of pain. As an independent method, it is used in cases where it is necessary:

For application anesthesia in dentistry, painkillers are used in the form of a spray, ointment, paste and gel. Most often, dentists use ten percent lidocaine in an aerosol as an analgesic. The drug penetrates deep into the tissues by 1-3 mm and blocks the nerve endings. The effect lasts from several minutes to half an hour.

Intraosseous (spongy) method

It is used to anesthetize the lower molars, during the extirpation of which infiltration and conduction anesthesia are ineffective. Instantly eliminates the sensitivity of one tooth and the adjacent gum area. The advantage of the method in the field of dentistry is a strong pain relief at low doses of the drug.

Classical intraosseous anesthesia in anesthesiology has not received wide application, due to the complexity of implementation and trauma.

The essence of the method is the introduction of an anesthetic into the spongy layer of the jawbone between the roots of the teeth. Preliminary infiltration anesthesia is performed. After numbness of the gums, a dissection of the mucosa is carried out and the cortical bone plate is trepanated with the help of a drill. The drill is deepened into the spongy tissue of the interdental septum by 2 mm, after which a needle with an anesthetic is inserted into the formed channel.

Contraindications for local anesthesia

Before prescribing local anesthesia to a patient, the dentist must find out if there are any contraindications to its implementation. The doctor should take special precautions when prescribing anesthesia to children and expectant mothers.

Contraindications to local anesthesia are:

allergic reactions to drugs in history;
diseases of the cardiovascular system;
had a stroke or heart attack less than six months ago;
diabetes;
hormonal disorders and pathologies of the endocrine system.

Modern anesthetics (painkillers) in dentistry

With the advent of local anesthetics and new generation technologies, the usual Novocain is almost never used in the field of dentistry, especially in Moscow and other large cities. Despite possible complications and a high percentage of allergic reactions, lidocaine remains the main local anesthetic in regional clinics.

When visiting the clinic, you need to provide the attending physician with a complete and reliable history so that he can eliminate all risks and choose the right drug. Most dental clinics use carpool technology to administer anesthetics, which means that the active substance is contained in a special disposable carpule, which is inserted into a syringe without opening manually. The dose of the drug in the carpule is designed for one injection.

Articaine and Mepivacaine formed the basis of modern local anesthesia drugs. In the form of carpool capsules, Articaine is produced under the names Ultracaine, Septanest and Ubistezin. The effectiveness of drugs based on it exceeds the effectiveness of lidocaine by 2, and novocaine by 5-6 times.

In addition to Articaine itself, the carpule contains adrenaline (epinephrine) and an auxiliary substance that promotes vasoconstriction. Due to vasoconstriction, the period of action of the anesthetic is prolonged, and the rate of its distribution into the general circulation decreases.

Patients with endocrine disorders, bronchial asthma and a tendency to allergic reactions in dentistry are usually prescribed anesthetics without adrenaline. If powerful pain relief is required, the use of Ultracaine D with a minimum concentration of epinephrine is acceptable.

Anesthesia without adrenaline in dentistry

Mepivacaine is used to treat patients with contraindications to adrenaline in dentistry. The drug with this active ingredient, produced under the name Scandonest, is less effective than Articaine. But it does not contain epinephrine, so Scandonest is suitable for administration to children, women in position, people with heart disease, individual intolerance to adrenaline.

In diseases of the endocrine system, Scandonest and drugs without adrenaline are more often used. It is unacceptable to use drugs with vasoconstrictor components for hypertension.

The type of anesthesia used by dentists determines not only the degree of painlessness of the medical intervention, but also the list of consequences that will have to be faced after the operation. Modern means minimize the risks associated with incorrect administration of the drug, incorrect dosage and the occurrence of allergic reactions to the anesthetic.

At least once in a lifetime, every person has experienced a toothache. Such a symptom is a sign of inflammatory processes or pathologies of the jaw. Often, patients put off going to the dentist because of fear of discomfort during treatment. In our review, we will tell you in detail what kind of anesthesia is in dentistry.

Anesthesia in dentistry is an important element of a complete treatment

What is anesthesia

To ensure that the patient does not experience discomfort, many clinics and professional offices use anesthesia. Due to anesthesia, there is a decrease or complete disappearance of sensitivity in certain places, or throughout the body. The drugs interfere with the transmission of pain impulses to the brain during operations. A person is not nervous and does not twitch, which allows the dentist to quickly and efficiently conduct therapy.

The drug is administered when:

tooth extraction;
treatment of deep caries;
depulping;
preparatory work for prosthetics;
orthodontic intervention;
low pain threshold.

If the patient is hypersensitive and any touch causes pain, the dentist decides to administer anesthesia.

In this case, you can safely perform all the necessary manipulations, and the person will not twitch and interfere with the treatment.

After the injection, the patient experiences numbness of the lips, cheeks or tongue, but after a while the effect disappears. The drug is broken down inside the body and gradually excreted.

Types of anesthesia

There are several types of anesthesia. Depending on the treatment or pain threshold of the patient, the doctor chooses the best option that helps to avoid discomfort. Consider the most common tools that are used in modern dentistry.

Local anesthesia

Before almost all manipulations, the doctor uses this type of pain blocking. The drugs are quickly excreted from the human body and do not have as many contraindications as with anesthesia. Depending on the direction of treatment, the funds are divided into several types.

Application of the drug before the injection - for those who are afraid

Local anesthesia helps to get rid of discomfort during treatment. Modern medicines have practically no complications, therefore they are used in all clinics and dental offices. Professional introduction will avoid negative consequences.

General anesthesia

This type of anesthesia leads to a complete loss of sensation, which is accompanied by varying degrees of unconsciousness. Such anesthesia is rarely performed and only after indications permitting anesthesia. Serious operations of the maxillofacial region are not complete without these procedures.

Children are most often used "laughing gas": nitrous oxide is inhaled to the patient.

Narcosis is prohibited:

in diseases of the cardiovascular system;
due to intolerance to anesthetics;
in diseases of the respiratory organs.

To identify these problems, specialists must take ECG readings for a real assessment of the activity of the heart. And you also need a general blood and urine test (for hepatitis, HIV). If there are contraindications, then the operation is postponed until the course of the disease is weakened.

General anesthesia through a mask

Why is such anesthesia prescribed, because there are many safe local methods? Allergy to drugs or panic horror before dental procedures makes the doctor look for another, more affordable method. Due to some mental illnesses, general anesthesia is also chosen. Treatment of advanced forms of diseases or the extraction of teeth with deep roots is difficult without such pain relief. A strong gag reflex will not allow normal therapy.

After the introduction of the drug, the patient goes through three stages.

Analgesia. Starts two minutes after injection. This stage is characterized by a complete loss of sensation of pain. Speech becomes slurred and the patient soon passes out. Body reflexes are preserved, therefore it is allowed to perform light, non-traumatic operations (drilling with a drill).
Excitation. Breathing becomes irregular, pupils are dilated. Transition to deep sleep. Now the dentist is not taking any action.
surgical stage. The patient breathes deeply and evenly, and the doctor can safely remove the wisdom tooth or fill the canals. This condition of the patient allows for the most complex operations.

Children are given general anesthesia only in the presence of an anesthetist.

Being unconscious, a person does not feel pain and does not worry, so his pressure does not rise. The amount of saliva that interferes with treatment is reduced. In one session, the dentist will carry out the entire amount of work that is impossible under local anesthesia.

While under general anesthesia, the patient does not move, and this forces the specialist to independently adjust or look for a comfortable position. Due to the fact that a person is devoid of reactions, there is a possibility of medical errors.

Preparations

For anesthesia, carpool syringes are now used, the needle of which is much thinner than usual. Injection with such a device will be as painless as possible than it was five years ago.

Lidocaine gel and spray is a popular anesthetic

Patients with an increased sensitive threshold are preliminarily used with a spray preparation with Lidocaine. The substance is sprayed onto the gum, and only then anesthesia is carried out.

If a person regularly experiences stress before going to the dentist, then a few days before the session, we recommend drinking a course of sedatives (Afabazol, tincture or tablets of valerian, motherwort). Be sure to tell your doctor about any medications you have taken.

For local anesthesia, they used to use Novocain and Lidocaine, but recently doctors are moving away from these drugs and using modern means:

"Ubistezin";
"Artikain";
"Ultracain";
"Septanest";
"Scandonest". To enhance the effect of drugs and speed up local anesthesia, adrenaline is often added to the solutions. The substance quickly activates the drug and slows down absorption into the blood, which is used for therapy in pregnant women. For children, Mepivacain and Artikain are considered the safest.

Ultracaine is the most effective anesthetic

In case of heart disease, thyroid gland and diabetes, drugs with adrenaline are not recommended. Severe hypertension will negatively respond to the thoughtless use of drugs. Before manipulation, be sure to warn the dentist about the presence of diseases. After all, local anesthesia does not provide for a complete examination of the body and the operation in the presence of an anesthesiologist.

Things to remember

Dental treatment under anesthesia is always stressful for the body. Whatever the modern drug may be, complications may appear. The most common exacerbations during general anesthesia were cardiac arrest and respiratory depression. Such problems are associated with an overdose of the drug or diseases of the cardiovascular system. To eliminate the danger, the operation is carried out in a specially equipped office of the clinic and in the presence of an anesthesiologist.

Patients often experience discomfort after coming out of anesthesia.

Desensil drug for topical anesthesia

accompanied by:

hallucinations;
vomiting;
nausea;
a decrease in pressure;
dizziness;
neuromuscular stimulation.

Do not eat or drink for a few hours before the procedure. Under the influence of anesthesia, a person does not control his body, so the gastric juice will enter the lungs, which will cause a burn or inflammation.

"General anesthesia in dental treatment is contraindicated - in patients with pneumonia, with catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, difficult nasal breathing, acute liver diseases, in all cases when the duration of medical intervention exceeds the permissible limits."

The most common complications with local anesthesia are allergies and toxic reactions to the drug. Most often this is the result of an overdose of the drug or a natural rejection of the components of the drug. Due to injury by the needle of the nerve, a long-term violation of sensitivity occurs. Burning and pain at the injection site is normal.

Due to the mistakes of the doctor after the injection (damage to the vessel, breaking off the game), the formation of bruises and tumors is observed. If you do not follow the rules of antiseptics, then an infection gets into the injection site. The patient, under the influence of anesthesia, does not control his movements, therefore, he often bites the soft tissues of the tongue, cheeks or lips. In this case, there is a temporary loss of sensitivity. Spasm of masticatory muscles disappears after a few days.

“Infection with a needle is almost impossible, since all syringes are disposable. But this is quite possible if the injection is carried out in the infected area of the mucosa. In this case, under pressure, the anesthetic will push the infection into a healthy area of \u200b\u200bthe tissue. ”

Local anesthesia causes complications in children, so doctors often warn parents.

Overdose. From the small weight of the child, you need to carefully calculate the amount of the drug. When the norm is exceeded, a toxic reaction of the body occurs.
Allergy. Modern means for anesthesia are as safe as possible, however, sometimes the body rejects the antioxidants that make up the composition.
Mental complications. Toddlers do not know how to independently control their emotions and feelings, therefore, under the influence of fear, a short-term loss of consciousness occurs. Often the very sight of a syringe causes horror in a child. The task of the doctor will be to distract the patient as much as possible before the injection to another object.

Alcoholic drinks reduce the effect of the drug, so a few days before a visit to a specialist, you need to refrain from alcohol. We also do not recommend visiting the clinic during a cold.

Women before or during menstruation should not engage in dental treatment. These days, all sensations are aggravated and the nervous system is unstable, which will negatively affect the susceptibility to anesthesia. Additionally, under the action of the drug, bleeding may increase.

The use of drugs for anesthesia in dentistry is a necessary procedure that will save the patient from discomfort during dental treatment. A properly selected drug will relieve pain and not cause anxiety to a person. Report all diseases to a specialist.

Anesthesiology in dentistry

Types of anesthesia in dentistry

According to the principle of impact on the psyche, there are two main types of anesthesia:

Local anesthesia, in which the patient is awake, and the loss of sensitivity occurs exclusively in the area of future medical manipulations.
General anesthesia (narcosis). During the operation, the patient is unconscious, the whole body is anesthetized and the skeletal muscles are relaxed.

General anesthesia in dentistry

General anesthesia can only be used in those dental clinics that have an anesthesiologist and resuscitation equipment that may be required in case of emergency resuscitation.

allergic reactions to local anesthetics;
mental illnesses;
panic fear of manipulations in the oral cavity.

Contraindications:

diseases of the respiratory system;
pathologies of the cardiovascular system;
intolerance to anesthetic drugs.

Ketamine.
Propanidide.
Hexenal.
Sodium hydroxybutyrate.

Local anesthesia in dentistry

The duration of anesthesia depends on how and what exactly dentists anesthetize the surgical field. The maximum effect lasts for two hours.

Local anesthesia is used for the following manipulations:

turning under the bridge or crown;
pin tooth extension;
implant placement;
channel cleaning;
surgical treatment of gums;
removal of carious tissues;
extraction of teeth;
excision of the hood over the wisdom tooth.

Types and methods of local anesthesia in dentistry

infiltration;
intraligamentary;
stem;
intraosseous;
application.

Infiltration method

The method is applied with the following manipulations:

There are two types of infiltration dental anesthesia - direct and diffuse. In the first case, the injection site of the anesthetic is anesthetized directly, in the second case, the analgesic effect extends to the nearest tissue areas.

For local infiltration anesthesia in dentistry, the following drugs are used:

Procaine.
Lidocaine.
mepivacaine.
Ultracain
Trimecain.

Intraligamentary (intraligamentous) method

Restrictions to the use of the method are:

The duration of the manipulation is more than 30 minutes.
Fang manipulations. Due to anatomical features, it is not always possible to anesthetize them intraligamentally.
Inflammatory processes in the periodontium, periodontal pocket, flux.
Radical cyst of the tooth.

For intraligamentous anesthesia in dental treatment, the following drugs are used:

Ultracain.
Trimecain.
Lidocaine.

Stem (conductor) method

Indications for conductive anesthesia are:

pain syndrome of high intensity;
neuralgia;
removal of cystic formations;
endodontic treatment;
severe injuries of the jaw and zygomatic bone;
curettage;
complex tooth extraction.

Application method (surface, terminal)

Intraosseous (spongy) method

Classical intraosseous anesthesia in anesthesiology has not received wide application, due to the complexity of implementation and trauma.

Contraindications for local anesthesia

Contraindications to local anesthesia are:

allergic reactions to drugs in history;
diseases of the cardiovascular system;
had a stroke or heart attack less than six months ago;
diabetes;
hormonal disorders and pathologies of the endocrine system.

Modern anesthetics (painkillers) in dentistry

Patients with endocrine disorders, bronchial asthma and a tendency to allergic reactions in dentistry are usually prescribed anesthetics without adrenaline. If powerful pain relief is required, the use of Ultracaine D with a minimum concentration of epinephrine is acceptable.

Anesthesia without adrenaline in dentistry

In diseases of the endocrine system, Scandonest and drugs without adrenaline are more often used. It is unacceptable to use drugs with vasoconstrictor components for hypertension.

In dentistry, general anesthesia is rarely used in the treatment of adult patients. More often, however, it is used. The exception is cases when it is necessary to treat many teeth at the same time, the dental operation is painful or according to the patient's individual indicators.

When treating young patients, dentists often use general anesthesia, using modern methods and drugs for pain relief.

Methods and stages of general anesthesia

The most commonly used anesthesia methods are:

inhalation
It is the core of dentistry. The essence of the method is the introduction of gaseous narcotic substances into the patient's body, which, with the help of various nasal masks, quickly enter the lungs through the upper respiratory tract.
Intravenous
The introduction of an anesthetic is carried out intravenously using one drug (mononarcosis) or several (combined anesthesia). Such anesthesia has not found wide application in dentistry.

Stages of general anesthesia

Consider the example of the inhalation method using masks.

With the help of a mask, the patient is allowed to breathe pure oxygen for 1-2 minutes. The supply of a vaporous gas-narcotic mixture begins with a minimum concentration, gradually increasing its state of the patient's narcotic sleep. The oral mask is quickly removed and the nasal mask is put on, fixing it.

Stages of anesthesia:

Introduction to anesthesia
Stage I - analgesia lasting 4-5 minutes. The patient partially reduces pain reactions, reflexes and a stable body temperature are preserved;
Stage II - excitation lasting up to seven minutes. The patient's pulse and breathing become uneven, muscle tone and pressure increase, and the secretion of the salivary glands increases.
Maintenance of anesthesia

This surgical stage is characterized by 4 levels:

superficial level of anesthesia - pressure and breathing normalize, muscles are tense, but their sensitivity is completely blocked;
light level of anesthesia - rhythmic breathing and pulse, the muscles gradually relax. You can start superficial manipulations in the oral cavity;
full level of anesthesia - a stable and rhythmic pulse, the muscles are completely relaxed, the pressure decreases;
superdeep level of anesthesia - shallow breathing and weak pulse, pressure is low.

After completion of treatment, the concentration of the narcotic substance decreases, and then its supply completely stops. Within 2-3 minutes, it is desirable to allow the patient to breathe pure oxygen.
Awakening should come in 2-3 minutes, and full recovery occurs in half an hour.

Indications for the use of general anesthesia

To use general anesthesia, the patient must have serious medical indications.

Remember! General anesthesia is a rather difficult type of pain relief that can lead to the development of severe complications, some of them even life-threatening.

General anesthesia for dental treatment is indicated for patients:

with pathologies of the upper respiratory organs, diseases of the immune and endocrine systems (as a rule, people over 45 years old);
suffering from intolerance to local anesthesia;
with high / low blood pressure, problems of the cardiovascular system.
with complex and lengthy surgical operations;
with mental disorders, defects of the central nervous system;
prone to fainting, nausea, vomiting, etc .;
with emergency intervention (due to inflammatory processes, injuries in the maxillofacial region);
children with pathological fear - with the written permission of the parents.

The decision to use general anesthesia is made only after the examination of the patient.

Features of treatment under anesthesia

Operations under anesthesia are carried out in a licensed clinic / dental office.
At least three healthcare professionals must be present for the operation: an anesthesiologist, a dentist, and a nurse.
It is preferable that general anesthesia be performed in a clinic that has an intensive care unit.

Having all medical indications, it is necessary to consider:

For patients with cardiac and respiratory pathology, anesthesia is contraindicated.
For simple operations (treatment of caries, filling and similar), it is undesirable to use general anesthesia.
A complete medical examination of the patient is mandatory.
Before the operation, strict adherence to the prescribed preoperative preparation is required.
The patient must strictly follow the instructions of the doctor after the anesthesia.
The work of a dentist with a patient under general anesthesia is difficult, because. an unconscious person cannot comply with the doctor's requests.
Wisdom teeth with a complex root structure and other painful operations are best removed under general anesthesia, unless there are medical contraindications.

Complications after general anesthesia

Anesthesia is an integral part of the surgical intervention. It can be a boon for some and a cause of complications for others.

General anesthesia can lead to serious complications.

The reasons may be different: objective or subjective factors, individual characteristics of the organism. Before deciding to use general anesthesia, the possible risks should be assessed:

Complications that occur frequently

postanesthesia hysteria;
nausea, vomiting and dizziness;
pain and sore throat;
headache;
trembling in the body;
skin itching;
pain in the back and lower back;
muscle pain;
confusion.

Complications that are rare

lung infection;
injury to the tongue, lips or teeth;
waking up the patient under general anesthesia.

Complications that are very rare

injury or damage to the nerves;
allergic reactions;
eye injuries;
brain damage or death.

Be sure to find out from your doctor what risks you may be exposed to during treatment, under anesthesia and what the consequences may be.

Modern anesthetics are safer, so the risk of complications is minimized. A significant part of the complications after anesthesia can be prevented by proper preoperative preparation and strict implementation of the doctor's recommendations after surgery.

Benefits of General Anesthesia

Sleep therapy has many advantages:

the patient is calm, does not experience tension, pain and nervous shocks. Many important procedures can be performed at one visit, saving time and money.
after the procedure, there are no paresthesias and pain, which is so unpleasant with local anesthesia;
after tooth extraction, inflammatory processes are much less common;
during filling, the formation of saliva under the influence of drugs is reduced.

General anesthesia slightly increases the risk of complications; it is better to treat teeth under local anesthesia. But is it always possible?

The use of modern general anesthesia by competent specialists ensures the complete absence of pain and the lowest risk to health.

Disadvantages of General Anesthesia

The main disadvantages of general anesthesia:

the load on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems increases - cardiac arrest, depression or respiratory arrest is possible;
dizziness, weakness, nausea and vomiting often occur after the procedure. Vomiting is dangerous for a person who is in a supine position;
special preparation of the patient is required;
human factor: due to the need to carry out several procedures (for example, to cure or fill several teeth) for a limited time, while anesthesia is in effect, there may be poor-quality dental treatment;
it is quite difficult in the treatment of caries in a limited time to restore the anatomical shape of the tooth and choose the color of the filling;
high cost of treatment.

Remember! General anesthesia is difficult to control. To treat teeth with such anesthesia is necessary only as a last resort.

General anesthesia and pediatric dentistry

General anesthesia in the treatment of teeth in children is used much less frequently than local anesthesia. A good specialist just like that (or at your request) will not treat teeth under general anesthesia. There must be good reasons for this.

Indications:

extensive and traumatic operations;
psychiatric diagnosis (cerebral palsy, Down's disease, autism, etc.);
with too painful manipulations in children;
a sick child is not adequate;
after previous treatment at the dentist, the child is afraid of the doctor (stomatophobia syndrome), allergic to local anesthetics;
the condition of the teeth of a small patient requires serious and painful interventions;
the child, for various reasons, cannot fulfill the doctor's requests (age, illness);
the child does not make contact with the doctor under any persuasion and promises.

Contraindications

General anesthesia is not used in children with:

diseases of the cardiovascular system;
viral and acute infectious diseases;
kidney and/or liver problems;
"Full stomach" (meal 3 hours or less before surgery);
diabetes mellitus.

The procedure for treating a child under anesthesia

Treatment should be carried out in the presence of several doctors capable of providing urgent medical care (anaesthesiologist, resuscitator, assistant):

The child is given anesthesia through a mask and after a few breaths he falls asleep. During this time, the doctor performs the necessary dental treatment.
Indicators of the body must be constantly monitored.
After completion of the procedures, the anesthetic supply is stopped, the patient regains consciousness.
The anesthesiologist observes the child in the clinic for up to two hours.
If there are no complications, the patient is sent home.

Advantages:

the doctor has the ability to work quickly and accurately;
treatment does not harm the psyche;
there is no fear of further visits to the dentist (the patient does not hear sounds, does not smell, does not see instruments).

Flaws:

there are a number of medical contraindications;
under anesthesia, the child sometimes twitches, it is not always possible to immaculately fix the body;
possible negative consequences. The body of any child is individual, it is very difficult to foresee all situations;
compliance with the preparatory measures is very important, non-compliance is fraught with health risks.

To treat your child's teeth under anesthesia or not to treat at all?

A sick tooth is a constant source of infection in a child's body. Do not forget that a day earlier or a day later, the tooth begins to hurt and the issue of treatment or removal must be urgently addressed.

In such cases, treatment / extraction of teeth under general anesthesia is a real salvation.

What you need to know about anesthesia in addition. Myths and reality

General anesthesia is a complex undertaking and can lead to serious complications. Is the danger so great?

The person did not come out of anesthesia

This is possible, but extremely rare. According to well-known statistics - 1 case per 200,000 planned operations.

Consequences of the use of anesthesia

The most common complications are:

bronchitis and pneumonia (mainly in smokers);
memory impairment, poor memorability and forgetfulness observed from 2 weeks to 1-2 months;
sore throat and hoarseness, nausea, dizziness (pass quickly without harm to the body);

Dreams during anesthesia

Sometimes dreams (pleasant or disturbing) are dreamed, but after waking up, something is rarely remembered.

Awakening during anesthesia

It happens sometimes. The reason is mainly in the individual reaction to anesthetics.

But this process is under control during the operation, there are many ways to adjust anesthesia.

Can hypnosis replace anesthesia?

Hypnosis is used quite often, but official medicine does not recognize the method of pain relief by hypnosis.

Feeling unwell for some time after anesthesia

In a healthy person (where to find it), well-being quickly returns to normal. A little headache and nausea - such symptoms happen, but quickly pass.

drugs shorten life

This has not been proven by scientific studies. After such operations, the body needs time to recover in order to avoid complications.

Hair loss after anesthesia

Hair loss can be caused by the stress of the surgery. Officially, such studies have not been conducted.

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Names of modern anesthetics without adrenaline

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