Gerund is a part of speech formed from a verb, combining signs of the gerund participle and. This is an invariable verb form, the main function of which is the modification of the action expressed by the verb:

Mi amigo gana dinero vendiendo autos - My friend makes money selling cars

Depending on the context, a phrase with a gerund can be translated by a turnover with a gerund, a real participle, or a subordinate clause:

Los vi en la tienda comprando un televisor - I saw them in the store when they bought a TV.

The gerund can change the modality of another verb (e.g. tense, reason, condition):

Caminando demasiado despacio perdió el tren - did not catch the train due to the fact that it was going too slowly.

Regalándole flores conquistó su corazón - after giving flowers, he won her heart.

Consiguiendo el trabajo no tendré que preocuparme más por el dinero - after I manage to find a job, I will stop worrying about money.

Se aprende mucho cuando puedes verte yendo de un sitio a otro - you can learn a lot when you see yourself walking from one place to another.

If a gerund is used as an adverb, then it refers to actions that took place before or during the action of another verb.

Paula se divierte mucho cuando está viendo los dibujos animados. Paula has a lot of fun watching cartoons (both actions happen at the same time).

Estudiando mucho, Juan se graduó con honores. — Diligently studying, Juan graduated with honors. (actions take place sequentially: first I studied, then I finished)

The gerund is NOT used to describe actions that happened after the action of another verb. Therefore, the following sentences are considered incorrect in terms of Spanish grammar:

El ladrón huyó, siendo capturado el próximo día.

Juan llegó sentandose en el sofá.

The above phrases do not make sense because:

- in the first phrase, the thief could not escape, being detained the next day.

- in the second phrase, Juan could not come and sit on the sofa at the same time.

It would be correct to say:

El ladrón huyó pero fue capturado el próximo día.

Juan llegó y se sentó en el sofá.

The gerund has two forms - simple and complex.

Consider first a simple form.

The gerund is formed by adding the suffixes -ando to the stem of the infinitive for verbs of I conjugation and -iendo for verbs of II and III conjugations.

(Verbs of I conjugation end in -ar, verbs of II conjugation - in -er, III conjugations - in -ir).

	Gerundio
Hablar (talk) I	habl-ando
Correr (to run) II	corr-iendo
Escribir (to write) III	escrib-iendo

Examples of the pronunciation of the gerund can be found in the following video:

Verbs and phrases used in the video:

hablar	Speak
Jugar
	To cook
	Sell
	Open
estamos jugando al tenis	We play tennis
¿Qué estás haciendo?	What are you doing?
Ellos estan viviendo en Italia	They live in Italy
¿Que estas buscando?	What are you looking for?
Ella está comiendo un perrito caliente	She eats a hot dog
Estoy escribiendo una carta para mi hermana	I am writing a letter to my sister
	rent
	Confirm
	Work
	win, earn
	Greet
	Print

If the infinitive stem ends in a vowel, -iendo is replaced with -yendo :

In order to translate Russian gerunds with negation into Spanish, the preposition sin + infinitive must be used:

The child listens without missing a single detail in the story. – El nino escucha sin perder ni un detalle del cuento.

The gerund of reflexive verbs is formed by adding pronouns in the corresponding person to the suffixes -ando and -iendo:

afeitarse (to shave) - afeitandome: Estoy afeitandome. (I shave.)

ducharse (to take a shower) - duchándome: Estoy duchándome. (I am taking a shower.)

quedarse (to stay) - quedandose: El cachorro estaba quedandose dormido. (The puppy began to fall asleep.)

levantarse (to get up, get up) - levantandote: Ya es la hora de ir levantandote. (It's time for you to get up.)

It should be borne in mind that the reflexive verbs of the Spanish language do not always correspond to the reflexive forms of verbs in Russian: aburrirse - to be bored, ducharse - to take a shower, and vice versa: to study - estudiar, to go down - bajar, etc.

Gerund exceptions:

If the infinitive ends in -ir, and there are letters o or e in the root, then in the gerund they go to u, i, respectively.

Decir (say)	Diciendo
Despedir (to say goodbye)	Despidiendo
Dormir (sleep)	Durmiendo
Morir (to die)	Muriendo
Pedir (to ask)	Pidiendo
Reir (laugh)	Riendo
Repetir (repeat)	Repitiendo
Seguir (continue)	Siguiendo
Sentir (to feel)	Sintiendo
Servir (to serve)	Sirviendo
Venir (to come)	Viniendo
Ver (see)	Viendo
Vestir (to wear)	Vistiendo

The pronunciation of exceptions can be found by watching the video:

A few more notes:

• The ending of the gerund does not change.
• The infinitive is not used after the gerund.
• Not used with gerunds in Spanish (you can't say "de jugando")
• The gerund cannot be the subject (as in English).
• The gerund does not refer to a noun, but to a verb.

Complex form of the gerund

The complex form of the gerund is characteristic mainly of written speech. It denotes an action that precedes the one expressed by the predicate.

The participle of the main verb is added to the gerund of the auxiliary verb (habiendo). (The participle is formed by adding the suffix -ado to the stem of the verb - for the I conjugation and the suffix -ido - for the II and III conjugations)

Si vendo una casa habiendo comprado otra anteriormente, ¿puedo usar las ganancias para pagarla?

If I sell my home after buying another, can I use the proceeds to pay?

When is the gerund used?

To describe the following situations:

1) The action is happening at the moment:

For this, gerund turns are used with auxiliary verbs estar, ir, venir, andar, acabar, empezar, continuar.

Llevo esperándote una hora - I have been waiting for you for an hour.

estar + gerundio

Estoy cocinando - I cook food (present tense, imperfect action)..

Te estamos esperando - we are waiting for you (present tense, imperfect action).

The verb estar is conjugated + gerund.

The following constructions reflect the duration and repetition of the described action:

seguir + gerundio, pasar tiempo + gerundio (continued, repeated action)

Sigue trabajando en el mismo lugar - he continues to work there.

Enrique pasaba tiempo leyendo los libros sobre la Madre Naturaleza - Enrique spent his time reading books about Nature.

Ir, andar + gerundio (gradually developing action)

La sensibilidad musical se va desarrollando a través de las canciónes - sensitivity to music is gradually developed (educated) with the help of songs.

El huracán viene creciendo por minutos. “The hurricane is approaching, momentarily increasing in strength.

¡Siempre andas quejándote! You are always complaining!

2) Parallel actions

In addition to indicating the immediacy of what is happening, the gerund serves to indicate the simultaneity of actions.

Paseando por la calle me encontré con mi amigo - walking down the street, I met my friend.

Conducir hablando por móvil es muy peligroso - While driving, talking on a mobile phone is very dangerous.

3) Describes the way / mode of action

La tienda abrió sus puertas ofreciendo precios bajos al pueblo - the store opened its doors (opened), offering low prices to the population

Salió de la casa corriendo - he ran out of the house (and not just left)

Cantando se nos pasó la tarde - we spent the evening singing

Gerund without verb

Gerund alone (without a verb) can be used in article titles, picture titles, photo captions:

"Bailando con las estrellas" - "Dancing with the Stars" (TV show title)

“El presidente recibiendo al embajador de Chile” – “President receiving the Chilean ambassador” (photo caption)

“Protegiendo el ambiente y mejorando la vida” – “Protecting the environment and improving life” (article title)

Tasks

1) Form a gerund from the following words: aprender, trabajar, decidir, lavar, ganar, saludar, pensar, prometer.

2) Translate into Spanish:

1. I learn Spanish by speaking, listening and reading.
2. He is (now) working.
3. I saw her dancing (how she dances).
4. I've been calling you for an hour now.
5. He entered the room talking on his cell phone.

2) Translate, explaining the use of the gerund:

1. ¿Qué impuestos se pagan por la venta de una casa habiendo comprado ya otra?
2. “Jugando y estudiando juntos vamos creciendo”
3. Estaba terminando mi trabajo en el jardín y llevaba conmigo unas tijeras, cuando de repente tropecé cayendo y cortándome la palma de la mano.

3) Translate, use the gerund in the missing places:

1. Las redes sociales están (eliminar) cuentas falsas.
2. El estado sigue (gastar) millones en armamentos.
3. El gobierno está (invertir) en el sector agrícola.
4. La situación (ir + estabilizarse).

Answers:

Aprendiendo, trabajando, decidiendo, lavando, ganando, saludando, pensando, prometiendo.

1. Estudio el español hablando, escuchando y leyendo.
2. El está trabajando.
3. La vi Bailando.
4. Llevo llamandote una hora.
5. Entro al cuarto hablando por celular.

1. What taxes do I have to pay when selling a house if I have already bought another house? The complex form of the gerund is used because the action expressed by the gerund happened earlier than that expressed by the predicate: the purchase of one house precedes the sale of another.
2. Playing and learning, we grow together. The gerund in the first two examples means the way of action, in the third it is part of the construction ir + gerundio, meaning the gradual process.
3. I was finishing work in the garden and carrying scissors when I suddenly stumbled, fell and cut my palm. The gerund is used to emphasize the simultaneity of events.

1. eliminando. Social networks remove fake profiles (currently).
2. gastando. The state continues to spend millions on armaments.
3. invirtiendo. The government is investing in the agricultural sector.
4. se va estabilizando. The situation is stabilizing.

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Details Category: Verbs and Tenses

Gerund is an impersonal verb form expressing the simultaneity or precedence of the action expressed by the verb.

Gerund formation

Verbs ending in -ar: the gerund is formed by adding the ending " -ando”:

andar-andando; cantar - cantando; amar - amando.

The remaining verbs form a gerund by adding the ending “ –iendo”:

correr - corriendo; comer-comiendo; mentir - mintiendo; decir - diciendo.

There are verbs that form a gerund not according to the general rule:

leer - leyendo; oír - oyendo; ir - yendo; creer - creyendo, etc.

Use of the gerund

Gerund denotes a long-term action or mode of action, i.e. answers the question "how?":

Vamos andando hacia el parque. We walk to the park.

Saltando, entra en la class. Jumping, he enters the classroom.

Design estar + gerundio means a long-term action that is happening at the moment (action in progress):

Esta trabajando y no puede atenderte. He works and cannot accept you.

Estoy esperando. I am waiting. (to emphasize the duration, it is appropriate to put “I sit and wait”).

An important point. Gerund is not used with negation, instead it is a preposition sin + inf.:

Vienna cantando una cancion. He comes singing a song.

Vienna sindecir nada. He comes without saying anything.

Examples of the formation of a gerund

Leer–leyendo
Estudiar-estudiando
Cantar - cantando
Unir–uniendo
Esperar–esperando
Aclarar-aclarando
Despertar-despertando
contar–contando
Entender-entendiendo
Remarcar - remarcando
Atraer–atrayendo
Filmar – filmando
Cocinar–cocinando
Escribir-escribiendo
corregir-corrigiendo
Traer – trayendo
estacionar–estacionando
Escuchar–escuchando
Pintar–pintando
Limpiar-limpiando
Extrañar–extrañando
Diluir – diluyendo
Responder-responder
Proveer–provyendo
Redactar–redactando
preguntar-preguntando
Calentar-calentando
Atardecer-atardeciendo
Componer- componiendo
Contraer – contrayendo

Examples of the use of the gerund

Ahora no puedo ir al cine; estoy estudiando porque mañana rindo un examen.

Mi mama esta cocinando un pollo al horno con papas. Lo estoy oliendo desde hace rato.

Mi prima, la que es actriz, está actuando en otra pelicula. La estan filmando en España.

¿Podrías bajar el volumen de la música? Estoy mirando la television.

estamos preparation la maqueta para la feria de ciencias, que es la semana que viene.

Tengo todo desordenado porque estoy armando el bolso. Mañana vamos al campo.

Me estoy preparation un sandwich porque no almorcé nada. Me estoy muriendo de hambre.

Miren que lindo el paisaje: está amaneciendo.

Mi hermana me deberia haber llamado hace horas. Ya me estoy preocupando.

estamos armando un rompecabezas de 2000 piezas; es todo un desafio.

Los chicos estan jugando al fútbol en la canchita de la esquina. Volveran a las 8.

Estoy leyendo un libro de Gabriel Garcia Marquez excelente. Se llama "Cien años de soledad". Me lo venia recommendando mi madre hace anos.

Estagamos limpiando el garaje cuando llamaste, por eso no escuchamos el telefono.

La biblioteca era un caos, por eso la estoy ordenando.

estamos practicando inglés porque la semana que viene nos tomarán lección oral.

En este momento no tengo ganas de ir a caminar, estoy mirando una pelicula de espia muy buena.

Estoy escribiendo un cuento de suspenso muy bueno. Cuando lo termine te lo paso así me decís qué te parece.

From scratch!
Lección trigesima sexta - Lección treinta y seis

Lesson 36

estar + gerundio construction

Passive voice of verbs

Miguel contesta a las preguntas de sus amigos ...

Miguel y sus amigos están conversando. Carmencita está mirando por la ventana interrumpiendo a cada momento la conversación.

Creo que va a llover - dice Juan.

- ¿Llueve a menudo en la Unión Soviética? - pregunta Juana.

La Unión Soviética es inmensa y tiene climas diferentes.

Claro, la pregunta está mal hecha.

- ¿Y en Moscú, llueve mucho? - Pregunta Juan.

A veces si, pero, por lo general, menos que en Madrid.

La temporada más bonita en Moscú y la más agradable es la primavera, cuando no hace mucho frío ni calor.

Es muy bonito también el invierno, cuando hay nieve.

Quiero preguntarle una cosa, Miguel - dice Juan - en España se llama al parlamento Cortes o Congreso de los Diputados. ¿Puede Vd. decirme algo sobre el parlamento en la Unión Soviética?

Si, ¡como no! El organismo político más elevado de la Unión Soviética es el Soviet Supremo, que constituye el único organismo legislativo de la República, y consta de dos Cámaras: el Soviet (Consejo) de la Unión, y el Soviet de las Nacionalidades representantes de las diferentes Repúblicas y Regiones Autonomas del país. Ambas Cámaras tienen los mismos derechos y son elegidas por sufragio universal, en votación directa y secreta.

El organismo supremo del Poder, que actua permanentemente, es el Presidium (la Presidencia) del Soviet Supremo.

Vocablos

	contestant	respond
la	pregunta	question
	conversar	speak
	interrumpir	interrupt
	creer	believe; think
	llover	go (about rain)
	a menu do	often
	inmenso, -a	huge, immeasurable
el	climate	climate
	claro	clear
	hecho	made
el	hecho	fact
	a veces	sometimes
la	temporada	season; season
	bonito, -a	beautiful
el	otoño	autumn
	gradable	nice
la	primavera	Spring
el	frio	cold; hace frio cold
el	calories	warmly
el	invierno	winter
la	nieve	snow
	llamarse	be called
el	parlamento	parliament
las	cortes	Cortes
el	Congresso	congress
el	diputado	deputy
el	Congreso de los Diputados	parliament, chamber of deputies
	algo	anything
	¡como no!	of course, definitely
el	organismo	organ
	politico, -a	political
	elevado	higher
el	Soviet Supremo	The Supreme Council
	constituir	provide yourself; establish
	Unico	the only one
	legislativo	legislative
la	Republica	republic
	constar	compose, consist
la	camara	ward
el	consejo	advice
el	Soviet de la Union	Council of the Union
el	Soviet de las Nations	Council of Nationalities
el	representative	representative
	autonomo, -a	autonomous
el	pais	country, state
	ambos	both
el	derecho	right, law
la	presidency	presidium
el	presidium	presidium
	elegido, -a	elected
la	votacion	vote
la	session	session

Explanations

Meaning of words and expressions:

Word hecho in the first sentence acts as passive communion, which is derived from the verb hacer do, do and translated into Russian in the meaning - made.

In the second sentence hecho functions noun m. of the genus and is translated into Russian in the meaning - fact.

Remember the expressions:

estar conversando

carry on a conversation(at present)

a cada momento

every minute

va a llover

it will rain

a menu do

often

clear in meaning: It's clear

la pregunta esta mal hecha

the question was posed [done] (done) incorrectly (badly)

puede Vd. decirme algo...?

can you say anything...?

si ¡como no!

how, of course!

hace frio (calor)

cold (warm)

Grammar

1. Estar + gerundio design

estan conversando

they are talking
(at present)

esta mirando por la ventana

she looks out the window
(at present)

Design estar + gerundio indicates a continuous development of an action and is not used to express an instantaneous action. This action can take place in the present, past and future tenses.

Estoy leyendo la carta.

I am reading(at present) letter.

Juan está estudiando ahora.

Juan is currently studying (studying.)

Esta lloviando.

It's raining.(at present)

Juan estuvo estudiando ayer toda la tarde.

Juan studied all day yesterday.

Durante el paseo, Juan estaba pensando en su porvenir.

While walking, Juan thought about his future.

Juan estará estudiando mañana.

Tomorrow Juan will study.

Instead of a verb estar verbs can be used ir, seguir, venir, however, the meaning of turnovers with these verbs will differ to some extent from the turnover with estar.

Design ir + gerundio used to express long-term gradually developing action from its beginning, for example:

La epidemia va desarrollandose. The epidemic is gradually developing.

Design seguir + gerundio used to express the former long-term action, continuing to develop at the present moment, For example:

La epidemia sigue desarrolandose. The epidemic continues to evolve.

Design venir + gerundio used to express the former long-term action, continuing to develop until the present moment(so far), for example:

La epidemia viene desarrollandose. The epidemic is still developing.

Note:

It is important to remember that in Spanish after the verb seguir never the infinitive is not used and it is replaced by gerundio, which is translated into Russian in this combination with an indefinite form of the verb.

2. Passive voice of verbs

El presidium es elegido.

The presidium is elected.

In Spanish, the passive form is formed using the personal forms of the verb ser and the passive participle of the semantic verb.

The form passive voice can also be formed with the verb estar. Such constructions with a passivity value occur if:

the sentence uses the passive participle as an adjective without an object, for example:

La pregunta está mal hecha.

The question is posed incorrectly (badly).

La carta esta escrita.

The letter has been written.

the offer specifies a location or geographic location, for example:

La casa está construida en la orilla del mar.

The house was built on the seashore.

Exercises

I. Instead of the verb in the indicative mood, insert the combination estar + gerundio in the appropriate form:

Sample:

Juan trabaja - Juan está trabajando.
Juan trabajará - Juan estará trabajando.

José pasea con Maria. Jose con Maria. El padre y el abuelo conversan. El padre y el abuelo Maria y Juana beben te. Maria y Juana te. Los chicos jugaban en la calle. Los Chicos en la calle. Las ninas lloraban. Las ninas La madre bebia café. La madre café. Usted trabajará todo el día mañana. Usted todo el día mañana. ¿Hasta qué hora escucharán ustedes la música? ¿Hasta que hora la musica? María y Juana mirarán la revista de la moda y hablarán hasta la noche. Maria y Juana la revista de la moda y hasta la noche.

The gerund can be used for more than just present continuous Presente Continuo. There are a number of other cases where it is needed. And we will consider these cases in this final topic for the first level.

1 Presente Continuo

In the first paragraph, we indicate once again the function of the gerund already known to us - the formation of Presente Continuo. She is the most popular. The construction used here is estar + gerundio .

El nino está comiendo una manzana— The child eats an apple
Estoy escribiendo una composition- I'm writing an essay
La tía de Jose está lavando los platos— Aunt José is washing the dishes.

We already know when to use this construction, and how to distinguish Presente Continuo from Presente de Indicativo.

2. General participle

Gerund is, first of all, a participle. In other words, this is a form of a verb that indicates actions that are performed in parallel with others: eating, singing, talking, etc.

Veo la peli comiendo patatas fritas— I watch a movie while eating chips.
Mi mama prepara la cena cantando una canción— Mom cooks dinner, singing a song
Las chicas van por la calle hablando— The girls are walking down the street, talking

Unlike the Russian language, the Spaniards are not used to putting commas before gerunds.

Say it yourself in Spanish:

I drive a car listening to the radio
Maria talking to Luis, thinking about Miguel

3. seguir + gerundio, continuar + gerundio

The gerund can be used in some verb connectives that need to be memorized. There are only a few of them, and they are very common. The most popular is the connection with the verbs seguir and continuar, both of which have the meaning of "continue". You know that there are verbs that have control with a certain preposition. These two verbs are controlled with a gerund.

Sigo trabajando en la misma empresa— I continue to work in the same company
Federico sigue estudiando español Federico continues to learn Spanish
Continuamos buscando un apartamento We are still looking for an apartment.

While in Russian the verb "continue" does not have such features, one should try to avoid using the infinitive in Spanish.

Don't say: Sigo trabajar or Continuamos buscar.

The verbs seguir and continuar are synonymous. However, the first one is used much more often. Remember that if you say that someone continues to do something, you need to put a gerund.

Say it yourself:

4. ir + gerundio

Another gerund link to remember is ir + gerundio . This is a rather interesting and unique Spanish construction, which does not have an analogue in Russian. It indicates an action that takes place with increasing progression.

Voy aprendiendo español - I know Spanish better and better
Los precios van subiendo - Prices go up more and more

As can be seen from the examples, the actions listed have this increasing progression. And for a more accurate translation into Russian, we can use phrases such as “more and more”, “better and better”, etc. In Spanish, such constructions can be accompanied by the expression poco a poco - "little by little", "gradually".

El tiempo va mejorando poco a poco— The weather is gradually getting better and better
Poco a poco el miedo va creciendo- Gradually the fear increases

Say it yourself:

I know more and more Spanish words
Teacher gradually answers students' questions

In conclusion, we give a list of irregular verbs that, when formed as a gerund, will have deviant forms. Remember these occasions.

corregir (correct) - corrigiendo
decir (to say) - diciendo
pedir (to ask) - pidiendo
despedir (to say goodbye) - despidiendo
reír (laugh) - riendo
repetir (repeat) - repitiendo
seguir (continue) - siguiendo
sentir (to feel) - sintiendo
servir (to serve) - sirviendo
venir (to come) - viniendo

ver (to see) - viendo
vestir (to put on) - vistiendo
dormir (sleep) - durmiendo
poder (to be able) - pudiendo
leer (read) - leyendo
construir (to build) - construyendo
caer (to fall) - cayendo
traer (bring) - trayendo
oír (to hear) - oyendo
ir (go, go) - yendo
As you can see, the Spanish language never ceases to amaze us with its exquisite turns and forms that are absent in our native language. Despite this, they exist, and we can hardly do without them if we really want to speak like Spaniards.

Conclusion to the first module

This topic completes the first and very important level of the Castellano Spanish textbook. After going through sixty different topics, not to mention phonetic lessons and texts, we managed to cover a lot of aspects of the Spanish language. We learned how multifaceted and special it is. Our vocabulary now includes a large number of words and expressions of various thematic areas. We can correctly build affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences, use almost all Spanish parts of speech: adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, numerals. Particular attention was paid to verbs. Knowing how to use all the knowledge gained, our Spanish speech can help us express thousands of different meanings.

However, all twenty first lessons of the textbook were based on the present tense. Other times we need, like the future and the past, have not yet been considered. These topics await us in the second, no less meaningful and exciting level. You will see how, by enriching the vocabulary and adding new grammatical tenses and constructions to the existing knowledge, we will expand our Spanish worldview exponentially. But all this is ahead of us. In the meantime, do not forget that moving relentlessly forward, you need to make every effort not to lose the acquired knowledge and firmly establish it in your own speech.

Keep learning, increase your vocabulary, practice Spanish with native speakers and stay with your trusted companion, a site that has been created with such care to improve and facilitate your learning.

Ejercicios
Exercises

Ejercicio 1
Rewrite the sentences according to the model using the gerund

Respondo a la pregunta y grito mucho - Respondo a la pregunta gritando mucho.

1. Hago la limpieza y canto mis canciones favoritas;
2. Los niños leen un libro español e intentan traducir cada frase;
3. El taxista conduce el coche y habla por teléfono;
4. Mis vecinos andan por la calle y buscan las llaves perdidas;
5. Los señores salen del portal y hablan en voz muy alta.

Ejercicio 2

1. Maria is relaxing while listening to music;
2. Federico is reading a book, thinking about work;
3. My friends talk with yawns;
4. Antonio and I speak Spanish, making many mistakes;
5. The teacher explains a new topic, giving interesting examples;
6. The waiter enters the hall, looking for our table;
7. Engineers argue while studying the project.

Ejercicio 3
Translate the sentences into Spanish

1. I continue to live in this city;
2. We continue to go to the theater;
3. I get to know the Spanish culture better and better;
4. Sylvia is talking on the phone while painting her nails;
5. Mario continues to visit his grandmother on Saturdays;
6. We are gradually getting used to the climate of Latin America;
7. People are crossing the street, looking around.