An industrial livestock complex is a large specialized enterprise of an industrial nature, which uses modern and advanced technology, mechanization, automation and scientific organization of labor, which makes it possible to produce high-quality livestock products with minimal costs of funds and labor.
Complexes and specialized farms are characterized by:
1) high labor productivity and low production costs;
2) high mechanization and automation of production;
3) the presence of its own feed base and a high level of technology for the preparation and preservation of feed;
4) closed production cycle;
5) continuous livestock management system;
6) the availability of all conditions for improving the system for creating healthy and highly productive herds, improving preventive and therapeutic measures.
All complexes have a strict security and quarantine regime. The territory of the complexes is fenced off with a solid fence. The free area is landscaped. There are two entrances: for workers and employees - through a veterinary and sanitary checkpoint with special passes; for transport - through a gate with a disinfection barrier. Disinfection of vehicles is carried out using a DUK machine or a checkpoint is equipped with an open disinfection barrier filled with a 2% sodium hydroxide solution. The passage of external transport is determined by a strict itinerary. Permission to visit the complex is received only from the chief veterinarian of the region (state veterinary inspector of the region).
The complexes have veterinary and veterinary sanitary facilities:
1). a sanitary inspection room with shower and paraformalin chambers;
2) a veterinary unit with an outpatient clinic, a pharmacy, basements for storing biological products;
3) a laboratory for the study of the nutritional value (quality) of feed and conduct biochemical studies at;
4) an insulator for sick animals; quarantine and sorting department with a veterinary and sanitary detachment.
For the organization of preventive and therapeutic measures (group and individual), each veterinary specialist needs to know well the technology of industrial livestock farming and the specifics of the organization of labor at each site of the complex.
In livestock complexes, the issues of microclimate, feeding, specific group immunization and clinical examination of animals arise with particular urgency. In conditions when animals are in closed rooms all year round, the slightest malfunctions in the heating and ventilation system can lead to the most undesirable consequences - from massive respiratory diseases to mass death as a result of overheating in summer or hypothermia in winter. The imbalance of compound feed and their low sanitary quality lead to significant losses in animal productivity at all stages of reproduction and fattening. In the complexes, in violation of the normalized feeding and hygiene of the content, osteodystrophy, parakeratosis, arthrosis, arthritis, collagenosis, hydremia, scleroderma, connective tissue occur.
Preventive measures in dairy complexes.
The industrial technology of dairy farming has also determined the specifics of veterinary services.
Most of the veterinary activities are combined with the production process:
the complexes operate as a closed-type enterprise; all employees at the entrance and exit from the complex are processed in a sanitary checkpoint;
daily clinical examination combined with feeding time;
vaccinations are done while weighing animals;
cleaning and disinfection of premises is carried out when groups of animals are moved from one section to another;
microclimate parameters are monitored around the clock.
Preventive measures during prophylactic medical examination are the most laborious and responsible. When carrying out medical examination, it is imperative to examine the feed for nutritional value and fungal infection. A qualitative study of roughage is carried out 2 months after stacking, and silage, haylage and beets - as trenches and piles are opened. Subsequently, additional research is done selectively.
Based on the data of the analysis of rations in terms of composition and quality, the feeding is balanced in terms of proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals. In the stall period, mineral fertilizing is given with silage, in summer - with compound feed on milking grounds or with green mass in feeders.
One of the leading places in the diagnostic stage of clinical examination of cows is the syndrome of herds (separate groups). Its indicators are used to judge the welfare or disadvantage of the herd.
When organizing loose housing of animals, clinically healthy cows are selected in formed groups, taking into account age, temperament, suitability for machine milking (according to the shape of the udder, the development of its front and rear lobes), milk flow rate and other characteristics.
During the period of herd formation, increased control over the behavior of animals, their general condition, feed intake and the level of productivity should be established (based on control milking). Shy and overly aggressive cows, as well as drastically reducing milk yield, should be removed from the herd and tied. Animals with signs of deterioration in general condition and decreased fatness are also tied and examined clinically, if necessary, a biochemical blood test and individual treatment are performed.
In loose housing, animals of the reference groups or all of them are examined during routine research (for tuberculosis, brucellosis, etc.); it should be borne in mind that the indicators of pulse and respiration are not always objective due to the anxiety of animals.
The clinical and physiological status of herds is determined by reference groups on a monthly basis. The reference groups should be 10-20 cows of low, medium and high productivity.
In dairy cows, an increase in pulse rate above 80 and respiration above 30 per minute and rumination of less than two contractions per 2 minutes indicate the occurrence of a subclinical, acidotic state or other forms of metabolic disorders. At the same time, attention should be paid to demineralization of the last caudal vertebrae and ribs, which is an important indicator of mineral deficiency.
Depending on the availability of laboratories, blood, milk and urine should be examined monthly or after 2 months in reference cows to establish biochemical, lactological and urological status. This allows you to timely organize preventive measures to normalize the exchange. In the prophylactic stage of clinical examination, it is also important to assess the biological value of feed, taking into account the technology of their preparation. According to the data of studies of metabolism in the body in animals and the biological usefulness of feed, it is possible to objectively make a conclusion about the introduction of certain new feeds.
In order to prevent metabolic disorders, veterinary specialists must also take into account the following indicators: the minimum payment for feed, the optimal level of protein nutrition and the sugar-protein ratio (not less than 0.8: 1).
Clinical examination of calves and heifers is carried out taking into account the generally accepted technology. In a complex for raising heifers and first-calf heifers, it is necessary to have one reference group in different age groups: from 6 to 10 months; 10-16 months - the second; 17-22 months - the third group, each containing 10-15 animals. During the medical examination of young animals, special attention should be paid to the violation of phosphorus-calcium metabolism, hypovitaminosis and subclinical ketosis and acidosis. In complexes where calves are diagnosed with stress (transport), before shipment, they are given 100 g of glucose dissolved in 1.5 liters of saline at a temperature of 38-40 ° C, and 500 thousand units of tetracycline or oxytetracycline are injected intramuscularly.
Veterinarians should be present every day while feeding animals and pay attention to appetite, energy of chewing movements, and the speed of feed intake. If indicated, a thorough clinical examination should be performed.
Scheduled clinical examinations of the entire livestock are timed to carry out planned diagnostic and preventive measures. Animals with pronounced signs of deviations from the physiological norm are marked with paint so that they can then be found in the herd for a thorough clinical examination.
Simple treatment procedures are carried out in boxes. Severely ill cows are sent to the hospital of the veterinary unit. Veterinarians are required to participate in control milking and milk testing for subclinical mastitis.
Preventive measures in beef production complexes.
Cattle fattening complexes are often located near sugar and alcohol factories. At such enterprises in the rations of the fattened cattle, a large proportion is occupied by pulp, grains and grain. Fattening usually lasts 6-9 months. Fattening bulls often have metabolic disorders. For a long time, the violation proceeds subclinically, but then the animals stop getting up, eat poorly food, their growth decreases and they have to be discarded. Therefore, the medical examination of bulls in fattening complexes must be carried out without fail. Diagnostic measures include:
monthly clinical and physiological studies of reference groups (10-15) bulls; it is necessary to selectively carry out monthly palpation of the last caudal vertebrae;
herd syndromatics - control the growth per week or month; be sure to clarify the number of deceased gobies on a weekly basis;
biochemical studies for total calcium, phosphorus, reserve alkalinity, ketone bodies, carotene;
daily control over the quality of feed; weekly study of feed for nutritional value and contamination with fungi.
In case of violation of mineral metabolism, group preventive therapy is used by giving diammonium phosphate concentrates, concentrates of vitamins A and D, enzyme preparations, microelements. In case of vitamin deficiency, herbal flour, haylage, dietary silage, vitamins are introduced into the diet.
In case of protein deficiency, carbamide is given, but it is necessary to calculate the sugar-protein ratio; if it is less than 0.8: 1, then you must add molasses or root vegetables.
Preventive measures in pork production complexes. The peculiarities of these complexes are the high concentration of animals in production facilities. This necessitates the creation of the most perfect veterinary service.
In pig-breeding complexes, strict adherence to the technological regime in all areas of production, flow and precision of the rhythm in all production processes is of particular importance.
Many complexes include feed mills. Each batch of feed arriving from the feed mill must be subjected to organoleptic analysis and laboratory testing for toxicity and general nutritional value, for contamination, the presence of mold and fungi.
Clinical examination of fattening piglets is usually carried out selectively. The indication for it is low average daily gains.
The syndromatics of the herd are of great importance in clinical examination: 1) the number of piglets received; 2) the percentage of stillborn piglets from the total number received per year; 3) average weight of piglets at weaning; 4) diseases of piglets (, bronchopneumonia); 5) percentage of sows emptying; 6) the percentage of fertility of sows; 7) the percentage of culling of sows.
For clinical examination, it is necessary to know the biochemical status of animals. Based on many years of research in sows, we have established the following standards: total protein - 7.2-8.7 g%, total calcium - 11-13 mg%; inorganic phosphorus (according to Ivanovsky) -4.5-6 mg %, ketone bodies - 0.25-2 mg%, blood sugar (according to Samoji) -55- 70 mg %, ketone bodies in urine - 0.5-5 mg%. It is advisable to systematically examine the liver of forcedly killed and died piglets for the content of retinol and conduct a biochemical study of the blood of reference groups (10-15 typical for a herd of animals) in each room.
In case of metabolic disorders, group preventive therapy is carried out: hay and fish meal, premixes, additives containing vitamin, mineral (macro- and micro-) substances, gamma and polyglobulins, hydrolysins, yeast, lysozyme, etc. are introduced into the diet. irradiate sows with ultraviolet rays.
Respiratory diseases are achieved by regular scheduled disinfection of premises, which contributes to the elimination of microbial, fungal and viral fauna. It is very important to strictly observe the constancy of the microclimate.
Preventive measures in the reproductive shop .
The reproduction shop is a separate mechanized farm for receiving farrowing. The sows are fed in the canteen located in the central part of the room. Feed moisture 75 % is served automatically. They are fed three times. Before each feeding, the sows are allowed to go for a walk in hard-surface outdoor yards. Piglets are weaned at 35 days of age, which allows for year-round farrowing, that is, to maximize the use of sows and production areas. A breeding nucleus is created on a reproductive farm.
Depending on the specific conditions in some complexes in the farrowing workshop, the canines are cleaved off the piglets, and from the age of 3 days, ferroglucin is injected into the muscles of the neck with an interval of 10 days. At 10 days of age, the tails are cut off with an electric soldering iron to prevent cannibalism and castrated in an open way for separation. In many complexes, the piglets are given the K-G premix for prophylactic purposes. The composition of the premix per group of 200 heads includes: neomycin - 1.5 ml, fried kaolin (white clay), ground barley - 100 g, pepsin - 8, bismuth - 7, multivitamin dragees - 10-12 g, distilled water -
1000 ml. The mixture is given once a day for prophylactic purposes and 3 times for therapeutic purposes. Piglets lagging behind in growth after 26 days of age at weaning are placed under other sows, which makes it possible to save 80-90% of these animals.
For the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases and stress phenomena in piglets after weaning, prestarter is added to mixed feed for 10-12 days, 200 g per animal or per 100 kg, add: sulfadimezin - 200 g, chlortetracycline - 60, furazolidone - 40, copper sulfate - 40, tilan - 10 g.
Long-term studies have established that subsidiary enterprises (workshop, farm) for raising sows should be located separately from the main complex with different zoogygienic feeding conditions characteristic of the rapid growth of a young organism.
Preventive measures in sheep breeding complexes. In order to preserve newborn lambs in the sheepfold, infrared lamps of the ZS-3 type are installed at a distance of 2.5 m from the longitudinal walls, at a height of 1.1 m from the floor. There can be 7-10 lambs at the same time under each lamp. Heating lambs during the first 15-20 days of life significantly reduces colds in animals. The air temperature in a sheepfold for adult sheep should be in the range of 2-6 ° C.
Control over the course of metabolic processes in the body of animals is carried out by regular biochemical blood tests for total protein (norm 6.5-7.5 g%), reserve alkalinity (40-60 CO2), calcium (10-12 mg%), phosphorus ( 6.5-8 mg%), ketone bodies (2-4 mg%), sugar (40-60 mg%). Hay, haylage and other feeds are tested for the content of digestible protein, calcium, phosphorus and carotene.
During clinical examination, the general condition of sheep and lambs is determined (appetite, arrangement of limbs, nature of movement, etc.); in each room, selectively in 10-15 ewes, the respiration rate, heart rate and rumination are counted; reveal the elasticity of the ribs and transverse lumbar vertebrae (establishing the degree of bone mineralization). Analyze herd syndromatics:
a) the amount of wool shearing (kg) in spring and autumn;
b) fluctuations in the mass of ewes in the summer and winter periods;
c) weight of lambs at birth and after beating;
d) the percentage of morbidity;
e) annual analysis of the occurrence of stillbirth and infertility
ewes.
When protein deficiency is established, group therapy is performed. Grass flour, clover hay are added to the diet, subject to a sugar-protein ratio of at least 0.8: 1, premixes containing methionine, tryptophan and series. For anemia, give ferrodex.
Hypovitaminosis is eliminated by intramuscular administration of trivitamin in a dose of 2 ml to the ewes per injection or clover, alfalfa hay of the 1st class is given.
Mineral deficiency is prevented by introducing monoditricalcium phosphate into concentrates.
With appropriate indications, individual therapy is used, especially in the case of dyspepsia and bronchopneumonia.
In the conditions of distant pastures for the concentration of sick and weakened animals, which for health reasons cannot move with the flocks, they organize treatment and prophylactic centers. They must have premises for keeping animals, a hospital, a playpen, a pharmacy, a slaughterhouse, a scrap installation, a warehouse, vehicles and premises for the staff of the point.
Stationary sick animals are subjected to group and individual treatment, hopelessly sick animals are killed for meat.
Lecture number 5
Topic: "Prevention of infectious diseases"
1. The main tasks and principles of antiepizootic work.
2. General and specific prevention.
3. Specific means and methods of immunoprophylaxis.
The main tasks and principles of antiepizootic work.
The main task of antiepizootic work is to create stable welfare for infectious diseases of animals in order to prevent diseases and deaths of livestock, ensure the planned development of animal husbandry and increase its productivity, as well as protect the population from zooanthropozoonoses.
In practice, this work is carried out in three directions:
1) carrying out preventive measures in disadvantaged settlements, farms, districts, regions, territories and republics to protect them from the introduction of pathogens of infectious diseases from the outside and to prevent the spread of diseases in these administrative territories;
2) carrying out recreational activities in disadvantaged areas aimed at eliminating a specific disease;
3) protection of people from infection with pathogens common to humans and animals.
Antiepizootic work is based on certain principles: the state nature and the obligation to record (report) infectious diseases; preventive focus; planning; complexity and identification of the leading link in the epizootic chain.
The state nature, the obligation to record (report) infectious diseases and the implementation of the main antiepizootic measures are determined by the Veterinary Charter - a law that provides for the tasks of the veterinary service, the rights and obligations of veterinarians, the obligations of livestock owners, heads of farms, organizations and enterprises in the prevention and control of animal diseases ... In addition to the Veterinary Regulations and in its development, instructions, manuals, rules and guidelines are issued that regulate antiepizootic work carried out by the veterinary service, local authorities, heads of farms, enterprises and organizations, regardless of their departmental subordination. All these documents are combined in the Veterinary Legislation. Local authorities can issue mandatory decrees on the implementation of anti-epizootic measures, based on the epizootic situation in specific territories and the peculiarities of animal husbandry.
The Veterinary Regulations impose the obligation on the heads of farms and animal owners to immediately inform the veterinary staff serving the farm (settlement) and local authorities about all cases of sudden death or simultaneous illness of several animals (birds), and the veterinarian of the farm (site) must urgently notify about this higher veterinary authorities, to take measures to establish a diagnosis and exclude the possibility of the spread of the disease. Information about the appearance of foci of especially dangerous diseases within 24 hours must be reported by telephone, telegraph, teletype (conventional symbols).
Throughout the country, all cases of infectious diseases are subject to mandatory registration by veterinary institutions. Such records are kept in accordance with special forms of veterinary reporting approved by the Central Statistical Administration of the Russian Federation. Analysis of veterinary reports for a certain period of time makes it possible to predict the development of epizootics, determine the main directions for the prevention and elimination of infectious diseases, and improve antiepizootic measures.
The basis of antiepizootic work is the prevention of infectious diseases. Planning of antiepizootic measures is carried out at the level of the economy, veterinary section, district, region, republic and country as a whole. Since the plans are directive in nature, veterinarians planning anti-epizootic work should know well enough the plans for the development of animal husbandry, production technology, and the specific epizootic situation.
The principle of the complexity of antiepizootic measures consists in a combination of measures aimed at all three driving forces of the epizootic process: 1) isolation and neutralization of the source of the infectious agent; 2) rupture or elimination of the transmission mechanism of the pathogen; 3) increasing the general and specific resistance of animals. All this should also be reflected in the plans for antiepizootic work.
General and specific prevention
Prevention of infectious diseases is a system of government measures to prevent the emergence and spread of diseases in prosperous farms and in the country as a whole. Preventive measures on a national scale include:
a) protection of borders from the introduction of infectious animal diseases from abroad into the territory of the country;
b) sanitary and epizootic supervision during procurement, movement of animals and transportation of raw materials of animal origin by road, rail, water and air transport;
c) sanitary and epizootic supervision of bazaars, markets, exhibitions, procurement bases and other points of temporary concentration of animals;
d) sanitary and epizootic control over meat processing plants, slaughterhouses and slaughterhouses, as well as over enterprises and organizations for the procurement, storage and processing of raw materials of animal origin;
e) protection of livestock farms from the introduction of pathogens of infectious diseases from disadvantaged areas, as well as the organization of preventive measures in specific farms and settlements;
f) veterinary education and animal insurance.
In antiepizootic work, there are general and specific prevention.
General prevention. This is a series of permanent and widely implemented measures of a veterinary-sanitary and organizational-economic nature, aimed at the prevention of infectious diseases. It includes:
a) protective and restrictive measures for the transportation and movement of animals and raw materials of animal origin, as well as control over the recruitment of farms, the formation of herds, herds and flocks;
b) preventive quarantine of animals newly entering the farm or country;
c) selection of animals (breeds) with hereditary disease resistance;
d) full and rational feeding, normal placement and exploitation of animals, strict adherence to the principle of "everything is busy - everything is empty" when using premises, as well as other technological processes;
e) planned veterinary control over the health of animals, timely isolation, isolation and treatment of patients;
f) regular cleaning and disinfection of premises, territories and equipment;
g) timely cleaning, disinfection and disposal of manure, animal corpses, industrial and biological waste;
g) regular deratization, deacarization and disinsection;
h) maintaining in proper sanitary condition of pastures, livestock routes and watering places for animals;
i) the functioning of livestock farms (farms) on the principle of closed enterprises with a closed on-farm cycle or inter-farm production, i.e. reproduction, raising and exploitation of animals;
j) provision of service personnel of farms, complexes and poultry farms with overalls, footwear and personal hygiene items;
k) construction of livestock buildings and their placement that meets all-Russian standards for technological design of livestock enterprises and veterinary and sanitary requirements.
General preventive measures should be carried out constantly, regardless of the presence of an infectious disease. Underestimation of their epizootic significance is very dangerous, especially in the conditions of modern intensive livestock farming.
Specific prophylaxis. This is a special system of measures aimed at preventing the emergence of a specific infectious disease. The nature of specific preventive measures is determined by the characteristics of the infectious disease, the epizootic situation of the economy and the surrounding territory (region).
Specific prophylaxis includes:
a) conducting special diagnostic studies (tuberculinization, serological diagnostics of brucellosis, etc.); preventive isolation, forced quarantine and observation in order to clarify the diagnosis;
b) the use of therapeutic and prophylactic agents for special purposes (for example, premixes and aerosols for the prevention of alimentary and respiratory infections);
c) immunoprophylaxis through the use of various specific means - vaccines, sera, immunoglobulins, etc. It is carried out according to plans for antiepizootic work in prosperous farms, the livestock of which must be protected from a specific infectious disease. This kind of administration of biological agents to animals is called protective. The introduction of biological products in a dysfunctional herd in the presence of sick animals is called forced.
Specific means and methods of immunoprophylaxis
The creation of immunity with the help of biological preparations is of great importance in the prevention and elimination of infectious animal diseases. Artificial immunization, with the exception of a small number of diseases, is strictly specific. Therefore, immunization in the system of antiepizootic measures is referred to as specific measures aimed at the third link of the epizootic chain - susceptible animals.
Effective biological products have been developed against most infectious diseases, which make it possible to protect animals, prevent the occurrence of diseases and stop their further spread. Immunization of animals, especially vaccination, has firmly become part of the complex of antiepizootic measures, and in most infectious diseases, it has no equal measures in terms of effectiveness (for anthrax, foot and mouth disease, emkara, erysipelas and swine fever, etc.).
The arsenal of means for the specific prevention of infectious diseases includes vaccines, serums, globulins and phages. Depending on this, two main types of immunization are distinguished: active and passive.
Active immunization. It is the most common type of immunization and is achieved by administering vaccines and toxoids to animals. A vaccine is an antigenic preparation obtained from microbes or their metabolic products, upon the introduction of which the body forms immunity to the corresponding infectious disease. They are distinguished by the method of preparation alive and inactivated vaccines.
Live vaccines- preparations prepared from live weakened (attenuated) strains of microbes, deprived of the ability to cause disease, but retaining the properties to multiply in the body of animals and condition the development of immunity in them. The advantage of live vaccines over inactivated ones is that they are administered once and in small doses and provide the rapid formation of a sufficiently stable and intense (long-term) immunity. However, some live vaccines have pronounced reactogenic properties, as a result of which a weakened animal can react to their administration with a clinically pronounced disease.
Inactivated vaccines obtained by inactivation of pathogenic, especially virulent microorganisms, without destroying them using chemical and physical methods (thermal vaccines, formol vaccines, phenol vaccines, etc.). These are, as a rule, weakly reactive biological products, the epizootic efficiency of which is inferior to live vaccines. Therefore, they are administered to animals in large doses and repeatedly.
To increase the effectiveness of both inactivated and live vaccines, the method of deposition is used, which consists in adding to them during the production process adjuvants that slow down the resorption of the vaccine introduced into the body and have a longer and more active effect on the immunization process (deposited vaccines). Deposits include aluminum hydroxide, alum and mineral oils.
Chemical vaccines are inactivated drugs consisting of soluble antigens extracted from bacteria. They contain the most active specific antigens (polysaccharides, polypeptides, lipids) sorbed on water-insoluble substances (for example, chemical vaccines against salmonellosis and brucellosis).
Toxoid- these are the same inactivated vaccines, which are toxins (derivatives) of microorganisms neutralized by heat and formalin, which have lost their toxigenicity, but retained their antigenic properties (for example, tetanus toxoid).
With the introduction of live vaccines, immunity in animals to the corresponding pathogens occurs after 5-10 days and lasts for a year or more, and in those vaccinated with inactivated vaccines - on the 10-15th day after the second vaccination and lasts up to 6 months.
Active immunization is divided into simple and a comprehensive... With simple (separate) immunization, a monovaccine is used, and the body acquires resistance to one disease. For complex immunization, mixtures of monovaccines prepared before use, or associated factory-made vaccines are used. The administration of several monovaccines can be simultaneous (mixed or separate) or sequential. In these cases, the body forms immunity against several diseases.
The supply of vaccines to the veterinary network is carried out through the zoovetsnab system and its local branches.
The success of vaccine prevention depends not only on the quality of the vaccines, but also on the most rational way of using them.
According to the method of administration of vaccines into a living organism, there are parenteral, enteral and respiratory immunization methods.
To parenteral the method includes subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal and other methods of introducing biological products, bypassing the digestive tract. The first two methods are the most common.
At enteral Method biopreparations are administered through the mouth individually or in groups with food or water. This method is convenient, but biologically intractable due to the presence of a gastric protective barrier in animals. With this method of administration, a large consumption of drugs is required, and at the same time, not all animals develop immunity of the same tension.
Respiratory (aerosol) the vaccination method makes it possible to immunize a large number of animals in a short time and create intense immunity on the 3-5th day after vaccination.
In connection with the large volumes of vaccinations and the transfer of animal husbandry to an industrial basis, group methods of vaccination by aerosols or by feeding biopreparations specially designed for these purposes have been developed. Group vaccination methods are widely used in poultry, pig and fur farming.
The maximum effectiveness of the prevention of infectious diseases with the help of vaccination can be achieved only with its planned use and mandatory combination with general preventive measures.
Passive immunization. This is also a specific prophylaxis of infectious diseases, but by introducing immunosera (specially prepared or obtained from recovered animals), globulins and immunolactone; it is essentially seroprophylaxis, capable of creating fast (after a few hours), but short-term immunity (up to 2-3 weeks).
A type of passive immunization is the acquisition of specific antibodies by newborn animals from immune mothers by the lactogenic way and the formation of collostral, or lactogenic (maternal) immunity in them.
For prophylactic purposes, immunosera are administered in small doses, most often when there is an imminent threat of an infectious disease, as well as before the transportation of animals to exhibitions and other farms. In the conditions of large farms, passive immunization has found wide application as a therapeutic and prophylactic measure for a number of respiratory and nutritional infections of young animals (salmonellosis, colibacillosis, parainfluenza-3, etc.).
Mixed (passive-active) immunization refers to the simultaneous vaccination method, in which the immune serum and the vaccine are administered simultaneously or separately. Currently, this method is rarely used, since the negative effect of immune serum on the formation of active immunity has been established.
Organization and administration of vaccinations. Before vaccination, the livestock should be surveyed in order to ascertain the state of health of animals and its welfare for infectious diseases.
Vaccinations are carried out strictly in accordance with the existing guidelines for the use of vaccines. Only healthy livestock are vaccinated. Animals suffering from non-communicable diseases or weakened due to unsatisfactory feeding or maintenance are vaccinated after their health has improved, and in the presence of a specific serum, they are vaccinated at first passively, and after 10 -12 days or later they are vaccinated.
Each animal must be vaccinated with a sterile needle; the injection site must be disinfected before the introduction of the vaccine, and in some animals it must be cut off beforehand.
After the vaccination, an act is drawn up, in which the name of the farm or settlement where the vaccination was carried out, the type of animals that were vaccinated, the disease against which the livestock was vaccinated, the name of the vaccine indicating the dose, date and place of its manufacture are indicated. The act is signed by the veterinarian who carried out the vaccination and representatives of the farm participating in the organization of vaccinations.
After vaccination, the livestock is monitored for 10-12 days in order to identify possible post-vaccination complications in individual animals. If such animals are found, they are isolated from the general herd and treated. Cases of severe or massive post-vaccination complications are carefully examined and reported to the All-Russian State Research Institute of Control, Standardization and Certification of Veterinary Drugs with the simultaneous shipment of 2-3 vials of the vaccine that caused the complication.
In the work of the veterinary service, one of the leading places is given to the prevention of infectious animal diseases, especially diseases from the A list of the International Bureau of Epizootics. These diseases pose a serious potential threat to the biological security of the state.
The emergence of certain especially dangerous infectious animal diseases (spongiform encephalopathy of cattle, foot and mouth disease, highly pathogenic avian influenza, etc.) is a socio-economic catastrophe for the state. These diseases are also dangerous because people are susceptible to them.
Prevention of infectious animal diseases in our state is based on:
♦ protection of borders against the introduction of pathogens of infectious diseases from other states;
♦ conducting veterinary and sanitary supervision during the movement of animals, procurement and transportation of raw materials of animal origin by road, rail, water and air transport;
♦ veterinary and sanitary supervision of markets, exhibitions, procurement bases and other points of temporary concentration of animals;
♦ veterinary supervision of meat processing plants, small meat processing enterprises, slaughterhouses, as well as enterprises and organizations for the procurement, storage and processing of raw materials of animal origin;
♦ protection of livestock farms from the introduction of pathogens of infectious diseases from disadvantaged areas, as well as the organization of preventive measures in specific farms and settlements;
♦ increasing the general resistance of the animal organism and veterinary-sanitary culture in animal husbandry.
The nature of measures for the prevention of infectious diseases depends on the characteristics of a specific disease, natural and economic conditions, the availability of biological products for active and passive immunization, the characteristics of livestock management, etc. At the same time, general and special measures for the prevention of infectious diseases are distinguished.
General prevention provides for the implementation of a minimum of mandatory rules to protect safe farms, complexes and other livestock facilities from the occurrence of infectious diseases in them.
The following rules must be followed:
♦ import of animals must be carried out only from farms free of infectious diseases;
♦ newly arrived animals must be kept in a 30-day quarantine;
♦ preventive disinfection of livestock buildings should be carried out at least 2 times a year;
♦ comply with the rules of keeping, feeding and exploiting animals, as well as the principle "everything is busy - everything is empty" and other technological requirements;
♦ to prevent direct and indirect contact between animals of a safe and dysfunctional economy;
♦ carry out biothermal treatment of slaughterhouse, biological and food waste used for animal feeding;
♦ procurement of fodder must be carried out only in territories free from infectious diseases (this is especially important for soil diseases, anthrax, etc.);
♦ "" prohibit unauthorized persons from visiting livestock farms;
♦ regularly carry out pest control and disinfestation, protect farms from dogs, cats, wild birds and other species;
♦ to improve pastures, cattle driving paths and watering places;
♦ to exercise close control over the movement of livestock among the population;
♦ to dispose or destroy animal carcasses;
♦ observe strict sanitary access regulations at livestock complexes and farms, etc.
In addition to measures for the prevention and elimination of infectious diseases of a general nature, special measures are taken, including:
♦ Carrying out diagnostic studies (tuberculosis, brucellosis, leukemia in cattle, glanders of horses, etc.);
♦ compulsory immunization (cattle - against trichophytosis, salmonellosis, in previously dysfunctional farms against anthrax, etc.; pigs - against classic plague, erysipelas, Aujeszky's disease, and sows - against leptospirosis; birds - against Newcastle disease).
Measures to eliminate infectious diseases are regulated by the relevant instructions or rules.
Depending on the degree of danger of an infectious disease for people and animals, when organizing measures to eliminate it, the farm, farm, department, etc. are declared unfavorable and quarantine or restrictions are introduced.
Quarantine (from the French quarantaine - forty days) is a special legal regime, which is a complex of veterinary organizational, administrative, economic, veterinary-sanitary, diagnostic and other measures aimed at destroying the causative agent of a dangerous infectious disease of animals in the epizootic focus and preventing its further distribution to other territories. To introduce quarantine, the chief veterinarian of the district, having a conclusion on the establishment of a diagnosis of an infectious disease of animals of a state diagnostic institution or a commission certificate of examination, appeals to the regional executive committee with a request to consider the issue of the occurrence of a contagious disease and the introduction of quarantine (restrictions) in an unfavorable point, having a package of documents: document confirming the diagnosis; a draft plan of recreational activities (developed by specialists of the district veterinary stations in conjunction with the veterinary service serving the quarantined point); draft decision of the district executive committee.
Quarantine is introduced in the event of diseases common to animals and humans (anthrax, tuberculosis, brucellosis, foot and mouth disease, etc.), as well as diseases of only animals that occur in the form of an epizootic or panzootic and are accompanied by high morbidity and mortality (classical swine fever, disease Aujeszky, etc.).
The quarantine is established for the following infectious diseases of animals: anthrax and festering of animals; Aujeszky's disease, brucellosis, Rift Valley fever, general pneumonia, spongiform encephalopathy, plague and emphysematous carbuncle in cattle; African plague, influenza, contagious pleuropneumonia, glanders, infectious encephalomyelitis and equine epizootic lymphangitis; African plague, Aujeszky's disease, vesicular disease, infectious encephalomyelitis and classical swine fever; smallpox and plague of sheep and goats; infectious pleuropneumonia of goats; viral enteritis and pseudomonosis of minks; myxomatosis of rabbits; Newcastle disease, ospodiphtheria, respiratory mycoplasmosis and avian influenza; viral hepatitis of ducklings; aeromonosis,
Bronchiomycosis, spring viremia, inflammation of the swim bladder and carp rubella; infectious anemia and furunculosis of trout and other diseases.
When establishing quarantine, the following measures are taken:
♦ it is prohibited to export (withdraw) animals from the quarantined territory, transport (run) through this territory and import (bring in) animals susceptible, and, if necessary, immune to this disease;
♦ it is prohibited, in cases determined by the Department of Veterinary and Food Supervision, to harvest and export from the quarantined territory products of animal origin, hay, straw and other feed;
♦ within the quarantined territory, markets are closed in cases determined by the Veterinary Department and fairs, bazaars, exhibitions, competitions and circus performances with the participation of animals (including birds, fur animals, dogs, etc.) are prohibited;
♦ joint grazing, watering and other contact of sick animals with healthy ones, release from the premises of animals that can spread the pathogen is prohibited;
♦ it is prohibited to regroup (transfer) animals within the farm without the permission of veterinarians;
♦ carcasses of animals that have died from infectious diseases, depending on the nature of the disease, are immediately destroyed or disposed of by the owner of the animal in the presence of a veterinarian;
♦ manure, bedding and feed residues from animals that are sick or suspected of having a contagious disease are destroyed or rendered harmless. The economic use of manure from these animals is allowed with the permission of the relevant state veterinary inspectorate and only after its preliminary disinfection;
♦ it is forbidden for people to enter and transport vehicles not related to the service of animals to the territory of farms, complexes, premises for animals, herds, flocks, etc.
The procedure for carrying out specific security-quarantine and other veterinary-sanitary measures at quarantined objects (in the quarantined territory) and the implementation of restrictive and preventive measures in the threatened zone is determined by the corresponding approved rules (instructions).
In case of especially dangerous diseases (African swine fever, foot and mouth disease, etc.), a threatened zone is established around the quarantined zone.
The period of quarantine is determined by the duration of the maximum incubation period, the duration of the pathogen's retention in the body of recovered animals and on objects in the external environment (anthrax - 15 days after the last case of death, recovery or forced slaughter of the animal; classical swine fever - after 30 days, etc.) ...
In some diseases, quarantine is removed from the farm, but restrictions for a certain period (from several months to a year) still remain (foot and mouth disease, rinderpest, etc.).
The quarantine is removed after a specified period of time and after thorough cleaning and final disinfection of the premises. At the same time, an act on the completeness of measures to eliminate the disease is drawn up and an appropriate decision is made by the district executive committee.
Restrictive measures provide for a lower degree of isolation than quarantine ones, and are introduced on the farm in the event of diseases that do not tend to spread in the form of an epizootic or panzootic and do not pose a danger to humans (washing horses, parainfluenza of cattle, etc.). At the same time, the corresponding decision of the district executive committee is optional.
There are general principles for the elimination of infectious animal diseases. When an infectious disease occurs, the most important thing is to establish a reliable diagnosis and identify all potential sources of the causative agent of the infection.
The diagnosis of an infectious disease is established by a complex method, which includes epizootological, clinical, pathological, allergic, microbiological (microscopic, bacteriological, biological or biological test), virological, serological, immunological, hematological and other methods.
Diagnostics begins with an epizootic examination directly at the unsuccessful point, since priority measures should be taken in relation to the relief of the epizootic focus.
The essence of the epizootic method consists in collecting, generalizing and analyzing all information concerning the development of the epizootic process in an infectious disease that has arisen, taking into account:
1. susceptibility (depending on the type of animal, age, physiological state, sex and resistance of the organism) of laboratory animals and humans;
2. the source of the causative agent;
3. reservoir of the causative agent;
4.mechanism of transmission of the causative agent of infection:
a) gate of infection;
b) factors of transmission of the causative agent of infection;
c) ways of excretion of the pathogen into the external environment;
5. seasonality, stationarity, frequency and natural focus of the disease;
6. the intensity of the epizootic process (sporadic, enzootic, epizootic, panzootic);
7. morbidity;
8. lethality.
The clinical diagnostic method aims to recognize an infectious disease by identifying the most permanent and characteristic clinical signs for it. All livestock of this species of animals in a disadvantaged area are subjected to clinical research. The role of the clinical diagnostic method for certain infectious diseases is decisive. For example, in pig erysipelas (urticaria) or trichophytosis of calves, clinical signs are so characteristic that there is no need to use other diagnostic methods. In many infectious diseases, clinical signs are similar, and the same disease can manifest itself in different clinical signs. In this case, differential diagnosis plays an important role.
The pathological method is mandatory in the diagnosis of infectious animal diseases. Using this method, the most permanent and characteristic changes in the organs and tissues of corpses or forcibly killed animals are revealed. For certain diseases (anthrax), autopsy is prohibited. In case of tuberculosis of cattle, glanders of horses and some other diseases, the pathological method is the leading one, in certain diseases it is, to varying degrees, complementary to the main methods of diagnosis. Pathological autopsy, as a rule, is accompanied by the taking of pathological material for bacteriological, virological, histological and other studies.
The allergic method is widely used in the republic to diagnose glanders in horses, tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in cattle, as well as tuberculosis in birds.
In tuberculosis-free cattle farms, scheduled allergic tests of bulls and cows, regardless of the gestation period, as well as heifers older than a year, are carried out 2 times a year - in spring and autumn.
All adult horses of the republic are examined for glanders once a year - in the spring by double ocular malleinization. This method is also used to clarify the diagnosis in animals suspected of the disease (having glanders-like changes), imported and with positive results of CSC.
The reliability of the allergic method cannot be considered high (in some cases it does not exceed 70%), which is associated with the occurrence of nonspecific reactions (para-allergic, pseudo-allergic) to allergens, as well as with the phenomena of anergy (lack of reaction in sick and weakened animals).
The microbiological method allows you to determine the type of isolated microorganism and diagnose this disease, which includes:
♦ microscopic, using this method, mainly the morphological, tinctorial properties of microbes in preparations - smears prepared from microbial cultures and the test material;
♦ bacteriological, provides for the sowing of microbes on nutrient media, the isolation of pure cultures and the study of their biochemical and other properties;
♦ biological (bioassay), used to determine the patho- and toxigenicity of microorganisms. It is carried out by infecting susceptible laboratory or other animals by various methods.
The bacteriological method is decisive in the final diagnosis of tuberculosis, anthrax and other infectious diseases.
The virological method involves the detection of the virus or its antigen, the isolation of the virus by infecting the cell culture, chicken embryos, susceptible laboratory animals and its
Indication using various serological reactions, electron and luminescence microscopy, PCR and other reactions.
The hematological method is an auxiliary one. When diagnosing some infectious animal diseases, it supplements the main ones. For example, when diagnosing infectious anemia of horses, it is imperative to take into account a pronounced anemia (the number of erythrocytes decreases to 1-2 10 12 / l), and for classical swine fever - leukopenia (the number of leukocytes decreases to 2 10 9 / l), etc. etc.
The histological method aims to identify structural changes at the level of a cell, tissue or organ, characteristic of a particular infectious disease. This method is auxiliary, however, for certain infectious diseases, it significantly supplements the main methods. Typical histological changes are found in tuberculosis, horse glanders, paratuberculosis, listeriosis and other infectious diseases of animals.
The serological diagnostic method is based on the detection of specific antibodies in the blood serum of sick or recovered animals. For the diagnosis of bacterial infectious diseases, RA is used - brucellosis, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis; PMA - leptospirosis; RSK - glanders, brucellosis, chlamydia, listeriosis and other reactions.
In virology, the following are used: RID - enzootic leukemia in cattle, infectious anemia of horses; RIF - rabies; ELISA - bovine enzootic leukemia, etc.
In individual infectious diseases, the serological method is decisive in making the final diagnosis of the corresponding disease (bovine leukemia, infectious anemia and horse glanders, etc.). It forms the basis for retrospective diagnostics. In these cases, blood serum is taken from animals at the stage of obvious clinical disease, and then, during the period of convalescence or complete recovery, that is, after 2-3 weeks (the method of studying paired sera). With an increase in the level of antibodies (with leptospirosis - 5 times or more, with infectious rhinotracheitis in cattle - 4 times or more, etc.) in the blood serum, the diagnosis for the corresponding disease is considered established.
The serological method has also found application for the detection of the corresponding pathogen in the pathological material using a specific serum (RP - with anthrax). This method is also widely used to control the level of immune response during vaccination of pigs against classical plague, birds against Newcastle disease, etc., as well as for serogroup differentiation of pathogens isolated from the pathogen.
Among other diagnostic methods in veterinary practice, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), electron microscopy, histochemical method, DNA hybridization, microchip technology, etc. are increasingly used.
However, most often, a set of methods is used to diagnose infectious animal diseases, although for each infectious animal disease, methods are legalized on the basis of which the diagnosis is considered to be definitively established. For example, in case of tuberculosis of cattle, the diagnosis is considered to be definitively established in one of the following cases: upon detection of pathological changes in organs or lymph nodes typical for tuberculosis; when isolating a culture of bovine or human mycobacteria from the test material; upon receipt of a positive bioassay result.
There is a general scheme for carrying out measures to eliminate infectious diseases, the essence of which is as follows. Based on the results of clinical or other research methods of animals in a dysfunctional herd (farm, complex, etc.), regardless of whether quarantine or restrictions have been introduced, animals are divided into three groups:
1) clearly sick animals with typical clinical signs of the disease. In their respect, the diagnosis is considered to be definitively established with the help of methods legalized for the diagnosis of the corresponding disease;
2) suspicious for the disease, having unclear clinical signs of the disease, characteristic of many infectious diseases (fever, refusal to feed, depression, etc.) or dubious results of diagnostic tests;
3) suspected of infection (conditionally healthy), other animals kept together with patients (carriers of the causative agent) or in contact with certain factors of transmission of the pathogen.
One of the most important conditions for the successful fight against infectious diseases is the identification and removal of the source of the causative agent of the infection. For this purpose, sick animals (animals of the first group) are isolated from the main herd in a separate room (isolator). Separate personnel are assigned to service such animals. In this case, sick animals are treated (trichophytosis of calves, erysipelas of pigs, pasteurellosis, etc.). If the treatment is economically unprofitable, or ineffective, or sick animals are dangerous for people (tuberculosis and brucellosis of cattle, classical swine fever, etc.), they are killed.
In some cases, when sick animals (rinderpest, African swine fever, etc.) pose a huge danger to other animals or people (rabies, highly pathogenic avian influenza, etc.), they are destroyed.
Another important condition for carrying out measures after isolation or destruction of sick animals is the rupture of the mechanism of transmission of the infectious agent. Disinfection, disinsection and deratization are called upon to play a great role in measures in relation to the mechanism of transmission of the causative agent of infection. It should be borne in mind that each infectious disease has its own strictly specific transmission mechanism.
So, in case of diseases with an alimentary transmission mechanism, they disinfect, change pastures, stop grazing animals, change or disinfect feed, etc. (EMKAR, anthrax, etc.). In case of vector-borne diseases, blood-sucking insects are destroyed (INAN horses, etc.), and in infectious diseases transmitted by aerogenesis (parainfluenza, infectious rhinotracheitis of cattle, etc.), aerosols of disinfectants (lactic acid, formaldehyde, etc.) are used. Only by isolating or destroying sick animals and breaking the transmission mechanism of the causative agent of infection, it is possible to prevent the further spread of many infectious animal diseases.
Animals suspected of the disease are investigated additionally. Depending on the results of the study, the nature of their further use is determined, whether they are recognized as sick or conditionally healthy. In most cases, the animals of this group are referred to the group of patients and they are treated in the same way as with the animals of the first group.
Table 2.2. Measures in relation to the source of the causative agent of the infection, depending on the characteristics of the infectious disease
| Group number | Expediency | Name of infectious diseases | Measures regarding the source of the causative agent of the infection |
| First group | Patients with infectious diseases, the treatment of which is prohibited | Rabies, spongiform encephalopathy, scrapie of sheep, African swine fever, glanders, epizootic lymphangitis, African horse sickness, foot and mouth disease and rinderpest, bluetongue (catarrhal fever of sheep), highly pathogenic influenza and Newcastle disease of birds, etc. | Animals are killed and destroyed |
| Second group | Patients with infectious diseases, the treatment of which is inappropriate | Tuberculosis, brucellosis, leukemia, paratuberculosis and contagious pneumonia in cattle; classical swine fever, infectious anemia and equine encephalomyelitis, smallpox and infectious avian laryngotracheitis and other diseases | Animals are subjected to forced slaughter, and slaughter products are used depending on the results of their veterinary and sanitary examination |
| Third group | Patients with infectious diseases who are treated for economic reasons | Pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, leptospirosis, escherichiosis, streptococcosis, necrobacteriosis, tetanus and other bacterial diseases; swine erysipelas, hemophilic polyserositis and pleuropneumonia, as well as swine dysentery, infectious rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3, respiratory syncytial infection and some other viral diseases | Animals are isolated and treated |
Animals suspected of being infected (conditionally healthy) are under increased veterinary supervision. Depending on the characteristics of the identified disease, animals of this group are vaccinated or treated with hyperimmune serum. In the absence of biological products, animals are treated with antibiotics or other measures are taken to prevent the disease.
Measures to eliminate a specific infectious animal disease are regulated by the relevant rules (instructions).
Thus, measures to eliminate infectious diseases should be comprehensive and aimed at all links of the epizootic chain: elimination (isolation, neutralization) of the source of the infectious agent; rupture of the transmission mechanism of the pathogen; making animals immune to infectious diseases. -
Control questions
1. What are the main measures to prevent the introduction of pathogens into prosperous farms?
2DWhat is the difference between sick suspected disease and suspected animal?
3. What is the essence of general and specific prevention of infectious animal diseases, what are their similarities and differences?
4. What is a comprehensive diagnosis of infectious diseases? What methods are used for this? Give their comparative characteristics.
5. What is the role of laboratory research in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, including in the final diagnosis?
6. Describe the concepts of "quarantine" and "restrictions". What are the rules and order of their imposition (introduction) and withdrawal, what is their antiepizootic significance?
7. List the diseases in case of which the quarantine is established.
8.How are they treated with patients suspected of having a disease, suspected of being infected with animals during the elimination of infectious diseases?
Similar information.
In the system of veterinary measures, the leading place is taken by general preventive measures aimed at preventing animal diseases. These measures include organizational and economic (providing animals in sufficient quantities with high-grade feed and premises), zoohygienic and veterinary and sanitary norms and rules, constant veterinary monitoring of the condition of animals, control over the quality of feed and water. Veterinarians, paramedics, zootechnicians periodically send feed samples to the appropriate veterinary or agrochemical laboratories to determine the content of nutrients, including vitamins and mineral salts, as well as pesticides and toxic substances. When evaluating the quality of silage and haylage, in addition, the pH and the ratio of organic acids are determined.
Recommendations of veterinary and agrochemical laboratories are the basis for the prohibition of feeding animals with poor quality feed. The same is done when assessing the good quality of water for drinking animals.
Enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens - animal owners are obliged to provide animals with feed and water that meet veterinary and sanitary requirements and standards. Feed, feed additives, including non-traditional ones, are allowed for production and use only with a certificate issued by a specially authorized
body. Thus, livestock breeders, farmers, peasants, cooperators, tenants and enterprise managers must strictly comply with zoological and veterinary and sanitary rules on livestock farms.
Veterinary specialists of farms, institutions and organizations of the State Veterinary Service are called upon to implement these rules, promote them, and constantly check their implementation. In case of any violations, measures are immediately taken to eliminate them.
An indispensable condition for the prevention of diseases in livestock and poultry is a systematic study of the veterinary and sanitary state of the area, settlements, livestock farms, complexes, poultry farms, as well as enterprises for the procurement and processing of animal products.
The study of the veterinary and sanitary state of animal husbandry is a constant task of veterinarians, paramedics working on farms, veterinary institutions. It is necessary to know the sanitary state of the environment, to have data on the presence of certain animal diseases, to identify factors that can adversely affect the veterinary welfare of herds.
Information about the veterinary and sanitary state of livestock farms and the surrounding area comes in different ways. This is the collection of the necessary oral and documentary data, obtaining information from veterinary specialists from neighboring farms, enterprises, settlements, districts, messages from the chief state veterinary inspector of the district, specialists of the higher veterinary authority, personal acquaintance with the situation on the spot, examination of livestock and other facilities, etc. . NS.
The veterinarian and paramedic should be aware of the results of laboratory tests of blood and pathological material carried out in veterinary laboratories.
Veterinary examinations of farms and farms can be planned in nature, and unscheduled, forced examinations are not excluded. They are carried out by veterinarians in the order of control or on the instructions of the executive authorities of districts and constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Commission surveys are also possible.
When examining livestock farms, attention is paid to the state of the livestock of animals by age and production groups, they are checked for compliance with the data of accounting and zootechnical accounting (according to form No. 24); assess the technical and sanitary condition of livestock buildings; pay attention to the serviceability of the ventilation and sewerage systems, as well as the compliance of livestock placement with established standards. When evaluating feeds, their quality, nutritional value of rations, feeding regime and keeping animals are taken into account.
Depending on the purpose of the survey, the level of morbidity of animals in the past and at the time of the survey is studied in detail, the reports of veterinarians serving the farms are analyzed, and the correctness of the treatment and prophylactic measures is checked.
The information collected during the study of the veterinary and sanitary state of livestock facilities is taken into account by the farm specialists in their work. Based on the results of each survey, state veterinary inspectors draw up an act in which they note all the actual indicators characterizing the veterinary situation at livestock farms and complexes, give an opinion and recommendations on improving the conditions for keeping animals in farms. If there is a disease and death of animals, their causes are indicated, measures of prevention and treatment are proposed, the deadlines for implementation are determined and responsible persons are appointed. Cases of violation of veterinary and sanitary rules should be considered and the necessary measures taken to eliminate them.
Clinical examination of animals is of diagnostic and prophylactic importance. It is carried out by veterinarians and paramedics of farms and the state veterinary network.
Distinguish between individual, group, general, scheduled, unscheduled examinations. Individual examination involves the study of the general condition of each animal, group - a group of animals, general - the state of the entire herd. Depending on the purpose, direction and purpose of the farm and local conditions, animal inspection can be carried out twice a year, quarterly, once or twice a month. In the presence of
of acute illness, animals are examined daily or several times during the day.
In ordinary farms, a planned general inspection of animals is organized in the spring - before pasture pasture and in the fall - before stalling. Livestock sent to seasonal pastures are inspected before pasture.
On industrial complexes, inspections are carried out twice a month or more. An unscheduled clinical examination of animals is carried out in the event of massive non-communicable diseases, as well as before sale and slaughter.
At each visit to a livestock farm or complex, a veterinary specialist conducts a general examination of the herd, paying attention to deviations in the general condition of the animals during the distribution of feed, intake of feed and water, as well as during their movement. Animals with deviations from the norm are separated into a separate group and subjected to thermometry, careful individual examination and research. For a better organization of the inspection of animals, the veterinarian or paramedic informs the heads of the farms in advance about the day of the inspection, agrees with them the procedure for conducting it. Sometimes inspection of animals on farms is combined with appraisal or mass prophylactic treatment.
Based on the results of the work, a list of examined animals and an act on the allocation of patients for treatment or isolation are drawn up. In the first document, general data about animals are recorded, indicating the type, individual number (nickname), age; in the second, the clarified pathology, preliminary diagnosis, prescribed treatment, feeding regimen and conditions of detention are noted.
An organized inspection of animals belonging to the population is carried out with the participation of a representative of the local government.
Clinical examination of farm animals is a system of planned diagnostic and treatment-and-prophylactic measures aimed at timely detection of sub-clinical and clinical signs of the disease, disease prevention and treatment of sick, especially highly productive animals. Veterinarians, paramedics, service
breeding farms, breeding plants, include clinical examination of livestock in the annual plan of veterinary measures. Heads, chief veterinarians, veterinary paramedics, and, if necessary, specialists of the regional station for combating animal diseases are involved in the clinical examination.
Clinical examination is conventionally divided into three stages: diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic.
DiagnosisTiichesky stage provides for a general examination of each animal: the condition of the mucous membranes, lymph nodes, skin, hairline, skeleton, including the condition of the last caudal vertebrae, ribs, hooves, udder, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestion, movement, etc.; a more thorough examination of systems and organs that have deviations from the norms; laboratory tests of blood, urine, milk, etc. In breeding farms, at stations for breeding, it is recommended to take blood for biochemical studies from 30 ... 40%, urine and milk - from 10 ... 15% of cows. In other farms with highly productive livestock, blood, urine and milk tests are carried out in 5-15% of cows
and heifers. Blood and urine samples are sent to the veterinary laboratory for testing. The results of the first stage are compared with the data obtained from previous studies. According to objective data of clinical and laboratory studies, animals are conventionally divided into three groups: I - clinically healthy, without deviations from the norm; II - clinically healthy, but with deviations from the norm in blood, urine and milk; III - obviously sick animals.
On treatment stage clinical examination of all sick animals is carefully re-examined to clarify the diagnosis and the appointment of appropriate individual or group treatment.
ProphylaxisTiichesky stage medical examination provides for the elimination of the causes that cause or cause disease in animals.
The results of the clinical examination of animals are entered into the dispensary card, which serves as the basis for drawing up an act and making specific proposals for consideration by the management of the farm.
Veterinary-sanitary and zoohygienic rules for keeping, feeding and exploiting animals are established by the Veterinary Department of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, taking into account the achievements of veterinary science and best practice. They are included in Veterinary legislation and are subject to mandatory implementation in all farms. Responsibility for compliance with these rules is assigned to the heads of livestock farms, farms of various forms of ownership. Veterinary paramedics of farms are actively involved in the implementation of these rules in the practice of each farm and monitor their implementation. The implementation of certain provisions of the zoohygienic and veterinary-sanitary rules at the first stage is carried out with the active participation of zoo engineers, veterinarians and paramedics. At the subsequent stages, effective control over their implementation is organized by veterinary specialists of farms, livestock complexes, institutions of the state veterinary network. Veterinary specialists of farms constantly monitor the organization of herd reproduction. At the same time, the observance of veterinary and sanitary rules for insemination of animals is monitored.
Veterinary specialists of farms, stations for artificial insemination of animals are responsible for the timely examination of producers for brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, leptospirosis, trichomoniasis, vibriosis, etc. The quality of animal sperm is controlled by veterinarians of state breeding enterprises. Veterinarians of farms are obliged to monitor the health of the breeding stock, prevent insemination of sick animals, check them for pregnancy, establish the causes of prolonged infertility and barrenness, treat cows, and, in case of irreversible processes, discard them.
5.2. PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION OF ACTIVITIES FOR PREVENTION OF NON-CONTACTIVE ANIMAL DISEASES
Taking into account the specifics of animal husbandry in our country, it is customary to draw up a plan for the prevention of non-communicable animal diseases only at agricultural enterprises. When starting this job, the veterinarian
or a paramedic analyzes the data of the primary veterinary record on the incidence of non-communicable diseases in animals; veterinary reports in the form No. 2-vet; materials for laboratory studies of feed, water and soil; results of biochemical blood tests; data on the parameters of the microclimate in livestock buildings.
An action plan for the prevention of non-communicable animal diseases is drawn up in the prescribed form. It includes clinical examination and prophylactic medical examination of animals, checking the sanitary state of livestock farms, monitoring the indoor microclimate, studying feed, the level of metabolism in animals, checking the condition of the udder, hooves and hooves, ultraviolet, infrared irradiation of animals, the use of vitamins, mineral supplements, gastric juice, tissue preparations, etc.
The organization of measures for the prevention of non-communicable animal diseases includes the registration of cases of non-communicable diseases, the identification of the causes of mass illness and death of animals, the isolation and treatment of sick animals, the prevention of injuries, changes in the diet; elimination of shortcomings in the maintenance of animals (microclimate, exercise, etc.); improvement of the territory around livestock farms, complexes, camps; mass explanatory work. The listed complex of measures for certain non-communicable diseases is carried out in accordance with the existing guidelines and recommendations, taking into account scientific advances in this area.
Timely registration of cases of non-communicable animal diseases is of particular importance and allows increasing the effectiveness of treatment and prophylactic work. Establishing the first cases of the disease is especially important in diseases of young farm animals, as well as those associated with metabolic disorders, in case of poisoning. For the timely detection of preclinical forms of metabolic disorders, massive laboratory and clinical studies of various production groups of animals are carried out. Veterinarians and paramedics should systematically monitor the level of metabolic processes and the productivity of animals, for example, a decrease in milk yield in cows, live weight of young animals
cattle, pigs and sheep - signs of the onset of a pathological process. It is important to promptly exclude infectious and invasive diseases by means of special studies. All cases of non-communicable diseases are recorded in the register of sick animals.
Having established a diagnosis, veterinarians and paramedics begin to identify the causes of mass illness and death of animals in order to eliminate the impact of negative factors on the rest of the livestock. The analysis of the causes of mass diseases in animals is reduced to a detailed study of the conditions of feeding and maintenance, the usefulness of rations, the quality of feed and water, the state of metabolism in animals. As in the case of planned clinical examination, attention is paid to the state of those organs and systems, the disorder of which determines the clinical manifestation of the disease. In addition, the investigated feed, which consisted of the diet before and during the period of illness of animals.
For many non-communicable diseases, sick animals must be kept in a hospital or in a separate box at the farm. The basis for the isolation of sick animals are clinical signs, the results of biochemical studies of blood, urine, milk samples. Sick animals can be grouped by age, sex, diagnosis, which allows the use of group therapy and prophylaxis. Animals are placed in sanitary facilities, isolators (boxes), medical and sanitary points, they create the best conditions for keeping them, they are transferred to dietary feeding. The animals are assigned separate service personnel who are instructed in care and maintenance. Recovered animals are transferred to herds, flocks, to farms after their physiological state is fully restored.
nykh - a necessary condition for maintaining the livestock population. The exception is cases when the prognosis is clearly unfavorable, and treatment is futile.
Specialists of institutions of the state veterinary network and farms achieve high rates in the medical
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ORGANIZATION OF VETERINARY TREATMENT WORK
Qualified treatment of sick animals
DIGITAL LIBRARY
work. The effectiveness of the treatment of animals of different species has significantly increased. In many constituent entities of the Russian Federation, veterinary specialists provide recovery
99% of sick animals admitted for treatment to hospitals, veterinary stations and other institutions, as well as treated directly on farms.
Veterinary institutions are constantly improving medical work, using the achievements of science, the latest methods and techniques, expanding the arsenal of medications and therapeutic techniques. The organizational forms of this business are also improving.
The effectiveness of medical work depends on the timely correct diagnosis, the qualifications of a veterinarian and a paramedic. The main goal of a veterinarian, paramedic in the treatment of sick animals is to restore their health, productivity and working capacity. Depending on the severity of the course of the disease, emergency medical care is distinguished; treatment of sick animals that do not require urgent assistance; treatment in a planned manner.
Emergency (urgent) care is provided for acute bleeding, improper delivery, prolapse of the uterus, cavity wounds, acute tympanic scar, blockage of the esophagus and colic. To provide emergency assistance, veterinarians immediately go to the scene of the incident (to pastures, livestock farms, households, etc.).
If urgent care is not required, animals are treated on the spot, outpatient and inpatient. In cattle yards, pastures, when driving, transporting animals, it is necessary to allocate the necessary funds to fix the animals when providing them with medical assistance.
Outpatient treatment of an animal is associated with delivery to a state medical institution or a veterinary center of the farm and returning it to the farm, to the farm after each treatment procedure. This form of medical work is possible in those cases when the state of health of sick animals does not interfere with their movement.
Treatment of sick animals is more effective in a hospital, an isolator of a medical and sanitary point, where it is possible to organize favorable conditions for feeding and keeping,
to use sophisticated equipment, to carry out surgical operations. If it is necessary to restrict the movement of animals and constantly monitor the course of the disease and the effectiveness of the drugs and medical procedures used, then inpatient treatment is organized.
Medical work on farms is carried out by veterinary specialists of agricultural enterprises and institutions of the state veterinary network. Veterinarians and paramedics of farms provide medical assistance to animals more often directly on the farm, less often on an outpatient basis. They contain permanently especially valuable animals (highly productive cows, sire bulls, breeding stallions, etc.) that need long-term treatment.
The forms of organization of medical work depend on the type and production direction of the complex. At milk production complexes, where mastitis, gynecological diseases, limb injuries, metabolic disorders are relatively common in cows, the treatment of animals is organized in full. At pig breeding complexes, depending on the number of sick animals, treatment can be organized in sanitary facilities, in case of mass diseases - at the place of their keeping. In specialized sheep farms, inpatient treatment is carried out in medical and sanitary points (LSP). Weak, emaciated and sick sheep from all flocks and farms are sent to the LSP according to the results of examination or examination (several times a month). Veterinary specialists of the LSP carefully examine the received sheep, establish a diagnosis, group them depending on the diagnosis and the course of the disease. Sick animals are prescribed dietary feeding and appropriate treatment.
In livestock farms, group therapy is often carried out, combining it with individual treatment of animals. At poultry farms, only group therapy is carried out by giving appropriate medications with feed, water or an aerosol method.
State veterinary institutions provide outpatient and inpatient treatment of sick animals. They usually have well-equipped arenas for receiving sick animals and providing them with treatment.
The playpens are equipped with fixing machines, instrument tables, a consumable pharmacy, they are provided with hot water and sewerage systems. In well-equipped medical institutions (in large cities), ultrasound, X-ray examinations and physiotherapy rooms are organized. Many of these institutions have standard hospitals for large and small animals.
At regional and city stations for combating animal diseases, medical work is carried out in full, including complex surgical operations, therapeutic and obstetric-gynecological care.
Medical work in peasant and farm households is organized by veterinary institutions transferred to self-financing, commercial veterinary institutions and veterinarians-entrepreneurs. Most often, medical assistance to sick animals is provided directly at the place of their detention. Inpatiently treat animals in need of long-term treatment only on the basis of hospitals of veterinary institutions.
institutions, livestock farms, veterinary cooperatives serving animals, as well as veterinary specialists-entrepreneurs keep a register of sick animals, and in the treatment of inpatients - case histories. The log records:
serial number of primary and repeated accounting;
date of arrival of the animal;
owner's surname and address;
gender, species, name and number of the animal;
the date of the animal's illness;
initial and final diagnosis;
additional research;
Clinical signs;
the outcome of the disease;
ORGANIZATION OF VETERINARY BUSINESS
VETERINARY RECORDING AND REPORTING
FOR NON-INFECTIOUS ANIMAL DISEASES
In therapeutic and prophylactic veterinary
DIGITAL LIBRARY
special marks;
the name of the specialist who performed the treatment.
In case of inpatient treatment of especially valuable breeding and highly productive animals, in addition to a journal, a medical history with a detailed record of the course of the disease, the results of subsequent studies, further treatment, etc. is kept for each animal.
The report on non-communicable diseases of animals is made once a year according to the form No. 2-vet. Such a report is submitted by hired veterinary specialists of all agricultural enterprises, institutions and organizations of the State Veterinary Service. The log for registration of sick animals serves as the basis for drawing up the report. The report provides information on non-communicable diseases of cattle, pigs, small ruminants in terms of the number of sick, dead and forcedly killed in all categories of farms, including agricultural organizations, households, farms; from among the sick: diseases of the digestive system, including young animals; respiratory diseases, including young animals; metabolic diseases, including young animals; diseases of the reproductive organs, including mastitis; trauma; poisoning.
PRACTICAL LESSON
Exercise! Develop a plan for the prevention of non-communicable animal diseases on the farm.
The number of animals on the farm: 2000 head of cattle, including cows - 600, heifers - 120, heifers older than a year - 500, heifers under one year old - 500, bull calves - 270, breeding bulls - 10 heads.
The farm registered mastitis of cows, dyspepsia, bronchopneumonia of calves, inflammation of the distal part of the extremities in heifers and bulls under the age of one year.
For feeding cattle, 50 haystacks, 10 silage trenches, 10 batches of compound feed have been prepared.
Studies of coarse and succulent feed have established a deficiency of phosphorus, manganese, cobalt and a low content of carotene.
Methodical instructions
An annual plan of preventive measures for non-communicable diseases of animals is developed taking into account the following factors: the provision of animals with feed, the completeness of the diet and adherence to the feeding regime; the results of laboratory studies of feed, water and soil; parameters of the microclimate of the premises; the results of biochemical studies of blood serum to determine the state of metabolism; morbidity indicators, mortality; availability of means of prevention of certain non-communicable diseases.
To complete the assignment, you must draw up an action plan.
Clinical examination of all animals and clinical examination of cows are planned twice a year; determination of cows' pregnancy - quarterly.
The use of vitamin concentrates is planned systematically, taking into account the number of newborn calves and piglets.
The study of cows for mastitis is planned monthly, taking into account their physiological state.
Measures against dyspepsia, bronchopneumonia of calves and inflammation of the distal extremities in heifers and bull-calves are planned taking into account the availability of effective means.
The quality of feed is checked during harvesting and before feeding.
Task 2. Draw up a report on non-communicable diseases of animals in the form No. 2-vet.
According to the register of sick animals (agricultural accounting, form No. 1-vet), 1000 heads of cattle, including 670 young animals, fell ill with non-communicable diseases during the year. Of the sick: with diseases of the digestive system - 400 heads, including young animals - 310, with diseases of the respiratory system - 400, including young animals - 370; with metabolic diseases - 60; with mastitis - 25; with diseases of the reproductive organs - 50; with injuries - 40; with poisoning - 35 heads.
Of the sick animals, 90 heads fell and were forcedly killed, of which young animals - 80: from diseases of the digestive system -
50 heads, including young animals - 45; from respiratory diseases - 35 heads (young animals); from metabolic diseases -
head; from poisoning - 4 heads.
Methodical instructions
The report on non-communicable diseases of animals is made once a year according to the form No. 2-vet.
The report includes all sick animals in all categories of farms, regardless of ownership and affiliation.
In columns 1 ... 3 "Sick animals registered for the first time" indicate only animals taken during the year primarily for outpatient and inpatient treatment, regardless of the duration of treatment or the number of visits to a medical institution. Similarly, include animals that received veterinary care directly on the farm, on the farm, in the complex by hired veterinary specialists of the farm and specialists of state and commercial veterinary institutions.
In columns 4 ... 9 "From the number of registered patients" indicate the number of dead and forcedly killed animals from among those who received veterinary care. The number of dead animals that were not provided with medical assistance is also recorded; indicate the reasons for the death. The information about the dead animals also includes those who were forcedly killed, the meat of which was found unfit for food.
CONTROL QUESTIONS AND TASKS
List the general measures for the prevention of animal diseases on farms.
How is the clinical examination of animals carried out?
How is the medical examination of animals organized?
How are measures for the prevention of non-communicable animal diseases planned?
Tell us about the procedure for organizing veterinary measures for non-communicable animal diseases.
Name the types of medical work and types of treatment for animals.
Tell us about the procedure for conducting veterinary records and reporting in case of non-communicable diseases.
Complex measures for the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases animals includes:
- registration of cases of non-communicable animal diseases;
- identification of the causes of mass disease and death of animals;
- treatment of sick animals;
- prevention of injuries;
- organization of rational and adequate feeding and dietary changes;
- elimination of shortcomings in the keeping of animals (microclimate, exercise, etc.);
- improvement of the territory around livestock farms, complexes, camps;
- carrying out mass explanatory work.
Also, for the timely detection of preclinical forms of metabolic disorders, carry out mass laboratory and clinical research different production groups of animals. Veterinarians should systematically monitor the level of metabolic processes and productivity of animals, bearing in mind that a decrease in milk yield in cows, live weight of young cattle, pigs and sheep are signs of the onset of a pathological process. Important timely exclude infectious and invasive diseases by means of special studies.
At making a diagnosis for a non-communicable disease , they begin to identify the causes of mass disease and death of animals in order to eliminate the impact of negative factors on the rest of the livestock. The analysis of the causes of mass diseases in animals is reduced to a detailed study of the conditions of feeding and maintenance, the usefulness of rations, the quality of feed and water, the state of metabolism in animals. As in the case of planned clinical examination, attention is paid to the state of those organs and systems, the disorder of which determines the clinical manifestation of the disease. In addition, the investigated feed, which consisted of the diet before and during the period of illness of animals.
For many non-communicable diseases, sick animals must be kept in hospital or in a separate box at the farm. The basis for the isolation of sick animals are clinical signs, the results of biochemical studies of blood, urine and milk samples.
Sick animals can be grouped by age, sex, diagnosis, which makes it possible to use group therapy and prevention... Animals are placed in sanitary facilities, isolators (boxes), medical and sanitary points (LSP), where they provide the necessary conditions for keeping and feeding. Animals are assigned separate service personnel, who are instructed on the care and maintenance of each group. Recovered animals are transferred to herds, flocks, to farms after their physiological state is fully restored.
The effectiveness of medical work depends on the timely and correct diagnosis, the qualifications of a veterinarian. The main goal of a veterinarian, paramedic in the treatment of sick animals is to restore their health, productivity and working capacity. Depending on the severity of the course of the disease, emergency medical care, treatment of animals that do not require urgent care, and treatment are distinguished in a planned manner.
Emergency (urgent) help provide for acute bleeding, irregular childbirth, cavity wounds, acute tympanic scar, blockage of the esophagus and colic. To provide emergency assistance, veterinarians immediately go to the scene of the incident (pasture, livestock farms, households, etc.). If urgent care is not required, animals are treated on the spot, outpatient and inpatient. In cattle yards, pastures, when driving, transporting animals, it is necessary to allocate the necessary funds to fix the animals when providing them with medical assistance.
Ambulatory treatment an animal is connected with its delivery to a medical institution of the state veterinary network or to a veterinary point and its return to the farm, to the farm after each treatment procedure. This form of medical work is possible in cases where the state of health of the animals does not impede their movement. Treatment is more effective in a hospital, an LSP isolator, where it is possible to organize favorable conditions for feeding and keeping animals, use sophisticated equipment, and perform surgical operations. If it is necessary to restrict the movement of animals and monitor the effectiveness of treatment, the animals are placed in a hospital.
Medical work on farms is organized by veterinary specialists of agricultural enterprises and institutions of the state veterinary network. Veterinarians of the farm provide medical assistance to sick animals more often directly on the farm, less often on an outpatient basis. Stationary provide assistance to especially valuable animals (highly productive cows, breeding bulls, breeding stallions, etc.) in need of long-term treatment.
Forms of organization of medical work on the complexes depend on the type and production direction. At milk production complexes where mastitis, gynecological diseases, injuries of the extremities, metabolic disorders are relatively frequent, the treatment of animals is organized in full. The capacity of the hospital located in the veterinary unit is planned here at the rate of 2.5-03 % from the number of cows.
Pig farms depending on the number of sick animals, treatment can be organized in sanitary facilities, and in case of massive cases of illness, at the place of their keeping. In specialized sheep breeding farms carry out inpatient treatment in special LSP, where weak, emaciated and sick sheep are sent from flocks and from farms identified as a result of examination or examination (several times a month). Veterinary specialists carefully examine the sheep that have arrived, establish a diagnosis, group animals depending on the diagnosis and the course of the disease. Sick sheep are prescribed dietary feeding and appropriate treatment.
In livestock farms group therapy is often carried out, combining it with individual treatment of animals. At poultry farms carry out only group therapy by giving appropriate medications with food, water or aerosol.
At regional veterinary stations, in local veterinary hospitals and outpatient and inpatient treatment of animals. These facilities usually have well-equipped arenas for receiving sick animals and providing them with treatment. The playpens are equipped with fixing machines, instrument tables, a consumable pharmacy, and they are provided with hot water and sewerage systems. In well-equipped medical institutions (in large cities), X-ray and physiotherapy rooms are organized.
At regional and city stations for the fight against animal diseases, medical work is carried out in full, including complex surgical operations, therapeutic, obstetric and gynecological care, etc.
Therapeutic work in peasant and farm households organized by veterinary institutions, transferred to self-financing, commercial veterinary institutions and veterinary doctors-entrepreneurs. Most often, medical assistance to sick animals is provided directly at the place of their detention. Inpatiently treat animals that need long-term treatment.
Veterinarians lead patient register animals, and on animals in the hospital they start a medical history. All cases of medical care are recorded in the log. Medical history fill in for each animal admitted for inpatient treatment. Based on the medical history, veterinarians have the opportunity to trace the effect of medical procedures on the course of animal recovery.
In the complex of measures for the prevention of non-communicable diseases, it is of great importance organization of rational and adequate feeding... If, when analyzing the causes of the occurrence of non-communicable diseases, the inadequacy of rations, feeding of poor-quality feed are established, then an indispensable condition for preventing the disease is changing the diet... For example, in case of animal poisoning, they immediately stop feeding according to previously compiled rations. Poor-quality feed is excluded from the diet, in return they include proven and good quality. If necessary, special processing of feed is carried out before feeding.
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