Khomenko children's dentistry. Introduction to Pediatric Therapeutic Dentistry

Name: Pediatric therapeutic dentistry.
Kuryakina N.V.
The year of publishing: 2004
The size: 6.92 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Russian

The textbook covers the main issues of the discipline under consideration, which includes the development of the face and oral cavity, AFO of the child's body, preparation of the child for dental examination and psychoemotional status, examination methods and pain relief. Pediatric Therapeutic Dentistry examines non-carious lesions and dental caries, its treatment, pulp diseases, periodontal inflammation and pulpitis and periodontitis in terms of endodontic intervention are characterized, filling materials are presented, periodontal diseases are presented in the pediatric dentistry clinic, oral mucosa diseases, caries prevention and prevention of periodontal disease.

Name: Propedeutics of Children's Therapeutic Dentistry
Khomenko L.O.
The year of publishing: 2011
The size: 93.6 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Ukrainian
Description: Educational guide "Propedeutics of children's therapeutic dentistry", ed., Khomenko L.O., considers the issues of therapeutic dentistry of children. The features of the organization are presented ... Download the book for free

Name: Atlas for the restoration of milk teeth
Daggel M.S.
The year of publishing: 2002
The size: 20.28 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Russian
Description: The practical guide "Atlas for the restoration of milk teeth", ed., Daggela MS, is well illustrated and considers the issues of restoration of milk teeth due to lesions after ... Download the book for free

Name: Clinical aspects of the prevention and treatment of caries of temporary and permanent teeth in children and adolescents
I. V. Kobiyasova, N. A. Savushkina
The year of publishing: 2007
The size: 1.96 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Russian
Description: A practical guide "Clinical aspects of the prevention and treatment of caries in temporary and permanent teeth in children and adolescents" under the editorship of IV Kobiyasova, et al., Considers the issues of child therapy ... Download the book for free

Name: Pediatric surgical dentistry and maxillofacial surgery
Zelensky V.A., Mukhoramov F.S.
The year of publishing: 2008
The size: 8 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Russian
Description: The educational guide "Pediatric surgical dentistry and maxillofacial surgery", ed., VA Zelenskiy, et al., Considers the issues of pediatric dentistry. Questions are presented to the clinical question ... Download the book for free

Name: Therapeutic dentistry of a child's life.
Khomenko L.O., Ostapko O.I., Kononovich O.F.
The year of publishing: 2001
The size: 7.25 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Ukrainian
Description: The presented textbook presents the development of temporary and permanent teeth, their histological structure, as well as developmental anomalies, methods of examining patients in pediatric dentistry, oh ... Download the book for free

Name: Clinical and X-ray diagnostics of dental and periodontal diseases in children and adolescents.
Khomenko L.A., Ostapko E.I., Bidenko N.V.
The year of publishing: 2004
The size: 10.7 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: In the presented book, L.A. Khomenko et al. Highlighted such issues of clinical and X-ray diagnostics in pediatric dentistry, such as the development of jaws and teeth in the X-ray aspect, ... Download the book for free

Name: Hirurgic dentistry of a child's life.
Kharkiv L.V., Yakovenko L.M., Chekhova I.L.
The year of publishing: 2003
The size: 6.86 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Ukrainian
Description: The presented textbook covers such issues of pediatric surgical dentistry as the peculiarities of tissue development in childhood, local anesthesia and general anesthesia in the surgical department ... Download the book for free

Name: Pediatric dentistry. 5th edition.
Persin L.S., Elizarova V.M., Dyakova S.V.
The year of publishing: 2003
The size: 8.94 MB
Format: doc
Language: Russian
Description: The presented textbook covers general issues of the subject under consideration, the prevention of dental diseases in children, the book presents clinical examination. Edition "Dentistry for children ...

Childhood

Lecture (methodical development)

For 4th year students, specialty pediatric therapeutic dentistry

THEME:
An introduction to pediatric therapeutic dentistry. Anatomical and physiological features of teeth in children. Child examination methods.

PURPOSE: (to contribute to the formation of a system of theoretical knowledge in pediatric therapeutic dentistry).

LECTURE TIME: 2 hours.

MAIN QUESTIONS:

1. Periods of development of pediatric dentistry

2. Pediatric therapeutic dentistry, its sections and tasks.

3. Anatomical and physiological features of the structure of primary and permanent teeth in children.

4. Examination of children in the pediatric dentistry clinic. Filling out medical records.

LECTURE PREPARED: ass. G.

Methodical development approved at a meeting of the department No. ___ from "____"

Head department _______________________________________ (F. I.O.)

Pediatric dentistry is the youngest branch of dentistry.

For the first time in Russia, a free school dental outpatient clinic was organized in 1886 by Alexander Karlovich Limberg, who can rightfully be called the founder of children's dentistry. He was the first to develop the basis for the planned rehabilitation of the oral cavity in students. In the 20-30s 20 th century NI Agapov scientifically substantiated a fundamentally new method of planned rehabilitation of the oral cavity in children.

However, pediatric dentistry as an industry began to develop rapidly in the 60s of the 20th century.

In 1963, the first department of pediatric dentistry was organized at the Moscow Medical Institute, headed by Alexander Alexandrovich Kolesov.

In 1968, the V-All-Union Congress of Dentists took place, which was entirely devoted to the issues of pediatric dentistry.

T.F. Vinogradova, who headed the department for more than 30 years, made a huge contribution to the development of pediatric dentistry. pediatric dentistry at TSOLIUv and was the country's chief pediatric dentist.

At the DSMA, the Department of Pediatric Dentistry was organized in 1985. For more than 10 years it was headed by Viktor Vasilyevich Schwartz and made a great contribution to the development of pediatric dentistry in Dagestan.

Pediatric dentistry is a complex and multicomponent specialty.

It includes pediatric therapeutic dentistry, all types of maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics and pediatric prosthetics.

A pediatrician dentist must know all its sections and understand their organic relationship, taking into account the growing and developing child's body. He must have sufficient general pediatric knowledge to understand the patterns of occurrence and development of major dental diseases in children of different ages.

“A child is not a miniature adult. The development of the child's organs is distinguished by a number of features during the period of both health and illness; in the process of development, the child's body undergoes not only quantitative but also qualitative changes "- pointed out back in 1847, S. F. Hotovitsky in his work" Pediatrician ".

Pediatric therapeutic dentistry deals with the peculiarities of the course and treatment of diseases of the hard tissues of the teeth, periodontal and oral mucosa in children.

Anatomical and physiological features of teeth in children.

Under the concept of children's teeth we mean the teeth of milk, removable and permanent bite in children. For a pediatric dentist, anatomical and physiological features of the structure of the teeth, which are related to the course of the carious process, the spread of inflammation in the pulp and periodontium, and those data that are directly related to dental treatment, are of great practical importance.

These are, first of all, the signs that distinguish milk and permanent teeth. Age features of the structure of enamel, kid, pulp chamber and roots. The stages and timing of the development of the roots of deciduous and permanent teeth and, naturally, the physiological characteristics of the crown and root pulp and periodontitis in teeth with incomplete development and formed teeth.

The development of teeth is a very complex process that begins at 6-7 weeks of intrauterine development of the fetus and continues for several more years after the eruption of a tooth in the oral cavity.

Tooth enamel is formed from the epithelium of the enamel organ. The formation of enamel (amelogenesis) occurs as a result of the activity of ameloblasts and is divided into 2 phases: the formation of the enamel matrix and the maturation of the enamel. Moreover, the maturation of the enamel does not end before the eruption of the tooth, but continues for a certain time after its eruption (maturation of the enamel) in the oral cavity. When the enamel reaches its final thickness and calcifies, the role of the enamel organ is not fulfilled. Despite the fact that with age, the enamel crystal lattice becomes denser, as a result of chewing load, physiological erasure of enamel occurs in every person, i.e., the enamel layer decreases.

Dentin and pulp are formed from the mesenchyme of the dental papilla.

In the formation and calcification of dentin, cells are involved - dontoblasts. The activity of odontoblasts continues after the eruption of teeth, as a result of which the size of the pulp chamber and the lumen of the root canals decrease with age.

Tooth development can be monitored with X-rays.

Dental rudiments look like an oval-shaped enlightenment with a clear compact plate, beginning calcification - in the form of darkening foci. The R-gram also shows the stages of tooth root and periodontal formation.

An important role in the development and eruption of teeth is played by the state of the nervous, endocrine system of metabolic processes, etc. A sign of correct eruption is the pair eruption of symmetrical teeth in a certain sequence.

Milk (temporary) teeth differ from permanent ones in the size of the crown (smaller), in color (white-blue, and in permanent ones - white-yellow).

The thickness and degree of mineralization of hard tissues of milk teeth and permanent teeth with immature roots is small, so they are more prone to caries. Moreover, in these teeth, the dentin layer is not only smaller, but the dentinal tubules are much wider and shorter, the size of the tooth cavity (pulp chamber) is larger, and the root canals are wider. As a result, when a carious process occurs, microorganisms and their decay products quickly enough penetrate the pulp of the tooth, causing its inflammation, sometimes acute, accompanied by pain, and more often - an imperceptible, primary chronic course.

Methods of examination of children in the pediatric dentistry clinic

A clinical examination technique is a specific algorithm of actions that a doctor must adhere to when examining a child.

1. Acquaintance with the child - establishing a relationship between the little patient and the doctor.

A relationship of trust (contact) should be established between the patient and the doctor. In children, the feeling of fear can be associated with both unpleasant personal experiences and the stories of others. Therefore, the doctor with his personality, behavior (calm, trusting, confident, benevolent, sometimes strict) should try to reduce the feeling of fear.

2.Basic survey methods: - interview and examination

Survey- must be focused. The patient's complaints can be very diverse: pain, aesthetic dissatisfaction, bleeding gums, bad breath, etc.

The most common complaint is pain. In this case, it is necessary to find out the nature of the pain, the duration, from which it arises or intensifies, the irradiation of pain, at what time of day the pain occurs more often.

Next, you need to find out the development of this disease, the general state of health (the presence of chronic dental diseases of the liver, kidneys, ENT organs, blood diseases, neuropsychiatric diseases, endocrine diseases, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, AIDS)

Inspection:

External examination: studying posture, examining the face, identifying bad habits, studying the function of breathing, swallowing, speaking, closing the lips.

The state of regional lymph nodes

Oral examination:

The condition of the lips and oral area

The vestibule of the oral cavity (depth in N is from 5 to 10 mm, the size and shape of the frenum, strands)

Condition of the gingival margin

Oral hygiene

The shape of the dentition and the ratio of the jaws

The condition of the oral mucosa

Condition of dental tissues (hypoplasia, fluorosis, etc.)

The condition of the teeth, the presence of carious, filled and extracted teeth.

Examination of the teeth is carried out using a mirror and a probe in a certain order - starting with the teeth of the upper jaw from right to left and on the lower jaw from left to right.

The data obtained are entered into the dental formula in the form of conventional symbols (caries - C, filling - P, tooth to be removed - Y).

Milk teeth are designated by Roman numerals, and permanent ones by Arabic numerals.

Currently, the international digital tooth designation system proposed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) is used to determine the belonging of a tooth. According to this system, each tooth is designated by two numbers, the first of which defines the belonging of the tooth to one of the four quadrants, and the second - the number of the tooth within this quadrant. The quadrants are denoted by Arabic numerals from 1 to 4 in permanent bite and from 5 to 8 in milk bite clockwise, starting from the upper jaw, on the right. Teeth within each quadrant are designated by numbers from one to eight (permanent) and from one to five (milk) from the midline in the distal direction; numbers must be pronounced separately. For example, the designation of permanent canines sounds like this: one-three (13), two-three (23), three-three (33), four-three (43).

Additional research methods for caries

1.Probing, percussion, palpation

2. Temperature tests

3. Determination of the hygienic state of the oral cavity (G. I. according to Fedorov - Volodkina, G. I. according to Yrecn - Wermillion)

4. Vital staining (Borovsky's method - Axamit)

5.Evaluation of acid resistance of enamel - TER - test (Okuneko, Kosareva, 1983)

6. Determination of the rate of reminalization - KOSRE-test (Rednikova, Leontiev, Ovrutskiy, 1982)

7. Luminescence research

8.Electroodontrometry (EDI)

Electroodontodiagnostics (EDI)- a method for assessing the excitability of the sensory nerves of the tooth when they are irritated by an electric current. EOD allows presumably assessing the condition of the dental pulp. The pulp of intact healthy teeth reacts to current strength in the range of 2-6 μA. To determine the electrical excitability of the tooth, devices OD-1, OD-2M, EOM-3, IVN-1, etc. are used. The study is carried out by a doctor together with an assistant. The reliability of the indications largely depends on the psycho-emotional mood of the patient. Electroodontodiagnostics for caries in children is rarely used. The electrical excitability of milk teeth has not been studied enough, which is explained by the difficulties in obtaining objective information in children aged 3-5 years. The electrical excitability of permanent teeth varies: during the eruption period, it is reduced, as the roots grow and form, the excitability increases, reaching normal numbers by the time the root is formed. With caries, the sensitivity to electric current does not change noticeably (2-6 μA). With deep caries, especially in children with III degree of activity, there is a decrease in the sensitivity of the tooth pulp to 10 μA . The most sensitive points for electrode placement are the middle of the incisal edge of the anterior teeth, the apex of the buccal tubercle of the premolars, and the apex of the anterior buccal tubercle of molars. In carious teeth, the indicators are taken from the bottom of the carious cavity, cleared of necrotic decay. To date, very compact devices have been developed for determining the vitality (viability) of the pulp (for example, the “Digitest” pulp condition tester). They allow us to state only two states of the pulp: it is alive (normal) or necrotic.

EDI, like traditional thermal diagnostics, is a relative and subjective method of additional research.

Electrometric a method for diagnosing caries (K.) is based on the ability of hard tooth tissues affected by caries to conduct electric current of various magnitudes, depending on the degree of their damage.

9. Radiography - in the diagnosis of dental caries in children it is used much more often than in adults, since it is the most reliable method when examining a small patient. This method of research is used when there is a suspicion of the formation of carious cavities on the approximal surfaces and with a close arrangement of teeth, when a defect in hard tissues is not available for examination and probing. The roentgenogram can be used to judge the depth of the carious cavity, the size of the pulp chamber, the condition of the roots and periodontal tissues, which is very important in the differential diagnosis of caries and its complications.

Radiographic research method allows you to determine:

Condition of hard tooth tissues (presence of hidden cavities, enamel cracks);

Root canal condition (length, width, degree of passage, quality

fillings, the stage of root formation, the state of the growth zone, the stage of resorption of the roots of milk teeth);

Condition of peri-apical tissues and periodontal tissues (expansion of the periodontal gap, rarefaction of bone tissue);

Position of the teeth;

The structure of neoplasms, sequesters, stones in the salivary glands;

Condition of the temporomandibular joints.

Radiography is used in dentistry:

Intraoral:

a) close-focus contact;

b) contact in the bite.

Extraoral:

a) panoramic;

b) orthopantomography;

c) tomography;

d) contrast radiography.

Radiovisiography (digital radiography).

10.Method of indication of carious dentin. Carious dentin consists of two layers. The first layer (outer) is infected. The second layer (inner) is uninfected, partially demineralized, capable of remineralization. When treating caries, the outer layer must be removed, the inner one must be preserved. To indicate the layers, the "Caries detector" preparation is used, which is a 0.5% solution of basic fuchsin or 1% solution of red acid in propylene glycol. A swab with a dye is injected into the carious cavity for 15 seconds. In this case, the outer, non-viable layer is colored, but the inner one is not. Analogs of the drug: Caries Marker (Voco), Color-test No. 2 (Vlad-Miwa).

11. Laboratory methods of research

The data obtained during the examination of the patient is entered into the medical record of the dental patient (academic form No. 000 / y) and, based on the actual dental situation, a plan of therapeutic and preventive measures is drawn up. One of the important tasks of the initial examination is to develop parental responsibility for the health of their child's oral cavity. It should be noted the importance of their participation in the implementation of the program of treatment and prophylactic measures, in particular, in matters of oral hygiene, adherence to the timing of visits to the doctor, monitoring the implementation of appointments and much more. Only complete mutual understanding between all participants in the process - doctor, child (patient), parent - is the key to the success of treatment.

Pediatric therapeutic dentistry studies the features of the clinical course, treatment and prevention of major dental diseases in children (caries and its complications, periodontal and mucous membrane diseases, as well as diseases of hard dental tissues of a non-carious nature). A pediatric dentist must know all sections of pediatric dentistry and understand their organic relationship, taking into account a growing and developing organism. During the examination, it is very important to observe a certain sequence to know the variants of the norm, in order to detect the developing pathology early. The key to the success of the treatment of a small patient is complete understanding between all participants in the process - a doctor, a child (patient), a parent.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS FOR SELF-CHECK STUDENTS.

1. Where and when was the first department of pediatric dentistry organized? Who headed it?

In 1963. In the MMSI

A. A. Kolesov

2. What are the characteristics of the normal teething process?

Pairing, symmetry, consistency and order at certain times of eruption

3.In what order are the dentition examined?

4. What cells are involved in dentin formation?

Odontoblasts

5. Give a concept to the term "Ripening of enamel"

Final mineralization of enamel that occurs in the oral cavity in the presence of oral fluid

LITERATURE.

1. B. Therapeutic dentistry of children. M. "Medical book", N. Novgorod. Publishing house of NGMA, 2001.

2. S., M., V. Pediatric dentistry M. "Medicine" 2003.

3. McDonald, Avery. Dentistry for children and adolescents. M. Medical News Agency. 2003.

4. E. Pediatric dentistry. A practical guide. Rostov-on-Don Phoenix 2006.

5. P., Yu. Children's therapeutic dentistry. A guide to practical exercises. M. GEOTAR - Media 2012.

genre: Dentistry

Format: DjVu

Quality: OCR

Description: The textbook covers the issues of clinic, diagnosis and treatment of major dental diseases in children. The sections of the textbook correspond to the curriculum and the standard curriculum for the specialty "Pediatric Dentistry".
The modern views on the etiology and pathogenesis of caries, its complications, periodontal disease, diseases of the mucous membrane of the stripes and mouth in children, etc. Special attention is paid to modern methods of diagnosing dental diseases in children. The classification and principles of treatment of non-carious lesions of dental hard tissues are presented.
According to modern requirements, the textbook includes test tasks corresponding to all sections of the discipline "Pediatric Therapeutic Dentistry".
The text of the textbook is accompanied by rich illustrative material. For dental students, interns and dentists.

Pediatric Therapeutic Dentistry

Development of temporary and permanent teeth

• Development of deciduous teeth
• Development of permanent teeth

Anatomical structure of temporary and permanent teeth

• Anatomical structure of deciduous teeth
• Anatomical structure of permanent teeth

Histological structure of hard tissues of temporary and permanent teeth

• Enamel structure
• Dentin structure
• Cement structure

Methods for examining children with dental diseases

• Clinical examination methods
• Physical diagnostic methods in the clinic of pediatric therapeutic dentistry
• Laboratory research methods in the clinic of pediatric therapeutic dentistry
• Blood tests in the clinic of pediatric therapeutic dentistry
• Immunological examination methods

Oral defense mechanisms

Prevention of dental diseases in children

• General (endogenous) prevention
• Local (exogenous) prevention

Dental caries in children

• Etiology, pathogenesis and pathological morphology of caries
• Clinical picture, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of deciduous teeth caries
• Clinic, diagnostics, differential diagnostics of caries of permanent teeth
• Caries treatment of deciduous teeth
• Treatment of caries in permanent teeth, for more details visit https://deti-euromed.ru/specialist-and-prices/priem-detskogo-stomatologa/
• Errors and complications in the treatment of dental caries in children

Dental filling materials used in pediatric therapeutic dentistry

• Filling materials for permanent fillings
• Temporary filling materials
• Gasket materials

Non-carious lesions of the teeth

• Enamel hypoplasia
• Fluorosis (endemic fluorosis)
• Hereditary dental malformations

Pulpitis of temporary and permanent teeth

• Pulp structure and function
• Etiology and pathogenesis of pulpitis in children
• Pulpitis of deciduous teeth
• Pulpitis of permanent teeth
• Treatment of pulpitis of deciduous teeth
• Treatment of pulpitis of permanent teeth
• Errors and complications in the treatment of pulpitis of temporary and permanent teeth in children

Periodontitis of temporary and permanent teeth

• Periodontal structure and function
• Etiology, pathogenesis and classification of periodontitis of temporary and permanent teeth in children
• Clinic for periodontitis of deciduous teeth
• Periodontitis clinic of permanent teeth
• Periodontitis treatment

Practical endodontics in pediatric dentistry

• Topographic and morphological features of the dental root canal system in children
• Instrumentation for the treatment of root canals
• Providing access to root canals and primary canal cleaning
• Determination of the working tooth length
• Instrumental processing of the root canal of the tooth
• Medication support for instrumental treatment of root canals
• Medication in the root canals
• Permanent root canal obturation
• Endodontics of deciduous teeth
• Endodontics of permanent teeth with incomplete

Traumatic damage to teeth

• Classification of traumatic dental injuries
• Clinic and treatment of permanent teeth injuries
• Injuries of deciduous teeth in children

Periodontal disease in children

• Anatomical and morphological features of the periodontium
• Classification of periodontal diseases
• Etiology and pathogenesis
• Clinical diagnosis of periodontal disease
• Gingivitis
• Periodontitis
• Idiopathic diseases with progressive lysis of periodontal tissues
• Prevention of periodontal disease in children

Diseases of the oral mucosa

• The structure of the oral mucosa and its features in childhood
• Classification of diseases of the oral mucosa
• Principles and methods of diagnosis verification in diseases of the oral mucosa
• Traumatic injury to the oral mucosa
• Viral diseases of the oral mucosa
• Changes in the oral mucosa in acute viral and infectious diseases
• Fungal diseases of the oral mucosa
• Allergic diseases of the oral mucosa
• Manifestations on the mucous membrane of the cavity in some systemic diseases
• Abnormalities and self-illnesses of the tongue
• Heilit

Name: Pediatric therapeutic dentistry.

The textbook presents all the main sections of pediatric therapeutic dentistry, provided for by the relevant state educational standards. The state of the children's dental service, modern methods of examining patients, features of the child's body are described in detail; provides the latest data on ethnology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of dental caries and its complications, non-carious lesions, periodontal disease and oral mucosa. The book is intended for students of dental faculties of medical universities, pediatric dentists.

Pediatric dentistry is the youngest branch of dentistry, and as a science did not arise immediately.Its development and formation was facilitated by the accumulation of knowledge in dentistry in Russia, the study of the heritage of outstanding doctors of our country, other countries, as well as doctors and healers of the ancient world.
Hippocrates described the clinic of teething in the chapter "De dentitione" of the famous book of aphorisms: he noted that during teething there is itching in the gums, fever, diarrhea, especially in children with a tendency to constipation.
One of the founders of Russian medical terminology, A.A. Maksimovich-Ambodik, in his work "The art of twisting or the science of woman's business" set out the issues of pediatric dentistry, namely: a lot of useful information on the hygiene of the child's oral cavity, a description of diseases of the teeth and oral mucosa ...
N. Timofeev developed approaches to the surgical treatment of the cleft lip in children. He carried out many successful operations for that time.
Ivan Fedorovich Bush - Russian surgeon, one of the founders of Russian traumatology, academician of the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg, published in 1807 "Guide to Teaching Surgery", in this work he outlined the reasons for improper teething, types of anomalies, methods of their elimination.

CONTENT
- Chapter 1. The state of the children's dental service in Russia
The history of the development of the children's dental service
Organization, structures and tasks of pediatric dentistry in the new economic conditions
- Chapter 2. Development of the face and mouth
Face development
Development of the oral and nasal cavities
Language development
Development of the salivary glands
Teeth development
Tooth histogenesis
Histogenesis of hard dental tissues
Enamel histogenesis
Dentin histogenesis
Cement histogenesis
Histogenesis of the periodontal gap
Jaw development
Teeth development
Upper jaw
Lower jaw
- Chapter 3. Anatomical and physiological features of the child's body
Features of the structure of the maxillofacial region of the child
Anatomy of children's teeth
Anatomical structure of the oral mucosa
- Chapter 4. Psychoemotional status at different age periods and preparation of the child for research
Psycho-emotional status of the child
- Chapter 5. Methods of examination of children with dental diseases
Determination of the general condition of the child
Methods for detecting an allergic condition in children
Biopsy
Cytological examination
Examination of the oral environment
Study of electrical excitability of tooth pulp
X-ray examination of the dental-jaw system in children
- Chapter 6. Pain relief in pediatric dentistry
Toothache mechanism
Pain relief at the level of nerve receptors
Pain relief at the level of the pathways
Pain relief at the level of the cerebral cortex
Errors and complications during pain relief
- Chapter 7. Non-carious lesions of the teeth
Classification
Dental lesions that developed during the formation and mineralization of teeth (before eruption)
Non-carious lesions developed after eruption
- Chapter 8. Tooth decay
General information
Classification of dental caries
Clinical picture of dental caries
Influence of microorganisms
The role of saliva
Role of nutrition
- Chapter 9. Caries treatment in children
Treatment of initial caries
Superficial caries treatment
Milk teeth treatment
General pathogenetic therapy
- Chapter 10. Pulp diseases
General information
Pulp blood supply
Pulp nerves
Tooth pulp inflammation
Classification and diagnosis of pulpitis
Pathological anatomy
Features of the clinical course
Pulpitis treatment
- Chapter 11. Periodontal inflammation
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Classification of periodontitis
Periodontitis of milk teeth
Periodontitis of permanent teeth
Acute and aggravated chronic periodontitis of primary and permanent teeth
- Chapter 12. Endodontic intervention for pulpitis and periodontitis
Mechanical and medical treatment of root canals
Root canal filling (obturation) methods
- Chapter 13. Modern filling materials for restoration and filling of root canals
Filling materials for temporary fillings
Filling materials for permanent fillings
Filling materials for permanent root canal filling

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