Vadim Zeland
Excess potentials
Everything in nature strives for balance. The difference in atmospheric pressure is equalized by the wind. The temperature difference is compensated by heat exchange. Wherever excess potential of any energy appears, equilibrium forces arise aimed at eliminating the imbalance. All laws in nature are secondary, derived from the law of equilibrium. We are accustomed to the fact that in life there are white and black stripes, success is replaced by defeat. These are all manifestations of the law of balance. After all, both success and failure are an imbalance.
Complete balance- this is when nothing happens at all, but there is no absolute. In any case, no one has yet been able to observe this. There are constant fluctuations in the world: day - night, ebb - ebb, birth - death, and so on. Even in a vacuum there is a continuous birth and annihilation of elementary particles.
The whole world can be represented in the form of pendulums that swing, fade and interact with each other. Each pendulum receives shocks from its neighbors and transmits its own to them. One of the main legislators governing this entire complex system is the law of equilibrium. Ultimately, everything strives for balance. You yourself are a kind of pendulum.
If you decide to upset your balance and swing sharply in one direction, you will touch neighboring pendulums and thereby create disturbance around you, which will then turn against you. Balance can be disrupted not only by actions, but also by thoughts. And not just because they are followed by actions. As you know, thoughts radiate energy. In the world of material realization, everything has an energy basis. And everything that happens on the invisible level is reflected in the world of visible material objects. It may seem that the energy of our thoughts is too small to have an impact on the world around us.
At the energetic level, all material objects have the same meaning. It is we who endow them with certain qualities: good - bad, cheerful - sad, attractive - repulsive, kind - evil, simple - complex, and so on.
Everything in this world is subject to our assessment. The assessment itself does not create heterogeneity in the energy field. Sitting in your chair, you evaluate: it’s safe to sit here, but standing on the edge of the abyss is dangerous. However, this does not bother you at the moment. You are simply making an assessment, so the balance is not disturbed in any way.
Excessive potential only appears if the assessment is given undue importance. It turns out that mental energy strives to artificially reproduce a certain quality where it actually does not exist. However, the error in assessment itself does not play any role. Only importance specifically for you gives the assessment your energy.
Excess potentials, being invisible and intangible, nevertheless play a significant and, moreover, insidious role in people's lives. The actions of equilibrium forces to eliminate these potentials give rise to the lion's share of problems. The insidiousness lies in the fact that a person often gets a result that is exactly the opposite of his intention.
At the same time, it is completely unclear what is happening. This gives rise to the feeling that some inexplicable evil force is at work, a kind of “law of meanness.” Why do we get what we actively don't want? How, on the contrary, what we want eludes us. If you put work (going to work) on one side of the scale, and everything else on the other, the balance will be disrupted and the consequences will not take long to arrive.
The result will be exactly the opposite of what was expected. In everything you need to know when to stop. If you feel that you are very tired, that work has become hard labor for you, then you need to slow down or change your job altogether. Efforts beyond measure will definitely lead to negative results.
Depression may come over you. But of course, you force yourself to do something that is a burden to you. The mind repeats: “Come on, we need to make money!” And the soul (subconscious) is surprised: “Did I come into this world to suffer and suffer? Why do I need all this? In the end, you will get chronic fatigue, the feeling that you are fighting like a fish against ice, but there is no point.
Other people achieve more with much less effort. You urgently need to lower your “level of importance” and reconsider your attitude towards work in order to eliminate excess potential. There must be free time when you can do that. What do you like outside of work? Anyone who doesn’t know how to rest and switch off doesn’t know how to work.
When you come to work, rent yourself out (for temporary use). Give your hands and head, but not your heart. The pendulum of work needs all your energy, but you didn’t come into the world only to work for it? Your work efficiency will increase noticeably when you eliminate excess potentials and free yourself from pendulums.
When renting yourself out, act impeccably. Do not make minor mistakes for which you can be accused of basic negligence. Impeccability concerns your responsibilities. Renting yourself out does not mean acting laxly or irresponsibly. This means acting with detachment, without creating excess potential, but at the same time clearly doing what is required of you. Otherwise, trouble may arise.
“Going to work” is justified only in one case - if work is your goal. In this case, work serves as a tunnel leading you to success. Such work, on the contrary, pumps up energy, gives joy, inspiration and satisfaction. If you are one of those rare lucky people who can confidently say this about their work, then you have nothing to worry about.
All of the above also applies to studies.
The desire for balance is the basic law of the surrounding reality. All other laws are considered to be derived from it. No one knows for sure what is the reason for this state of affairs...
Manifestations of the law of equilibrium can be observed at every step. Its essence comes down to the reaction to emerging disturbances, for which a special term is used - excess potentials.
Understanding this law allows weather forecasters to make forecasts, clearly tracking cause-and-effect relationships between natural phenomena, doctors to make diagnoses and prescribe treatment, and representatives of all other professions to organize their activities based on observed patterns.
On the path of life is one of the manifestations of the law of balance. Trouble or introduces an imbalance into the usual routine, “rocking” the current state of affairs.
The world is an infinitely complex system interacting with each other. Each element of this system strives for balance.
Man, in essence, is also a pendulum. His attempts to influence other pendulums (other people) in violation of the established balance ultimately turn against him.
Both actions and thoughts can lead to imbalance. Both of them contribute to the emergence of excess energy potentials, which immediately want to eliminate the equilibrium forces.
How do excess potentials arise?
Giving too much importance to anything creates excess potential.
Saying a poem out loud to yourself in front of a mirror is unlikely to evoke any emotion in the narrator.
However, retelling the same set of words in front of a crowd of one hundred thousand at the opening of a pathetic event can turn out to be a very difficult and exciting matter...
The difference in perception is explained by the different assessments that the narrator assigns to his actions in certain circumstances.
Such assessments often significantly distort the actual state of affairs. The greater the distortion, the higher the excess potential.
The more important the item, the more subjective its assessment will be.
If we are in love, the object of our worship will be endowed with unimaginable virtues, which in fact he may not possess at all.
When we hate someone, our thinking will paint an image of a scoundrel, in which the positive qualities will be completely obscured by dark colors...
It’s all due to the uncontrolled wandering of thoughts, trying to attach labels of importance to everything.
The ability to cope with thoughts will allow us to adjust the degree of importance for us of certain events or phenomena and thereby nullify the emergence of unwanted excess potentials.
Manifestations of excessive importance
The attempts of equilibrium forces to neutralize excess potentials serve as the main source of life problems. This is where the mechanism for obtaining undesirable results, which we discussed in previous publications, lies.
People who throw themselves into their work usually pursue the goal of achieving extraordinary results. Thousands of people work until exhaustion, but very few achieve truly visible results. What's the salt in this?
From the standpoint of the law of balance, a clear imbalance is obvious - giving exceptional importance to work and completely neglecting other areas of life. Due to imbalance, the results are usually quite disastrous.
The exception is situations when reason is achieved in work (and this happens when a person has found his Purpose). In this case, the work does not have destructive potential, but rather serves as a powerful energy source for it. who does it.
Diligent performance of unloved or routine work usually leads to significant losses and negatively affects other aspects of life, provoking illness, depression and conflict situations.
If you consciously lower the bar of importance in relation to work, all of these problems can be easily avoided. At the same time, energy costs will significantly decrease, and professional results will increase in an unexpected way.
What does it mean to “rent yourself out”?
To neutralize excess potentials associated with work or study, it is advisable to use a psychological technique that prescribes renting yourself out when performing obligatory but not favorite work.
Thanks to this technique, you can radically change your attitude towards any activity and achieve a productive state of balance.
The point of the technique is to clearly separate working time and rest periods. Dedicate a strictly defined number of hours to work, and perform your job duties flawlessly within the allotted time.
This is a conscious attitude towards what has to be done to suit circumstances.
It implies detached activity, completely devoid of excessive importance, and at the same time requiring internal control over the accuracy and precision of the execution of assigned tasks.
The last condition will protect you from annoying and spontaneous mistakes, usually characteristic of hasty or nervous movements.
This attitude to business will greatly increase the efficiency and productivity of work and at the same time leave time for communication with family, playing sports or something not related to professional activities (creativity, hobbies).
You can rent out yourself not only at work, but also in unfamiliar companies or unusual situations. It is enough to clearly and impeccably play your role, while realizing that you are acting in this manner only temporarily.
Video about excess potentials:
1 Motivation and performance efficiency
2 Yerkes-Dodson Law of Optimum Motivation
3 The motivating potential of various types of stimulation
TEXT OF LECTURE
So, before moving on to the consideration of the first question: motivation and performance effectiveness, let us remember the concept of motivation and understand the concept of performance effectiveness.
This should be done because any conversation about anything cannot be fruitful if you do not understand its subject in advance.
Currently, motivation as a mental phenomenon is interpreted in different ways. Moreover, all definitions of motivation can be attributed in two directions:
1.
Consideration of motivation from a structural perspective, as a set of factors or motives.
Motivation
- this is the whole set of various motivations, motives, needs, interests, goals, drives, etc., which in the broadest sense implies the motivation of behavior in general.
2.
Consideration of motivation as a dynamic formation, as a process, as a mechanism.
Motivation
- this is the internal determination of human activity and behavior, as well as the mental process of transforming external influences into internal motivation.
Let's
Let’s remember the concepts of external and internal motivation! We will need them to better understand the essence of the issue under consideration.
Extrinsic motivation
-
a construct to describe the determination of behavior in situations where the factors that initiate and regulate it are locatedoutside
I (
self
)
personality or outside
behavior.
Intrinsic motivation
-
a construct that describes this type of determination of behavior when the factors initiating and regulating it stem fromfrom the inside
personal I and are completelyinside
the behavior itself. Intrinsically motivated activities have no rewards other than the activity itself. People are involved in these activities for their own sake, and not to achieve any outside goals.shntheir awards. Such activity is an end in itself, and not a means to achieve some other goal.
In Western psychological literature, the terms “extreme motivation” and “intrinsic motivation” are used.
Extreme motivation
- this is motivation determined by external conditions and circumstances, andintense motivation
- this is internal motivation associated with personal dispositions.
Now let's move on to consider the concept of efficiency...
Effective- giving an effect, effective.
Concept"efficiency"
considered within various sciences. Initially, it was most developed in praxeology (the study of practical activity, rules and methods of effective activity). The main ideas of this science of rational activity were formulated back in 1913 by the famous Polish scientist T. Kotarbinski. He identified two meanings of the concept efficiency and postulated that “this term is understood in both a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, it covers the entire set of positive signs of its correctness, and correct activity and effective activity are one and the same. Efficiency in the narrow sense, otherwise skill, dexterity, is the ability to skillfully perform any practical or related activity.”
The concept of efficiency also expresses the ratio of the result of activity to the costs of social labor. From this point of view, the most effective activity is the one that, with constant costs, leads to the maximum result, or when the same result is obtained with a minimum of costs.”
A.L. Zhuravlev , taking into account the ratio of the result to the costs of achieving it, uses the concept"efficiency » activities.
Efficiency, first of all, reflects the correctness of the direction chosen to achieve the final result (since a result, even a good one, can be achieved in a not entirely rational way, by spending additional efforts or resources). Therefore, efficiency reflects the correctness of the chosen direction to achieve the set goal and the final result of the activity, which takes into greater account the methods of achieving it (costs).
Having agreed on the subject, let's move on to consider the first question...
1 Motivation and performance efficiency
As we have said more than once, one of the characteristics of a motive is its force.
She influences not only on activity level person, but also on the success of this activity, in particular on operational efficiency.
The strength of a motive is related to its stability. If it manifests itself situationally, “here and now,” then they say about perseverance , if stability characterizes the motivational attitude, then they say about perseverance.
Historically, the study of this issue began in the first quarter of the 20th century in connection with the study of the influence of stimulation of varying strength on the level of activity, the strength of the emotional reaction and the effectiveness of learning.
Wherein motivated - any stimulating effect on the activity of humans and animals was understood, up to the introduction of pharmacological drugs.
It was revealed, and above all by experiments Yerxa And Dodson(1908) by distinguishing two brightnesses, which overstimulation slows down the rate of learning.
In the experiment, a task was given that required three levels of discrimination ; provided and three levels of stimulation (motivation ): strong, medium and weak electric shocks as punishment for a mistake.
As a result, three curves were obtained, which show that in each case there is an optimum of motivation, at which learning is the fastest (see figure below).
The results obtained are presented in Fig. 1.
The x-axis shows the levels of electric current, and the y-axis shows the number of trials required to achieve good discrimination; three curves correspond to three levels of task difficulty.
However, the results also indicate that optimal motivation depends on the difficulty of the task being performed.
When difficult task the optimum is achieved at weak motivation, whereas with an easy task it matches strong motivation.
At the same time, with an easy task excessive motivation does not cause behavioral disorders, but the likelihood of their occurrence occurs when difficult tasks.
Thus, the experimental results show that in each case there is optimum current ( motivation), in which learning occurs most quickly.
It is also important to emphasize once again that optimum stimulation depends on depending on the difficulty of the task : the more difficult it is, the closer the optimum is to the threshold value of the stimulus.
Therefore, when A difficult task requires weak motivation, and an easy one requires strong motivation.
2 Yerkes-Dodson Law of Optimum Motivation
There are actually two laws.
Law 1. As the intensity of motivation increases, the quality of activity changes along a bell-shaped curve: first it increases, then, after passing through the point of the highest success rates, it gradually decreases.
The level of motivation at which an activity is performed as successfully as possible is called optimal motivation.
Law 2. The more difficult an activity is for a person, the lower the level of motivation is optimal for it.
Things of average complexity are best done with an average level of motivation.
Rice. 2. Diagram illustrating the Yerkes-Dodson law
Thus, Yerkes-Dodson law in psychology they call the dependence of the best results on the average intensity of motivation. There is a certain limit beyond which a further increase in motivation leads to worse results.
Consequently, there is a certain optimum (optimal level) of motivation at which the activity is performed best ( for a given person, in a specific situation ).
For example: the level of motivation, which can be conditionally estimated at seven points, will be the most favorable. A subsequent increase in motivation (up to 10 or more points) will lead not to an improvement, but to a deterioration in performance. That is, a very high level of motivation is not always the best.
In many subsequent studies, the phenomenon received experimental confirmation. In particular, it has been proven that with increased motivation, the quality of performance increases, but up to a certain limit: if it is too high, the quality of performance deteriorates.
Experiment repeated on humans showed similar results. The experimental material was puzzles, and the motivating stimulus was a monetary reward (the amount of the reward for the correct solution, initially insignificant, gradually increased to a very significant one). And this is what was discovered.
People worked half-heartedly for a purely symbolic gain, and the results were poor. As the reward increased, so did the enthusiasm; the results improved accordingly. However, at a certain point, when the possibility of winning reached a considerable value, enthusiasm grew into excitement, and performance results decreased. Thus, it turned out that weak motivation is not sufficient for success, but excessive motivation is also harmful, since it generates unnecessary excitement and fussiness.
It seems that the authors of popular self-help guides to life success are poorly versed in psychology. The slogan they put forward, “Focus all of yourself on the desired goal,” is not entirely accurate. Of course, you need to have a goal, you need to strive for it. But we must not forget that obsession with a goal can also do a disservice.
X. Heckhausen showed that highly motivated and those motivated to succeed tend to plan your future for longer periods of time.
Criticism
Meanwhile, speaking about this law, it is necessary to make some comments.
1.
The identified patterns have become widely known both abroad and among domestic psychologists. However, in fairness, it should be noted that they are largely consistent with law of optimum-pessimum, which was formulated by the Russian physiologist N. E. Vvedensky (1905) and extended it to human behavior.
Thus, he wrote that one of the conditions for the fruitfulness of mental work is compliance with law of optimum, by which he understood the “measurement” and rhythm of work.
A person walking too fast is more likely to get tired, wrote N. E. Vvedensky, but also a person walking too slowly (for example, when an adult adapts to a child’s step). Impetuosity in work and its sudden intensification are unfavorable for productivity. But this same rule is also true for higher types of neuropsychic and mental activity.
N. E. Vvedensky understood, and this should be especially emphasized, that the optimum is individual for each person.
2.
Further, Yerkes-Dodson law(however, like the law of optimum-pessimum), if we take into account the experimental data on the basis of which it was formulated, it concerns forces of determination(stimulation), the strength of external stimuli, Butnot motivation as an internal (mental) process and not the power of motive as an internal stimulant.
And yet it is obvious that this law and the law of optimum-pessimum are also relevant to self-stimulation, and to the strength of emerging desires, and therefore to motivation and motive.
As noted J. Nytten(1975), the idea of optimum motivation is as old as human thought. Therefore, psychologists from different countries recognized that intense stimulation negatively affects our efficiency.
There is no doubt about the validity of these arguments, but the problem is that there is very little experimental confirmation of them. All experiments boil down to creating conditions under which a person would want to do something faster, better, but what was his strength of motive(needs, aspirations, desires) cannot be said, since it is not directly measurable, it can only be judged indirectly. We only assume that with increased stimulation (usually external, but it would be better - internal, coming from the subject himself), the strength of the motive also increases. In this regard, the Yerkes-Dodson experiments do not prove that they are about motives. Most likely, the effectiveness of learning changed due to varying levels of anxiety and fear of punishment.
And yet, first of all, practice confirms that there is an optimum of motivation and motive power.
For example,
There are observations that schoolchildren who performed worse than usual in exams are individuals with extremely strong motivation, characterized by inflated self-esteem and an inadequate level of aspirations. During exams, they clearly show signs of emotional tension.
3 Motivating potential of external stimulation factors
Under motivational potential
understand the power of the impact that this stimulus has on the energy of the motive. External and internal stimuli can enhance or weaken the strength of a motive.
The strength of a motive can be influenced by various factors, which we will consider in more detail.
1. Praise, moral encouragement and reprimand, punishment.
The question of the influence of reward and punishment is studied by psychologists mainly in connection with the problem of learning, where they are considered as positive and negative reinforcement.
OK causes a repetition of the desired response, and disapproval – inhibition of an undesirable reaction, therefore, the first acts more strongly than the second (E. Thorndike, 1935). However, further research on this issue revealed the inconsistency of the results obtained.
praise And censure become effective if you take into account psychological characteristics of a person(G. Thomson, S. Cannicutt, 1944);
praise And censure have a stimulating effect only if repeated in a row no more than four times . Long-term reprimand(however, like praise) leads to negative consequences both for labor efficiency and for personal development (V.V. Markelov 1972);
censure often negatively affects people with weak nervous system. Praise affects them positively , and for persons with strong nervous system almost does not have a stimulating effect ;
public praise Very well appreciated by people, while public irony causes the most negative attitude. As for reprimand in private , then more than half of people react to it positive;
negative rating provides positive(stimulating) influence if it is completely justified And given tactfully, taking into account the situation and condition of the person, his individual characteristics(A. G. Kovaleva, 1974).
It is characteristic that the worst work results, according to A.G. Kovalev, were found not among those who were reprimanded, but among those who were not evaluated in any way. “Unnoticed,” that is, not evaluated in any way, people began to work worse and worse due to a decrease in the strength of the motive for the work performed, since they believed that no one needed it.
Naturally, the assessment should, as a rule, be adequate to the actual achievements of the person. However, in a number of cases, in order to stimulate the activity of a diligent, but not very capable or insecure person, one should praise him for small and even imaginary successes.
Here you can quote the words of I.-V. Goethe, who wrote that by treating our neighbors as they deserve, we only make them worse. By treating them as if they are better than what they really are, we force them to become better.
The essential point is regularity And timeliness performance evaluations.
From this point of view, accounting for academic performance in universities only on the basis of passing exams in winter and summer sessions cannot be considered successful, based on the stimulation of students’ learning activity. The absence, as in school, of constant surveys with grades relaxes students and does not make it necessary to regularly study independently using textbooks and lecture notes.
2. Material incentives (remuneration).
In industrial psychology, the role of monetary reward was and is recognized as leading in stimulating the employee.
In connection with what arose concept of "economic man". According to this concept, the amount of earnings should increase in accordance with the growth of labor productivity.
At the same time, attention was paid to the following points:
If material reward remains at the same level, it decreases over time motivational potential. For this incentive to remain effective, an increase in the amount of remuneration is necessary;
usage material reward more efficient when the work performed can be measured quantitatively and less effective where the results of the work are difficult to express in precise terms;
matters how often a person receives reward through short or long time intervals; in the second case the motivational potential of rewards decreases;
the stimulating effect of reward varies depending on people's attitude towards money.
However, there is quite convincing evidence that there are more significant motivators of human labor activity than wages or at least what the salary is not the only means of strengthening the motives of a person’s work activity(for example, moral encouragement).
In general, people have different attitudes towards money, hence the stimulating effect of rewards is different. P. Wernimont and S. Fitzpatrick (1972) showed that, along with a positive attitude towards money (money as a measure of luck and well-being, as a socially acceptable attribute of life, as a conservative commercial value), a number of people also have a negative attitude (money as a moral evil, as an object of contempt).
3. Competition as a stimulating factor.
Works on social psychology indicate "rivalry effect" : explicit or imaginary (correspondence contact) a person's being in contact with others awakens the spirit of competition in him and stimulates his activity (V. M. Bekhterev, N. Tripplett, F. Allport).
Experimental studies revealed the following patterns:
head-to-head competition with an opponent significantly improves results, but an even greater improvement is observed if two teams compete at the same time (A. Ts. Puni, 1959);
people's work activity was even greater with simple awareness that in neighboring rooms people are doing the same work;
awareness about people performing in competitions. can increase the speed of work, but its accuracy and quality may decrease.
children, are usually stimulated when being with each other V greater degrees than adults. Particularly intense rivalry arises between siblings, which often leads not to improvement, but to worsening results;
plays a role and the importance of the people present;
matter and typological characteristics of people. Persons with a strong nervous system are more stimulated by a competitive environment than persons with a weak nervous system;
the stimulating role of competition depends on from knowing the results of others (V.D. Shadrikov, 1982);
plays a significant role level of aspiration And self-esteem: Proud people are more stimulated by a competitive situation and are more “turned on.”
4. The influence of the presence of other people (coaction effects).
More V. M. Bekhterev noted that there are three types of people: 1) socially excitable,
2) socially inhibited
and 3) socially indifferent
. This was later confirmed by many studies.
In particular, it was found that:
many people work worse , when they feel someone else's gaze on them;
is of great importance degree of difficulty And strength of skills, which must be mastered in the presence of others: simple and solid skills are performed in most casesbetter, and also only mastered and complex coordination skills can be carried out worse;
matters and degree of intelligence : the higher it is, the more excited a person is in the presence of others, the more he does not want to “lose his face in the dirt”;
highly anxious people are more likely to exhibit a negative reaction to the presence of others (spectators, fans) than those with low anxiety, and persons with a high level of aspirations Viewers' support is most often responded to positively.
5. The influence of success and failure.
The success of human activity has a significant impact on the strength and stability of motives.
Success inspire him, and the constant satisfaction from the achieved result leads to satisfaction with one’s occupation, i.e., a persistent positive attitude towards one’s activity.
Failures lead to a condition frustration, which can have two outcomes in terms of influence on the strength and stability of the motive.
In one case failures that are repeated repeatedly make a person want to leave this activity, since he believes that he is little capable of it.
Otherwise– in case of failure, a person develops an aggressive reaction aimed at external objects, accompanied by frustration, embitterment, stubbornness, and the desire to achieve what was intended, at any cost, even in spite of real possibilities. In this case, failure is considered as an accident due to existing external circumstances, as a result motive intensifies
, but the actions taken by a person under its influence are often impulsive and irrational: they continue to be carried out even when they are no longer appropriate.
Grade success or failure by the person himself is always subjective. It is determined by a person’s level of aspirations, comparison of his achievements with the achievements of others, etc. Therefore, what is a success for one person will be regarded as a failure by others.
The experience of success and failure occurs only in those cases when a person associates them with his
diligence, abilities
, that is, he attributes to himself the achieved result - “internal attribution” (F. Hoppe, 1930)
There is no "attribution"during easy and difficult tasks or when performing an unfamiliar task, in relation to which a subjective scale of difficulty has not yet been formed, when successes and failures are isolated, do not lead to a change in the level of aspirations and are regarded as random, depending on the situation or other people (“external attribution”).
This is where the idea came from "locus of control":
external, if a person considers his behavior to be the result of factors and forces beyond his power and control (fate, luck, actions of other people, etc.), and internal, when a person believes that his behavior is determined by himself.
6. Social and psychological climate
in a team or group significantly influences on a person’s attitude to the work he performs, on the strength of his motive.
Exemption from strict compliance with the formal requirements of the administration,
the ability to determine the mode of their activities,
discussion of general issues by the whole team,
a friendly atmosphere - all this contributes to satisfying a person’s need for respect from others, the need to be considered a significant member of a group, to belong to this group, which has become a reference group for him.
Satisfaction
socio-psychological climate in a group or team significantly influences overall job satisfaction and creates a stable motive for this work.
7. The influence of public attention (moral incentives).
According to theory "human relations"(E. Mayo), even minimal manifestations of attention and care
to the needs of workers (for example, improving lighting in the workroom, moral encouragement at a meeting, etc.) increases labor productivity
. But especially motivation increases
when a person knows that his work needed
to society.
However excessive public attention may have Negative consequences(for example, “star fever” with all its negative sides may appear), which change the direction of the personality and weaken the aspiration for creative achievements.
Besides, increased responsibility of people with high anxiety can lead to the fact that, being overly worried, wanting to justify public attention, a person can reduce the efficiency of your activities.
8. Attractiveness of the object of need.
The Power of Need And energy of motive are determined the attractiveness of the object that causes the need.
Attractiveness can be greatly enhanced by the mystery of the object or the prohibition of its use.
In the first case stimulated need for perception and exploration (R. Butler, 1953).
In the second case, the prohibition to open, look, try something leads to stimulate cognitive motivation and often to the opposite result due to curiosity arising in a person, the emergence of the significance of what is forbidden due to the attribution of a positive valence to the “forbidden” fruit.
The attractiveness of another person is denoted by the term attraction (from lat. attrahere - attract, attract) Based on it, attachment arises as a personal need to communicate with this person, as a special social attitude towards this person, as a specific emotional attitude towards him (sympathy and even love or, conversely, antipathy and hatred).
It is known that people are attracted to each other either by similarity or by contrast. However, the nature of this phenomenon remains unclear
9. Attractiveness of the content of the activity.
An activity can attract and interest a person from different sides.
It could be unknown, mystery the final result (for example, for a scientist, traveler, geologist, reader of detective stories) or the difficulty of the task being solved, which “challenges” a person’s self-esteem (“I can or I can’t”).
Very often, when solving any task or problem, a person experiences pleasure from tension and productivity, and, as a result, the strength and stability of the motive for its implementation increases.
10. Having a perspective and a specific goal.
A number of studies have shown that:
strength of motive And operational efficiency depend on how clearly a person understands the goal and meaning of the activity;
uncertainty of the future reduces motivation and determination;
target proximity , as well as having an idea of the final results of activities , are more strongly motivated to achieve this goal;
long wait, Postponing indefinitely the satisfaction of a need often leads to a person’s “cooling”, to a loss of desire and interest. The same effect has lack of clarity of purpose, lack of specificity ;
11. Forecast and human activity.
When choosing a goal, a person builds forecast about the probability of achieving it in these conditions, this takes into account, of course, past experience - positive or negative.
Depending on the sign of this experience, the effectiveness of activity may be different.
12. Functional states.
There are a number of human conditions that sharply reduce it motivational potential.
Yes, when monotony life, mental satiety , fatigue the desire to do work disappears, for which there was initially a positive motive.
It has a particularly strong and long-lasting effect on the reduction of motivational potential. state of depression , which is characterized by a negative emotional background (depression, melancholy, despair) due to unpleasant, difficult events in a person’s life and accompanied by a feeling of helplessness, lack of confidence in one’s capabilities, and a feeling of futility. The strength of needs and drives decreases sharply, which leads to passive behavior and lack of initiative.
At the same time, some obsessive states(involuntarily, suddenly appearing in the mind painful thoughts, ideas or urges to action), in which the motivational potential increases sharply
Has a great influence on the reduction of motivational potential "professional burnout."
Burnout syndrome (burnout) represents a set of negative mental experiences, “exhaustion” from prolonged exposure to stress in professions that involve intense interpersonal interactions, accompanied by emotional richness and cognitive complexity.
The term "burnout" describes the characteristics of the mental state of healthy people who are in intensive and close communication with clients when providing them with professional assistance (X. Fredenberger, 1974).
There are three main components of “burnout”(B. Pelman, E. Hartman, 1982):
1. Emotional exhaustion manifests itself in feelings of emotional overstrain and in a feeling of emptiness, exhaustion of one’s emotional resources. A person feels that he cannot devote himself entirely to work.
2. Depersonalization is associated with the emergence of an indifferent, negative and even cynical attitude towards people served by the nature of their work. Contacts with them become impersonal and formal; emerging negative attitudes may initially be hidden and manifest themselves in internally pent-up irritation, which over time breaks out and leads to conflicts.
3. Reduced work productivity(reduction of personal achievements) is manifested in a decrease in assessment of one’s competence (in a negative perception of oneself as a professional), dissatisfaction with oneself, a decrease in the value of one’s activities, and a negative attitude towards oneself as an individual. Indifference to work appears.
The speed of burnout depends on personal characteristics. People who are unsociable, shy, emotionally unstable, impulsive and impatient, with less self-sufficiency, high empathy and reactivity are more likely to develop burnout.
They also matter production factors.
Burnout develops earlier if an employee:
a) evaluates his work as insignificant;
b) not satisfied with professional growth;
c) lacks independence and believes that he is being overly controlled;
d) completely absorbed in his work (workaholic);
e) experiences role uncertainty due to unclear requirements for him,
f) experiences overload or, conversely, underload (the latter gives rise to a feeling of uselessness).
State of "burnout" develops latently over a long period of time. Therefore, it is advisable to conduct examinations of workers from time to time to identify early symptoms of this condition and prevent a decrease in the motive for performing professional activities.
Psychology. Yerkes-Dodson Law.
It's been drilled into us since childhood" If there is a desire, there will be a result", "if you really want to, you can fly into space"From childhood we are taught to think that everything depends only on the strength of our desire, implying that the stronger the desire, the more guaranteed the result will be.
However, back in 1908, American psychologist Robert Yerkes, in experiments with mice and chimpanzees revealed an interesting feature. He found that the power of motivation is only at first INCREASES operational efficiency. But the stronger the motivation becomes, the more and more the animals make mistakes, and the effectiveness of their activities FALLS.
Human studies have shown similar results.
For example, subjects were asked to solve puzzles and were offered a monetary reward as an incentive. Moreover, the amount of reward in the experiment varied - from insignificant amounts to very decent ones..
And this is what turned out.
For a small - symbolic - reward, people worked "carelessly."
But as the amount increased, enthusiasm grew, people began to try, which led to improved results.
However, at some point, when the amount of the reward became very significant,enthusiasm overturned became a stir, and operational efficiency declined sharply.
In another simple experiment, 12-13 year old schoolchildren were asked to tap their palms on a table at a fast but random pace. And then they were given the task of hitting the table as quickly as possible.
Paradoxically, it turned out that up to 70% of schoolchildren on the command “knock as quickly as possible” showed worse results than when performing the movement at a free pace. Trying with all my might knock faster, they began to knock slower.
Similarly, many experiments have clearly shown that low motivation is not enough for success, but too much is harmful because it creates unnecessary excitement and fussiness.
So, with super-strong motivation, thought becomes paralyzed, the person is deprived of the ability to make rational decisions. In some cases of super-strong motivation, a real panic reaction is even observed.
The question concerns not only weight loss.
Now that the Olympic Games are underway in London, it is clearly visible that the more an athlete wants to achieve a result, the less he succeeds. Modern high-achievement sport is pure psychology, and so far we are losing greatly in this battle of psychology.
For example, I never tire of being amazed at who made the decision to promise athletes a gold medal 1 million dollars? After all, this promise is just capable ruin the performance athlete. And it destroys.
Suffice it to recall the performance of the Russian team at the Winter Olympics in Vancouver in 2010.
Took first place in the team competition Canada. How much power canada promised their athletes for gold? Quite modestly - for “gold” 20 thousand Canadian dollars (about 13.3 thousand euros), for “silver” - 15 thousand, “bronze” - 10 thousand dollars.
Took second place Germany. The Germans promised their athletes the following bonuses: “gold” - 15 thousand euros, silver - 10 thousand euros, bronze - 7.5 thousand.
Third place - USA. Premium (in euro terms): “gold” - 18 thousand euros, “silver” - 10 thousand euros, “bronze” - 7.5 thousand euros.
Norway took 4th place after the USA. Bonus amount: 80 thousand crowns (10 thousand euros) for “gold”, 50 thousand crowns for “silver” and 30 thousand crowns for “bronze”.
Etc.
On the background these modest numbers, our premiums look simple fantastic - 1 million US dollars(this is the amount for “gold” consisted of bonuses promised by the Russian government, federations, governors and private firms).
Not surprisingly, according to the Yerkes-Dodson law the effectiveness of our athletes has sharply decreased, and withThe country's national team finished low (11th place) and won the fewest gold medals in the history of participation in the Winter Olympics. (Of course, this is not the only reason for the defeat, but the sum of such seemingly “little things” led to a sad result).
And what’s most striking is that the situation is repeating itself at the ongoing summer games in London. Again the promise of big prizes psychologically plays against our athletes, not helping, but preventing them from performing. Our athletes must withstand double psychological pressure - both the pre-race excitement of performing at the Olympics and overcoming extremely strong motivation. And not everyone can cope with such stress.
It's time for the businessmen to come steer Russian sports, to understand that not everything is decided by money, and that there are cases when money only gets in the way.
So, first part of the Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that there is an optimum of motivation. If motivation is lower or higher than this optimum, then the effectiveness of activity decreases sharply.
But this law also has The second part: V During numerous experiments, it was revealed that the more complex the activity, the less optimal motivation is (Fig. 1).Fig.1 Dependence of activity efficiency on the level of motivation ( http://faleev.com/files/lawyd.JPG ).
If easy task and habitual, then an increase in remuneration (i.e., an increase in motivation) for a long time leads to an increase in efficiency.
However, if difficult task, and especially new, then even a slight increase in motivation begins INTERFERE operational efficiency.
This means that there must be motivation for difficult tasks. MINIMUM.
How can one recall one very illustrative example from Leo Tolstoy’s novel “Anna Karenina”. In the novel, L. Tolstoy mentions the service of Prince Stepan Arkadyevich Oblonsky, who was the head of one of the government offices in Moscow.
Stepan Arkadyevich enjoyed the respect of his employees and performed his position perfectly. One of the secrets of success was, according to L. Tolstoy, " V complete indifference to the business he was engaged in, as a result of which he never got carried away and did not make mistakes". It's absolutely GENIUS writer's observation.
Of course, Stepan Arkadyevich was not completely indifferent. If the business itself did not bother him, then he was still interested in the salary (as the writer emphasizes), i.e. He had motivation, but it was not very high.
Thus, according to the Yerkes-Dodson law the secret of success in complex activities is a calm attitude towards the result of the activity And.
Simply put, the secret of success can be formulated as follows: " Do what you must, and come what may".
One famous Olympic swimming champion said that if she is focused on specific seconds, on the result, then she will not show the best time. She showed the best time when she was focused not on seconds, but on the correct completion of the distance. Those. when she, without thinking about what would happen, did what she had to do.
So, to summarize:
1. In simple tasks, it makes sense to increase a person’s motivation, because in simple tasks the optimum comes quite late. Therefore for n growth problems is fair: the higher the motivation, the better the result will be.
2. But in complex problems the opposite is true: you need LOWER motivation, because increased motivation will spoil the result.
5 minutes to read.
Has it ever happened to you that some goal that you really strived for and really wanted was not achieved? And it was as if there was a general conspiracy against you, just so that you wouldn’t achieve your goal. And for you
Has it ever happened to you that some goal that you really strived for and really wanted was not achieved? And it was as if there was a general conspiracy against you, just so that you wouldn’t achieve your goal. And for you this goal was so important that... Stop! This is the key word - the goal is IMPORTANT. How often do situations arise in life when we say: “This is important to me!”, “This is extremely important!”, “This needs to be done, this is important!” But what is Importance? Have we ever thought that by giving something excessive importance, we thereby give it excessive potential? And the Universe does not like disharmony. And if this excess of importance has arisen at one end, then at the other they will try to balance it. This is where we get that such an important desire for you did not come true. Do you want your wishes to come true? Then let's take the importance off!
Severity Types
Vadim Zeland in his book “Reality Transurfing” identifies 2 types of importance - internal and external.Intrinsic importance– this is self-importance, which arises “as an overestimation of one’s merits or shortcomings. Its formula goes like this: “I am an important person” or “I am doing an important job.” When the arrow of one’s own importance goes off scale, balanced forces take over, and the “important bird” gets a click on the nose. Anyone who “does important work” will also be disappointed: either the work will be of no use to anyone, or it will be done very poorly.” Or, conversely, a person underestimates his merits, belittles the importance of himself and his work. This is also a violation of the equilibrium forces, and the consequences will not be long in coming. External importance- this is an overestimated significance of some object or event in the outside. Her formula goes like this: “This is of great importance to me” or “It is very important for me to do this.” And coping with this manifestation will be much more difficult. Any imbalance in the form of excessive feelings and emotions is also a manifestation of importance. “Excess potential is created only when you attach excess meaning to a quality, object or event - inside or outside yourself.” Any system that is deprived of balance tries to restore this balance. This is where they arise various problems on the way of someone who has inflated importance.Reducing the importance
To achieve what you want, you need to let go of the desire itself. This is exactly what it is - to reduce the importance. You must become neutral towards your dream. However, this does not mean at all that you need to forcibly control your feelings and emotions, showing balance on the surface, while continuing to stir up a storm inside. Any emotion you have is just a consequence. The reason is the same importance. You also shouldn’t go too far, delving into neglect and underestimation, humility or repentance. After all, this is also important, but from the other side. So what needs to be done to remove the importance and restore balance? First of all, realize that if you have some kind of problem, then its cause was initially overestimated. Find her, bring her into the light. And start working to reduce excess potential.Methods to reduce importance
There are many different options for reducing importance. Let's look at some of them. Choose the ones that are most interesting to you, and always use them as soon as you feel that the balance point has been lost.1. Plan b. When striving for a goal, always have a backup plan. Or better yet, several. Answer yourself the question: “What will I do if I can’t achieve this?” Knowing the alternatives, the importance will no longer be so overwhelming.2. Focus on the process. Let go of your desire to achieve results faster. Learn to enjoy the process, path, activity itself. Have fun with it. And don't think about what will be there at the end.3. Not to think. Stop thinking about your desire, your goal. Throw away any thoughts about it. And the best way is to distract attention. For example, books, movies, computer games, work, current affairs, sports. Any other activity that will allow you to forget about the desire and get carried away by another process completely.4. Visualization. Close your eyes and imagine filling a balloon with the energy of your goal, desired outcome, or desire. Color and size - choose to your taste. Tie the ball with a nice ribbon and release it. Watch as it flies higher and higher, turns into a dot and disappears. Know that he went to meet opportunities.5. Modeling. If you are facing some difficult meeting, then in order to remove the importance from it, thoroughly imagine how everything will go, what you will say, how to speak, how to behave. Play out the situation in advance. This will allow you to gain confidence and remove excess potential.6. Write! Take a pen and paper and start writing your wish, repeating it many times. For example: “I want a red car, I want a red car, I want a red car...”. And so on until you feel that the tension has subsided and you have become calmer. This method helps to free yourself from excess potential and will contribute to the emergence of new interesting ideas. But here, the main thing is not to overdo it. So that the desire does not disappear completely.7. Humor. And the most important way is humor! If you are able to laugh at the situation, then half the battle is done! Humor relieves the situation well and removes any importance. And remember - never, under any circumstances, boast even of what you have rightfully deserved. And even more so those that have not yet been achieved. This is extremely unprofitable, because in this case the equilibrium forces will always act against you. Your wishes will certainly come true if you can achieve balance in your attitude towards them. Reduce the importance, and success will follow.
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