How to make a presentation on an emergency. Man-made emergencies and their classification presentation for the lesson on life (grade 8) on the topic

Sorvacheva Maria, MOU "Secondary School No. 3", grade 10a.

The presentation outlines the types of natural emergencies and the rules of conduct in case of a counter-natural disaster.

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Natural emergencies Sorvacheva Maria, 10a

A modern person throughout his life is in various environments: social, industrial, local (urban, rural), domestic, natural, etc. A person and his environment form a system consisting of many interacting elements, having orderliness within certain boundaries and having specific properties. Such interaction is determined by many factors and affects both the person himself and the corresponding environment of his habitat. This influence can be, on the one hand, positive, on the other hand, it can be both negative (negative).

A natural emergency is a situation in a certain area that has developed as a result of a dangerous natural phenomenon, a catastrophe, a natural disaster that may or has caused human casualties, damage to human health, the natural environment, as well as significant material losses and violation of living conditions. .

Earthquakes Earthquakes are seismic phenomena resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or upper mantle, transmitted over long distances in the form of sharp vibrations, leading to the destruction of buildings, structures, fires and human casualties. Earthquakes with an intensity of more than 7 points on the 12-point Richter scale are destructive, and more than 5 points are dangerous. During earthquakes, glasses burst and fly out, objects lying on them fall from the shelves, bookcases stagger, chandeliers sway, whitewash crumbles from the ceiling, and cracks appear in the walls and ceilings. All this is accompanied by a deafening noise. After 10-20 seconds of shaking, tremors intensify, resulting in the destruction of buildings and structures. Just a dozen strong shaking destroys the entire building. On average, an earthquake lasts 5-20 seconds. The longer the concussions last, the more severe the damage.

Earthquakes One fifth of the territory of Russia is prone to earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 7 points. An earthquake is a terrible natural disaster. Up to 1,500 earthquakes occur annually on Earth, up to 300 of them are destructive. In recent decades, the most devastating earthquakes occurred in 1988 in Armenia, killing 25,000 people; in 1995 in Japan, 6336 people died; the city of Neftegorsk in the Sakhalin Region was completely destroyed, 2000 out of 3,000 people died. In the autumn of 2000, weak earthquakes were observed in the Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod regions and in the Meshcherskoye Lake microdistrict.

How to Prepare for an Earthquake Plan ahead for an earthquake when you are at home, at work, at the cinema, theater, on public transport and on the street. Explain to your family members what they should do during an earthquake and educate them on first aid. Keep documents, money, a flashlight, and spare batteries handy. Have at home a supply of drinking water and canned food for several days. Move beds away from windows and exterior walls. Fasten cabinets, shelves and racks in the apartments, and remove heavy objects from the upper shelves and mezzanines. Store hazardous substances (poisonous chemicals, flammable liquids) in a safe, well-insulated place. All residents should know where the switch, main gas and water taps are located in order to turn off electricity, gas and water if necessary.

How to act during an earthquake Feeling the vibrations of the building, seeing the swinging of lamps, falling objects, hearing the growing rumble and the sound of breaking glass, do not panic (from the moment you felt the first tremors to vibrations dangerous for the building, you have 15 - 20 seconds). Quickly exit the building, taking documents, money and essentials. When leaving the room, go down the stairs, not the elevator. Once on the street - stay there, but do not stand near buildings, but move to an open space. If you are forced to stay indoors, then stand in a safe place: against an internal wall, in a corner, in an internal wall opening, or at a bearing support. If possible, hide under a table - it will protect you from falling objects and debris. Stay away from windows and heavy furniture. If you have children with you, cover them with yourself. Do not use candles, matches, lighters - if gas leaks, a fire may occur. Stay away from overhanging balconies, cornices, parapets, beware of broken wires. If you are in a vehicle, stay out in the open but do not leave the vehicle until the jolt has stopped. Be ready to help in saving others.

How to act after an earthquake Provide first aid to those in need. Free those caught in easily removable blockages. Be careful! Ensure the safety of children, the sick, the elderly. Calm them down. Don't pick up the phone unless absolutely necessary. Turn on the radio. Obey the instructions of the local authorities, the headquarters for the aftermath of a natural disaster. Check for damage to electrical wiring. Repair the problem or turn off the electricity in the apartment. Remember that in case of a strong earthquake, the electricity in the city is turned off automatically. Check for damage to the gas and water lines. Troubleshoot or disconnect networks. Do not use open fire. Going down the stairs, be careful, make sure it is strong. Do not approach obviously damaged buildings, do not enter them. Be prepared for strong aftershocks, as the first 2-3 hours after an earthquake are the most dangerous. Do not enter buildings unless absolutely necessary. Do not make up or pass on any rumors about possible aftershocks. Use official information. If you find yourself in a blockage, calmly assess the situation, if possible, provide yourself with medical assistance. Try to establish contact with people outside the blockage (voice, knock). Remember that you can not light a fire, you can drink water from the toilet bowl, and pipes and batteries can be used to signal. Save your strength. A person can go without food for more than a crescent.

Flooding Flooding is a significant flooding of the area as a result of a rise in the water level in a river, lake or sea during snowmelt, heavy rains, wind surges of water, during traffic jams, ice dams, etc. Floods caused by wind surge of water in the mouths of rivers are of a special type. Floods lead to the destruction of bridges, roads, buildings, structures, cause significant material damage, and at high water speeds (more than 4 m/s) and high water rise (more than 2 m) cause death of people and animals. The main cause of destruction is the impact on buildings and structures of hydraulic shocks of water masses, ice floes floating at high speed, various debris, watercraft, etc. Floods can occur suddenly and last from a few hours to 2-3 weeks.

How to Prepare for a Flood If your area of ​​residence is often affected by floods, study and remember the boundaries of possible flooding, as well as elevated, rarely flooded places located in the immediate vicinity of the places of residence, the shortest routes to them. Familiarize family members with the rules of conduct during organized and individual evacuations, as well as in the event of a sudden and rapidly developing flood. Remember the places where boats, rafts and building materials for their manufacture are stored. Prepare in advance a list of documents, property and medicines taken out during the evacuation. Put valuables, necessary warm clothes, a supply of food, water and medicines in a special suitcase or backpack.

How to act during a flood Upon a warning signal about the threat of flooding and evacuation, immediately, in accordance with the established procedure, leave (leave) from the danger zone of a possible catastrophic flood to a designated safe area or to elevated areas of the area, taking with you documents, valuables, necessary things and a two-day stock of non-perishable foodstuffs. Register at the final evacuation point. Before leaving the house, turn off the electricity and gas, put out the fire in the heating stoves, secure all floating objects that are outside the buildings, or place them in utility rooms. If time permits, move valuable household items to the upper floors or to the attic of a residential building. Close the windows and doors, if necessary and have time, board the windows and doors of the first floors from the outside with boards (shields). In the absence of an organized evacuation, stay on the upper floors and roofs of buildings, on trees or other towering objects until help arrives or the water subsides. At the same time, constantly give a distress signal: during the day - by hanging or waving a clearly visible panel lined with a pole, and in the dark - by a light signal and periodically by voice. When the rescuers approach, calmly, without panic and fuss, with the observance of precautionary measures, go to the swimming facility.

How to act during a flood At the same time, strictly follow the requirements of rescuers, do not overload watercraft. During the movement, do not leave the assigned places, do not board the sides, strictly follow the requirements of the crew. It is recommended to get out of the flooded area on your own only if there are such serious reasons as the need to provide medical assistance to the victims, the continuing rise in the water level with the threat of flooding of the upper floors (attic). In this case, it is necessary to have a reliable swimming facility and know the direction of movement. During self-advance, do not stop giving a distress signal. Help people who are swimming in the water and drowning. If a person is drowning Throw a floating object to a drowning person, encourage him, call for help. When reaching the victim by swimming, consider the course of the river. If the drowning person does not control his actions, swim up to him from behind and, grabbing him by the hair, tow him to the shore.

What to do after a flood Before entering a building, check if it is in danger of collapsing or falling objects. Ventilate the building (to remove accumulated gases). Do not turn on electric lighting, do not use open flames, do not light matches until the room is completely ventilated and the gas supply system is checked for proper operation. Check the serviceability of the electrical wiring, gas supply pipelines, water supply and sewerage. Do not use them until you have verified that they are working properly with the help of specialists. To dry the premises, open all doors and windows, remove dirt from the floor and walls, pump out water from the basements. Do not eat food that has been in contact with water. Organize the cleaning of wells from the applied dirt and remove water from them.

Landslide A landslide is a sliding displacement (sliding) of soil and rock masses down the slopes of mountains and ravines, steep coasts of seas, lakes and rivers under the influence of gravity. The causes of a landslide are most often the erosion of the slope, its waterlogging by heavy rainfall, earthquakes or human activity (blasting, etc.). The volume of soil during a landslide can reach tens and hundreds of thousands of cubic meters, and in some cases even more. The displacement speed of a landslide ranges from several meters per year to several meters per second. The greatest displacement velocity of a landslide is observed during an earthquake. The sliding of soil masses can cause destruction and blockages of residential and industrial buildings, engineering and road structures, main pipelines and power lines, as well as damage and death of people. In May 2000, there was a landslide near the Dynamo stadium in Nizhny Novgorod, when 5000 m 3 of soil slid into the Pochainsky ravine.

Landslide Security measures: 1. Observe the situation, the behavior of animals, rain. 2. At the first sign of a landslide, quickly evacuate people, animals, and material assets. 3. During a landslide, do not enter buildings, do not approach buildings, stay away from the area of ​​soil displacement.

Storms This emergency is caused by the movement of air masses at high speed. Wind speed during a hurricane is 30-40 m/s, during a storm 20-30 m/s, during a storm 15-30 m/s, during a typhoon more than 50 m/s. Cyclones and typhoons are accompanied by heavy rains. A tornado is a whirlwind movement of air at a tremendous speed, sometimes exceeding the speed of sound, in the form of a dark column with a diameter of several tens to hundreds of meters. A hurricane wind destroys strong and demolishes light buildings, devastates fields, breaks wires, knocks down poles and uproots trees, sinks ships, and damages vehicles. Having received a storm warning, you must: - close windows, doors, attic spaces; - from balconies and loggias to remove everything that can be dropped by a hurricane; - turn off the gas, put out the fire in the stoves, prepare lanterns, candles, lamps; - at home, take the inner room, away from the windows; - stock up on water, food, keep the radio, TV, receiver on; - in an open area, take cover in a ditch, pit, ravine; - hide in a protective structure; - prepare medicines and dressings.

Snowdrifts Heavy snowfalls are typical for most of Russia. They sometimes last for several days. Snow drifts are predicted, as a rule, quite reliably and in a timely manner. The danger to people in such natural phenomena is the destruction of road and bridge surfaces, structures, overhead power lines and communications, ground pipelines, as well as the defeat of people by fragments of destroyed structures, glass fragments flying at high speed. In addition, people can die and be injured in the event of a complete collapse of buildings. During snow and dust storms, snow drifts and accumulations of dust ("black storms") on fields, roads and settlements, as well as water pollution, are dangerous.

How to act during a hurricane, storm, tornado If a hurricane (storm, tornado) caught you in a building, move away from the windows and take a safe place near the walls of the interior, in the corridor, near built-in wardrobes, in bathrooms, toilets, storerooms, in strong cupboards, under tables. Put out the fire in the stoves, turn off the electricity, close the taps on the gas networks. At night, use lanterns, lamps, candles; turn on the radio to receive information from the Civil Defense and Emergency Department and the Commission for Emergency Situations; if possible, stay in a recessed shelter, in shelters, cellars, etc. If a hurricane, storm or tornado caught you on the streets of a settlement, stay as far as possible from light structures, buildings, bridges, overpasses, power lines, masts, trees, rivers, lakes and industrial facilities. To protect against flying debris and glass fragments, use plywood sheets, cardboard and plastic boxes, boards and other improvised means. Try to quickly take cover in basements, cellars and anti-radiation shelters available in settlements. Do not enter damaged buildings, as they can collapse with new gusts of wind.

How to act during a hurricane, storm, tornado During a snow storm, take cover in buildings. If you find yourself in a field or on a country road, go out onto the main roads, which are periodically cleared and where there is a high probability of helping you. During a dust storm, cover your face with a gauze bandage, a scarf, a piece of cloth, and your eyes with glasses. When a signal is received that a tornado is approaching, it is necessary to immediately go down to the shelter, the basement of the house or cellar, or take cover under the bed and other durable furniture. If a tornado catches you in an open area, take cover at the bottom of a road ditch, in pits, ditches, narrow ravines, tightly pressing against the ground, covering your head with clothes or tree branches. Do not stay in the car, get out of it and take cover.

Ice Ice is a layer of dense ice formed on the surface of the earth, sidewalks, the carriageway of the street and on objects (trees, wires, etc.) when supercooled rain and drizzle (fog) freeze. Usually ice is observed at air temperatures from 0 "C to minus 3" C. The crust of frozen ice can reach several centimeters. Black ice is a thin layer of ice on the surface of the earth that forms after a thaw or rain as a result of a cold snap, as well as freezing of wet snow and raindrops.

How to deal with icy conditions If the weather forecast indicates sleet or sleet, take steps to reduce the chance of injury. Prepare non-slip shoes, attach metal heels or foam rubber to the heels, and stick adhesive tape or adhesive tape on dry soles, you can rub the soles with sand (sandpaper). Move carefully, slowly, stepping on the entire sole. In this case, the legs should be slightly relaxed, hands free. Older people are advised to use a cane with a rubber tip or a special stick with pointed spikes. If you slip, crouch down to lower your fall. At the time of the fall, try to group up, and, rolling, soften the blow to the ground. Ice is often accompanied by icing. In this case, pay special attention to the wires of power lines, contact networks of electric transport. If you see broken wires, inform the administration of the settlement about the place of the break.

How to deal with an injury Go to an emergency or emergency room. Prepare an injury bulletin or certificate that you can use to file a claim for damages with the court in your area of ​​residence or where you were injured.

Lightning and thunderstorms Lightning is a spark discharge of the electrostatic charge of a cumulus cloud, accompanied by a blinding flash and a sharp sound (thunder). Lightning discharge is characterized by high currents, and its temperature reaches 300,000 degrees. A tree, when struck by lightning, splits and can even catch fire. Wood splitting occurs as a result of an internal explosion due to the instantaneous evaporation of the internal moisture of the wood. A direct lightning strike for a person is usually fatal. About 3,000 people die from lightning every year worldwide. Where does lightning strike? The discharge of static electricity usually takes the path of least electrical resistance. Since the distance between the highest object, among similar ones, and the cumulus cloud is smaller, the electrical resistance is also less. Therefore, lightning will first of all strike a tall object (mast, tree, etc.).

Preventive measures To reduce the risk of lightning damage to economic facilities, buildings and structures, lightning protection is arranged in the form of grounded metal masts and wires stretched high above the facilities of the facility. Check the weather forecast before your trip. If a thunderstorm is predicted, then reschedule the trip to another day. If you notice a thunderstorm front, then first of all, determine the approximate distance to it by the delay time of the first roll of thunder, the first flash of lightning, and also evaluate whether the front is approaching or receding. Since the speed of light is huge (300,000 km / s), we observe a flash of lightning instantly. Therefore, the sound delay will be determined by the distance and its speed (about 340 m/s).

How to act during a thunderstorm Lightning is dangerous when a flash of thunder follows the flash. In this case, take immediate precautions. If you are in a rural area: Close windows, doors, chimneys and vents. Do not fire up the stove because the high temperature gases coming out of the stovepipe have low resistance. Do not talk on the phone: lightning sometimes hits wires stretched between poles. During lightning strikes, do not come close to electrical wiring, lightning rods, roof drains, antennas, do not stand near the window, if possible, turn off the TV, radio and other electrical appliances. If you are in a forest, then take cover in a stunted area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe forest. Stay away from tall trees, especially pines, oaks, and poplars.

How to act during a thunderstorm Do not stay in a body of water or on its shore. Move away from the shore, go down from an elevated place to a lowland. In the steppe, field or in the absence of a shelter (building), do not lie down on the ground, exposing your whole body to an electric current, but squat down in a hollow, ravine or other natural depression, clasping your legs with your hands. If a thunderstorm overtook you while playing sports, then immediately stop them. Put metal objects (motorcycle, bicycle, ice ax, etc.) aside, move away from them by 20-30 m. If a thunderstorm caught you in a car, do not leave it, close the windows and lower the radio antenna.

Forest fires Forest fires are uncontrolled burning of vegetation, spontaneously spreading through the forest area. Such fires can be top and bottom. The proportion of fires caused by lightning is no more than 3% of the total, and in 90-97 cases out of 100, the culprits of this natural disaster are people who do not exercise due care when using fire in places of work and recreation. Often the cause of a fire is broken glassware, which, like a magnifying glass, focuses the rays of the sun.

Fires in forests and peat bogs Mass fires in forests and peat bogs can occur in hot and dry weather from lightning strikes, careless handling of fire, cleaning of the earth's surface by burning dry grass, and other causes. Fires can cause fires in buildings in settlements, wooden bridges, power lines and communications on wooden poles, warehouses for oil products and other combustible materials, as well as damage to people and farm animals. Most often, ground fires occur in forest areas, during which the forest litter, undergrowth and undergrowth, herbaceous-shrub cover, deadwood, tree rhizomes, etc. burn out. In the dry period, wind can cause crown fires, in which the fire also spreads along the crowns of trees, mainly coniferous species. The speed of propagation of a ground fire is from 0.1 to 3 meters per minute, and that of a crown fire is up to 100 m per minute in the direction of the wind.

Fires in forests and peat bogs Burning peat and plant roots can cause underground fires that spread in different directions. Peat can spontaneously ignite and burn without access to air and even under water. Above burning peatlands, the formation of "columnar swirls" of hot ash and burning peat dust is possible, which can be transported over long distances in strong winds and cause new fires or burns in people and animals.

Preventive measures To protect the population and reduce damage during massive fires, measures are taken in advance to lay and clear clearings and dirt strips 5-10 meters wide in continuous forests and up to 50 meters in coniferous forests. In settlements, ponds and reservoirs are arranged, the capacity of which is taken at the rate of at least 30 cubic meters per 1 hectare of the area of ​​a settlement or settlement. In case of fires in forests and peat bogs in settlements, fire-fighting units are on duty to monitor the fire situation in forests, near settlements; clearing of soil strips between buildings and adjoining forests; fire reservoirs are filled at the rate of at least 10 liters of water per 1 meter of the length of the forest edge adjacent to the boundaries of the development of settlements and summer cottages; wells and ponds are being restored; cotton-gauze dressings, respirators and other means of respiratory protection are made; the mode of visiting forests during the dry season of summer is limited (especially by car).

Safety measures If you are near the source of a fire in a forest or peat bog and you do not have the opportunity to cope with its localization, prevention of the spread and extinguishment of the fire on your own, immediately warn all people nearby about the need to leave the danger zone. Organize their exit to the road or clearing, a wide clearing, to the bank of a river or reservoir, in a field. Get out of the danger zone quickly, perpendicular to the direction of fire. If it is impossible to escape from the fire, enter a body of water or cover yourself with wet clothing. When you go out into an open space or a clearing, breathe the air near the ground - there it is less smoky, while covering your mouth and nose with a cotton-gauze bandage or rag.

Security measures After leaving the fire zone, report the location, size and nature of the fire to the administration of the settlement, forestry or fire service, as well as to the local population. Know the warning signals about the approach of the fire zone to the settlement and take part in the organization of fire extinguishing. The flame of small ground fires can be knocked down by sweeping it with hardwood branches, flooding it with water, throwing wet soil, trampling it with your feet. Peat fires are extinguished by digging up burning peat with watering. When extinguishing a fire, act prudently, do not go far from roads and clearings, do not lose sight of other participants, maintain visual and sound communication with them. When extinguishing a peat fire, keep in mind that deep funnels can form in the burning zone, so you should move carefully, after checking the depth of the burnt layer.

Thanks for attention!

An emergency situation is a situation in a certain territory that has developed as a result of an accident, natural hazard, catastrophe, natural or other disasters that may or have caused human casualties, damage to human health or the surrounding natural area, significant material losses and violation of people's living conditions. / As amended by the Federal Law of December 21, 1994 No. 68-FZ "On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies" / /

Emergencies arising in peacetime as a result of natural disasters, catastrophes, industrial and transport accidents are accompanied by the destruction of buildings, structures, vehicles, utilities, loss of life, destruction of equipment and material assets.

An emergency zone is a territory or water area where an emergency situation has arisen as a result of the occurrence of a source of emergency situations or the spread of its consequences to other areas.

Natural disasters are dangerous phenomena or processes of geophysical, geological, hydrological, atmospheric and other origin of such magnitude that cause catastrophic situations characterized by a sudden disruption of the life of the population, violation and destruction of material values, defeat and death of people. Natural disasters often lead to accidents and catastrophes in industry, transport, public utilities and other areas of human activity.

An accident is damage to a machine, machine tool, installation, production line, power supply system, equipment, vehicle, building, structure. Very often, accidents occur in road, rail, air and water transport, in systems of public services. At industrial enterprises, they are usually accompanied by explosions, fires, collapses, releases or spills of hazardous chemical substances (AHOV). These incidents are not so significant, without serious human casualties.

Ecological catastrophe - a natural disaster, a major industrial or transport accident (catastrophe), which led to extremely unfavorable changes in the habitat, as a rule, to the mass death of living beings and significant economic damage.

Classification of emergencies according to the scale of possible consequences according to the number of people affected in these situations, whose living conditions were violated; by the amount of material damage; along the boundaries of the zones of distribution of damaging factors of emergency situations.

Local refers to an emergency situation, as a result of which no more than 10 people were injured, or the living conditions of no more than 100 people were violated, or material damage amounted to no more than 1 thousand minimum wages on the day of the emergency, and the emergency zone does not go beyond limits of the territory of an industrial or social facility.

Local refers to an emergency situation, as a result of which more than 10, but not more than 50 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 100, but not more than 300 people, were violated, or material damage was more than 1,000, but not more than 5,000 minimum sizes wages on the day of the emergency, and the emergency zone does not go beyond the boundaries of the settlement, city, district.

A regional emergency refers to an emergency in which more than 50, but not more than 500 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 500, but not more than 1,000 people were violated, or material damage is more than 0.5 million, but not more than 5 million minimum sizes. wages on the day of the emergency, and the emergency zone covers the territory of two constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

A federal emergency refers to an emergency as a result of which more than 500 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 1,000 people were violated, or material damage amounted to more than 5 million minimum wages on the day of the emergency, and the emergency zone extends beyond more than two subjects of the Russian Federation.

Cross-border refers to an emergency, the damaging factors of which go beyond the borders of the Russian Federation, or an emergency that occurred abroad, affects the territory of the Russian Federation.

Elimination of a local emergency is carried out by the forces and means of the organization, local - by the forces and means of local governments, territorial - by the forces and means of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, regional and federal - by the forces and means of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are in the emergency zone .

The liquidation of an emergency transboundary situation is carried out by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation in accordance with the norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Civil Defense Troops, other troops and military formations may be involved in liquidation of emergency situations in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The liquidation of an emergency situation is considered completed upon completion of rescue and other urgent work.

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The stability of the operation of the facility in emergency situations

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Emergencies of peace and wartime. Declaration of industrial safety of the object. The stability of the functioning of the object of the economy. Improving the stability of functioning. The main directions of increasing the stability of the operation of the object. Organizational structures. Commission for Improving the Sustainability of the Functioning of an Economic Object. The study of the stability of the functioning of the object in emergency situations. Protection of facility personnel. Storage protection. Potentially dangerous objects. Life support facilities. Declaration of industrial safety of a hazardous facility. Declaration of industrial safety of the facility. - The stability of the functioning of the object in emergency situations.ppt

Safety of hazardous production facilities

Slides: 27 Words: 5288 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

On industrial safety of hazardous production facilities. Classification of hazardous production facilities. Dangerous production facilities. Objects. Substances. Registration of hazardous production facilities. Declaration of industrial safety. Declaration development. Development of industrial safety declaration. Hazard classes. Mountain kicks. Open pit mining. The amount of hazardous substance. Name of the hazardous substance. Table. Organizations. Requirements for the organization of production control. Industrial safety management systems. - Safety of hazardous production facilities.ppt

The functioning of the economy

Slides: 70 Words: 5893 Sounds: 0 Effects: 2

Academy of Civil Protection EMERCOM of Russia. Fundamentals of sustainable functioning of objects of the economy and territories. Fundamentals of state policy. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. On a unified state system. The main directions of increasing sustainability. On the further development of the emergency warning system. Basic terms and definitions. Civil protection. Improving the means of armed struggle. Belgrade. Objects of the economy, the stability of which must be ensured. Life support facilities. Military objects. Possible conditions for the functioning of objects of the economy and territories. - The functioning of the economy.ppt

Emergency in 2006

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Peacetime emergencies. 6043 people died. 2541 Emergencies - technogenic character. Major terrorist attack in the Southern Federal District. The largest number of natural disasters. In the Siberian Federal District - 15. Information about emergency situations in Russia in 2006. The largest number of victims of emergencies in the subjects of the Russian Federation. In the Moscow region - 331 people. Economic damage from emergencies. The most significant increase. The collapse of buildings and structures. In 2006, the number of accidents increased by a third. In 2006, the number of natural emergencies increased by 31.8%. Incidents in industry. - Emergency in 2006.ppt

Emergencies

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Types of emergencies: Fire. Explosion. Threat of enemy attack. Emergencies. Notification methods. Siren. Rules of conduct in emergency situations. Evacuation of the population. Means of protection during evacuation. - Emergencies.ppt

OBZH Emergencies

Slides: 21 Words: 1947 Sounds: 0 Effects: 71

Organization of training of the population in the field of protection against emergency situations. Training issues: Requirements of the guidelines for training the population in the field of protection from emergencies. Organization of preparation of the population of Moscow for actions in emergency situations. Planning and accounting documents for training. Chapter V "Preparation of the population in the field of protection against emergencies." The procedure for preparing the population is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. The media can be used to promote knowledge. Preparation of the population for actions in emergency situations is carried out in organizations, educational institutions and at the place of residence. - OBJ Emergencies.ppt

Actions in emergency situations

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State system of protection and security of the population. Organization of civil defense and emergency situations in a municipal educational institution. The author of the presentation is the teacher-organizer of life safety Klyuev A.V. Federal Law of February 12, 1998 No. 28 - Federal Law "On Civil Defense". Leadership and management of civil defense. Civil defense workers report directly to the head of the organization. Organization and conduct of civil defense. Planning the organization and conduct of civil defense. Governing bodies of civil defense and emergency situations of a municipal institution. On training workers and students in the field of civil defense. - Emergency response.ppt

Distress symbols

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International distress symbols. Character sizes: length - not less than 6 meters, width - not less than 0.5 meters. We need a doctor - there are wounded. Medicines are needed. We are unable to move. Need food and water. Requires a weapon. You need a map and compass. We need signaling equipment and a radio station. Specify the direction of movement. We are moving in this direction. We're trying to take off. The ship is seriously damaged. Requires fuel and oil. Everything is fine. We found all the people. Need an engineer. -

Topic: "Natural emergencies"

Completed by: Valentina Shcharbakova, 9th grade student

• floods
• mountain falls
• snow avalanches
• Hurricanes
• earthquakes
• Eruption
• fires

When the water level rises sharply in a river, lake or sea, it threatens with a flood - flooding of all adjacent land areas.

Usually, rivers overflow their banks in spring due to heavy snowmelt or heavy rains. Sea flooding can be caused by strong winds off the sea or high ocean tides. .

A big flood is a huge disaster for a person. Stormy streams of water demolish everything in its path: trees, houses, railways, animals and people die. This is the real disaster. The biblical story of Noah's Ark tells how a severe flood destroyed all life on Earth. Only Noah's family and those animals that he took into his ark were saved.

In the mountains, one who moved from

places a stone can push

another, and that one is another, and so on in a chain. A natural phenomenon in which a large number of stones fall down a slope is called a rock fall. Earthquakes are usually the cause of the largest collapses. If such collapses occur near settlements, they can become a real natural disaster. Large landslides can greatly change the environment: for example, in 1911 in the Pamirs, 7 billion tons of rocks that collapsed down blocked the mountain river Murgab, and a few years later a mountain lake formed on this site.

The strength of the wind is determined from

using the 12-point Beaufort scale, an English hydrograph. If the sea is calm (complete calm), then the wind force is estimated at zero points, if a light breeze (a weak wind that blows from the sea during the day and from land at night), then - two points, if a fresh wind blows, the sea has appeared white lambs, then this is already five points, but if almost nothing is visible, huge waves soar up and crash down with a roar - this is a real hurricane of 12 points. This scale also applies to winds blowing over land.

Earthquakes occur when there are huge

drifting plates of the earth's crust collide with each other: one plate goes under another, the edges are crumpled into folds, and giant cracks form in the earth's crust. The area where an earthquake occurs is called the focus of an earthquake. In large earthquakes, the source can be 100-1000 square meters in size. km. The source of the earthquake is located deep underground (at a depth of 70-700 km). The area of ​​the earth's surface that has fallen under the influence of tremors is called the epicenter of an earthquake.

The strength of earthquakes is estimated using the Richter scale or the 12-point seismic intensity scale. According to the 12-point seismic scale, an earthquake of 1 point is recorded only by special instruments; at 5 points - it is felt by almost all people, many wake up at night, chandeliers and other hanging objects sway; 8 points - large cracks form in the walls and on steep slopes, monuments fall; 10 points - buildings collapse, railroad tracks bend, collapses and landslides begin; an earthquake of 12 points is the most destructive - not a single building can withstand, rivers change their course, various objects themselves take off into the air.

The volcano is a mountain with a very deep hole at its top, resembling a funnel in shape. This funnel is called a crater. Through a hole from the bowels of the Earth, a molten mass of rocks - lava - is poured onto its surface. Its temperature is about 1100 ° C (even steel melts at this temperature!). When a volcano erupts, more ash and smoke (volcanic gases) escape to the surface.

Lava, rock fragments, volcanic ash form a cone around the hole. Therefore, as a result of volcanic eruptions, mountains can form on land, and islands can form in the ocean.

A volcanic eruption usually begins suddenly, people do not always have time to escape. Lava flows, rock fragments sweep away everything in their path and claim thousands of human lives. Such was the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, it buried the whole city of Pompeii with all its inhabitants under a layer of ash.

REMEMBER:

There is a way out of any situation, but it is better not to allow it. .

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slide 2

Basic concepts Potential danger is a danger hidden, uncertain in time and space. A potential danger is realized through causes, and if the undesirable consequences are significant, then this event is classified as an emergency. An emergency situation (ES) is a situation in a certain territory that has developed as a result of an accident, natural hazard, catastrophe, natural or other disaster that may or have caused human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and violation of the living conditions of people. An accident is an extreme man-made event that occurred for design, production, technological or operational reasons, or due to random external influences, and consists in damage, failure, destruction of technical devices or structures. A production or transport disaster is a major accident that entailed human casualties, significant material damage and other serious consequences. A natural disaster is a catastrophic natural phenomenon (or process) that can cause numerous casualties, significant material damage and other severe consequences. Ecological catastrophe (environmental disaster) is an extraordinary event of a particularly large scale, caused by a change (under the influence of anthropogenic factors) of the state of the land, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, accompanied by mass death of living organisms and economic damage.

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Classification of emergency situations It is advisable to initially divide the entire set of possible emergency situations into conflict and non-conflict situations. Conflict, first of all, can include military clashes, economic crises, extremist political struggle, social explosions, national and religious conflicts, terrorism, rampant criminality, large-scale corruption, etc. Conflict-free emergencies, in turn, can be classified ( systematized) according to a significant number of features that describe phenomena from various aspects of their nature and properties. All emergencies can be classified according to three main principles: by the scale of distribution by the rate of development by origin

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Classification of emergencies according to the scale of distribution Emergency level Number of victims, pers. Material damage, rub. local no more than 10 no more than 100 thousand municipal no more than 50 no more than 5 million intermunicipal no more than 50 no more than 5 million regional no more than 500 no more than 500 million interregional no more than 500 no more than 500 million federal over 500 more than 500 million

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Classification of emergencies according to the rate of development sudden (explosions, traffic accidents, earthquakes, etc.); rapid (fires, release of gaseous potent toxic substances (SDYAV), hydrodynamic accidents with the formation of breakthrough waves, mudflows, etc.), moderate (release of radioactive substances, accidents in utility systems, volcanic eruptions, floods, etc.); smooth (accidents at treatment facilities, droughts, epidemics, environmental deviations, etc.). Smooth (slow) emergencies can last for many months and years, for example, the consequences of anthropogenic activities in the Aral Sea zone.

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Classification of emergencies by origin Man-caused emergencies Natural emergencies Ecological emergencies

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Technogenic emergencies 1.1. Transport accidents (catastrophes) 1.2. Fires, explosions, explosion threat 1.3. Accidents with release (threat of release) of chemically hazardous substances (CW) 1.4. Accidents with release (threat of release) of radioactive substances 1.5. Accidents with release (threat of release) of biologically hazardous substances (BHS) 1.6. Sudden collapse of buildings, structures 1.7. Accidents on electric power systems 1.8. Accidents on communal life support systems 1.9. Accidents at treatment facilities 1.10. Hydrodynamic accidents

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Natural emergencies 2.1. Geophysical hazards 2.2. Geological hazards (exogenous geological phenomena): 2.3. Meteorological and agrometeorological hazards 2.4. Marine hydrological hazards 2.5. Hydrological hazards 2.6. Hydrogeological hazards 2.7. Natural fires 2.8. Infectious diseases in humans 2.9. Infectious incidence of farm animals 2.10. Damage to agricultural plants by diseases and pests

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Ecological emergencies 3.1. Emergencies associated with changes in the state of land (soil, subsoil, landscape) 3.2. Emergencies associated with changes in the composition and properties of the atmosphere (air environment) 3.3. Emergencies associated with changes in the state of the hydrosphere (aquatic environment)

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Development of emergency situations Studies in the field of emergency situations allow us to conclude that the bulk of extreme events occur as a result of: the impact of a natural factor (natural processes due to gravity, earth's rotation, temperature difference, etc.); the impact of the natural environment on structures and equipment (corrosion, changes in technical indicators, etc.); occurrence or development through the fault of a person (for example, in case of violation of the rules of operation) of failures and defects in structures, machines, etc.; the impact of technological processes (temperatures, vibration, aggressive vapors and liquids, increased loads, etc.) on structures, machines, mechanisms, etc.; military activity, etc. Regardless of the classification, four stages are distinguished in the development of emergency situations.

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Stages of development of emergencies Origin - the emergence of conditions or prerequisites for an emergency (increased natural activity, accumulation of deformations, defects, etc.). It is difficult to establish the moment of the onset of the nucleation stage. In this case, it is possible to use the statistics of design failures and failures, analyze the data of seismic observations, meteorological estimates, etc. Initiations are the beginning of an emergency. At this stage, the human factor is important, since statistics show that up to 70% of man-made accidents and disasters occur due to human errors. More than 80% of air crashes and disasters at sea are related to the human factor. To reduce these indicators, better training of personnel is needed. Climaxes are the stage of release of energy or substance. At this stage, the greatest negative impact on humans and the environment of harmful and dangerous factors of the emergency is noted. One of the features of this stage is the explosive nature of the destructive effect, the involvement of toxic, energy-rich and other components in the process. Attenuation - the localization of an emergency and the elimination of its direct and indirect consequences. The duration of this stage is different, days, months, years and decades are possible.