BCG vaccination in newborns: features of vaccination and determination of the reaction. BCG vaccine for babies: what is it? Do I need to vaccinate my baby at the maternity hospital? Possible reactions of the child's body When can I get a BCG vaccine

BCG vaccination is one of the first that the body of a newborn encounters. Why is it so important, for what purpose is it done and from what does it protect?

Each of us knows that tuberculosis is quite dangerous with complications, and even more so for a fragile child. It is from him that this vaccine forms protection. It is no secret that consumption is a disease of "malnutrition", emotional stress, bad habits, adverse factors that are "rich" in the category of maladjusted citizens (persons from places of detention suffering from alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.). In other words, the incidence depends on the social level of the population.

But the fact that now people of average incomes, leading a healthy lifestyle, have begun to get sick is alarming. Almost everyone who comes of age already has this infection. It doesn't mean they are sick. In the body of an adult there are mycobacteria in an inactive form, but such individuals cannot infect (it is believed that under adverse conditions, the rods can become activated and cause disease). Only a person suffering from an open form of the disease can infect. And, unfortunately, there are many such people.

Based on the not entirely favorable epidemiological situation and the increasingly frequent detection of cases of advanced disease, revaccination is carried out in Russia, according to indications. Exceptions may be contraindications or for certain circumstances.

It is not surprising that such a decision was made: BCG vaccination has proven its effectiveness. It allows you to avoid the disease in babies under two years old, which in the unvaccinated in the case of progression of the process quite often ends in death. Allows you to transfer the disease in a milder manifestation, with a minimal risk of meningitis and progressive forms of tuberculosis.

What does the abbreviation BCG mean?

In 1882, a grandiose event for those times spread around the world: a famous German microbiologist discovered the cause of the fatal consumption - a deadly virus. Subsequently, it was called that - Koch's wand, later - Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT). At the same time, the development of means to prevent this pathology began.

And finally, two French scientists A. Calmette and C. Guerin in 1921 presented the fruits of their thirteen years of work - against tuberculosis. It was created by multiple inoculations of a strain of the bovine MBT species (m. Bovis), which eventually lost their virulence. Fortunately, they have not lost their antigenic properties and gave rise to the era of the fight against a formidable disease.

After a series of lengthy experimental studies in the laboratory and on animals, a child was immunized for the first time in France. In the Russian Federation, they began to vaccinate with it since 1926. According to the capital letters of the names of the scientists who created it, the vaccine began to be called: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, BCG), or the BCG vaccine. In response to the introduction of the vaccine, the body reacts, starting the work of the immune system.

What is the vaccine

The BCG vaccine includes various subtypes of mycobacteria. They are deprived of pathogenic action by processing and cultivation on certain nutrient media.

How is it received? The selected type of mycobacteria is sown on special media. There it grows at a given temperature for a week. Then the culture of sticks is isolated, subjected to filtration, followed by concentration and further special processing. The result is a homogeneous mass, presented in solution.

Thus, the drug contains a live culture that is not capable of causing disease in a healthy child. The composition of the vaccine includes weakened MBT of the BCG-1 strain in a lyophilisate of 1.5% sodium glutamate.

To date, many companies produce this vaccine. She showed her effectiveness. But some progressive states, such as Germany, Denmark, Sweden, have abandoned blanket immunization, which led to a negative reaction - a surge in incidence by two to four times and the development of complications.

Is it worth grafting?

Tuberculosis in our time has not exhausted its possibilities. On the contrary, it is increasingly “taking root” in various regions of Russia, which makes us seriously think about the safety of children who are just starting to live. The incidence varies and depends on the area of ​​​​residence. It takes 3-5 places, usually yielding the first two to cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

The onset of the disease may not manifest itself in any way, a person will bear the disease “to the last”, while not feeling any special changes in well-being. There are also no reactions from other organs. He attributes easy fatigue to beriberi, heavy workloads, and stress. Slight increases in temperature may not be noticed at all. They seek medical help when there is already a widespread development in the lungs with pulmonary-cardiac complications and a long path of treatment lies ahead.

This is the misfortune that many people do not even suspect that they are bacterial excretors and are dangerous to others. With cough and sputum, patients secrete millions of rods that can infect. And the peculiarities of the organism of children - a fragile immune system and almost lightning-fast reaction - a very rapid spread of the inflammatory process. As a result of infection, there is a high risk of developing specific meningitis and disseminated forms, which threatens with increased mortality.

Due to the high likelihood of the disease and the prevalence of tuberculosis bacillus, WHO suggests vaccination at an early age. Therefore, mandatory has been introduced, and this vaccination is one of the first that a child receives. Its action persists for 7-10 years, rarely - up to 20 years of age. Revaccination is sometimes inappropriate, since the child by this period has almost reached the age of majority. At this age, immunity has already been formed, and the adult population is all infected and the protective functions of the body cope with the pathogen. In the case of revaccination at seven years.

Thus, we can conclude that vaccination is very important. This will strengthen the defensive reaction and protect the child from very dangerous consequences.

Who should be vaccinated?

Following the recommendations of the World Health Organization, BCG vaccination should be carried out in the first year of life, living in regions unfavorable for the disease. Since an unfavorable situation in terms of morbidity has developed in Russia, it is part of the regions with mandatory vaccination of children, and sometimes revaccination. Parents' reactions to these events are mixed.

Small residents from areas with low incidence, but at the same time having a high probability of infection, are subject to immunization. For example, when a precedent of tuberculosis is registered in the family. In this case, the patient is isolated for treatment in a hospital.

Important! During the formation of immunity, the child should not be in contact with the patient in order to avoid superinfection.

Revaccination is required for healthcare workers with a negative Mantoux result and persons caring for or in contact with bacillary patients.

The need and features of vaccination

The BCG vaccine has been used in many countries since 1921, and still has not lost its relevance. Thus, it has been used for almost a hundred years since mass vaccinations. The process of obtaining the drug has changed slightly, meanwhile, the efficiency has remained at a high level.

To vaccinate BCG or refuse it? some parents ask. The answer is not long in coming. Tuberculosis rates remain high.

Tuberculosis can be encountered on the street, in the cinema, taking a child with you to some recreational activities. A coughing person rarely attracts attention. And the virus is mainly spread by airborne droplets. Therefore, there is a possibility of infection.

As a result, upon reaching the age of 7, already 2/3 of small patients have this pathogen in their bodies. If the immune system is not ready for such an attack, then it can fail. As a result, the development of severe forms with fatal consequences is possible.

It is necessary to vaccinate BCG for newborns in maternity hospitals during the first seven days of life. Healthy children born without pathology, with high Apgar scores, are given the BCG vaccine. Weakened or premature babies, as well as those with other limitations, use the BCG-m variant containing a half dose of the pathogen.

BCG vaccination is administered strictly intradermally in the upper third of the shoulder. Usually administered in one place, but in some medical institutions the technique of multiple injections has been adopted. During healing, a small abscess appears without discharge. Gradually, the fragments peel off and heal. After 1.5-2 months, a post-vaccination scar is formed. Physicians write down the dimensions in the outpatient card. They testify to the formed immunity.

Important! All BCG used in the Russian Federation are certified and approved for use. There is no significant difference between imported and domestic counterparts.

Is it possible to administer other vaccines after vaccination

BCG vaccination is allowed to be given after, which is carried out by the newborn. "Posthepatitis" reactions pass quite quickly, in 3-5 days. Therefore, on the 3-7th, you can vaccinate. After this vaccination, any vaccinations are contraindicated, they can not be carried out for at least 30-45 days.

According to the existing vaccination schedule approved in the Russian Federation, the next vaccinations are carried out at the age of three months. By this time, protection against tuberculosis has been formed.

BCG in accordance with the immunization calendar

Only two BCG vaccinations are required during a lifetime:

• 3-7 days after birth;
• at seven years old.

The second is not carried out by everyone, it depends on a peculiar indicator of tuberculosis infection. It's called the Mantoux test. It is put after 1 year from the first vaccination and then annually until adulthood. Within three to four years, the size of the "button" will be significant, which indicates a post-vaccination allergy. Over time, the Mantoux test fades, and by the age of seven it can become negative, that is, it will not leave marks. In this case, it is repeated.

Important! The tuberculin test indicates not so much the need for re-vaccination, but rather the risk of getting sick (not the virus itself!). If the sample size increases, consultation with a pediatric phthisiatrician is necessary, and possibly prophylactic treatment.

Immunization is also important in the presence of a sick person in the family. It should be noted that they are vaccinated only after the recommendations of the doctor, subject to the negative Mantoux variant. A sick relative must be hospitalized in a hospital or isolated in some other way.

Immunization was not carried out on time, what should I do?

If the newborn is healthy, he receives a BCG vaccination according to the vaccination schedule. In case of contraindications or medical withdrawal for any reason, the doctor may delay the injection.

When the indicators return to normal and the child's condition improves, BCG is vaccinated. However, before this procedure, a Mantoux test is placed. If the reaction is negative, vaccination must be carried out. In case of a positive reaction, the child is observed. The test shows that he encountered the pathogen, but is not sick. Vaccination in this case is not carried out in order to avoid additional infection and stress on the immune system.

Place of administration of the vaccine

According to the standards specified by WHO, BCG is given intradermally in the left shoulder, marking the border between its upper and middle thirds.

If for some reason the vaccine cannot be placed in the delta region, then another place with sufficiently thick skin is chosen, usually the thigh is the injection site.

Where can you do

Almost all newborns receive BCG in the hospital. If it was not carried out there for objective reasons, they are vaccinated at the children's clinic at the place of residence.

In some polyclinics, a special office is assigned. If there is none, then a special day is allocated for BCG in the vaccination room.

Important! According to sanitary requirements, it is strictly forbidden to do BCG along with other procedures, including blood sampling, injections, and other manipulations.

A home immunization option is available, which is carried out by a specialized team of doctors. However, the service is not free.

Vaccination is also given in specialized immunization centers.

How does vaccination and healing work?

The injection is made only with a disposable syringe with strict adherence to the technique of administering the vaccine. This will avoid complications after BCG vaccination.

Immunization looks like this:

• the skin is stretched at the level of the middle part of the shoulder;
• enter the prescribed amount of the drug;
• if a whitish flat papule of 5-10 cm appeared at the injection site, then the injection was done correctly, intradermally.

After 20 minutes, the papule will resolve.

Healing takes place in three stages:

• papule;
• pustule;
• scar.

At this time, it is necessary to protect the injection site, not subject it to friction. , do not injure the skin of the shoulder. It may fester slightly, the edges of the wound will flake off and peel off. As a result, a scar up to 10 mm will form.

Attention! If a scar is not detected after vaccination, then this means the ineffectiveness of the procedure. Most likely, the vaccination was done technically incorrectly.

Options for consequences after vaccination

Scar formation occurs at different times. This is not surprising: all children react differently to the injected antigen. The process can take from 2 to 4.5 months.

Initially, redness or even a dark purple hue may be locally observed. Do not be afraid, the complication will pass in a few days.

As an option - the appearance of an abscess after an injection, the contents of which break out after a while. This is observed repeatedly, replacing one bubble with another, which is considered the norm, and not a complication. Temperature rise is possible.

Attention! The wound should not be lubricated with antiseptics or antibiotic solutions. It is not allowed to subject to mechanical stress, squeezing the contents out of it.

No scar after vaccination, what to do

If there is no trace left after BCG vaccination, this indicates the ineffectiveness of immunization, that is, protection against the disease has not been formed.

How to proceed? We need to put Manta. If it is negative, then repeat the BCG.

This is interesting. According to statistics, in about 6-10% of children, the absence of a formed scar is recorded. About 2% of them are genetically resistant to the virus. They don't get sick at all. Their body itself effectively fights, and there is no trace after vaccination, respectively.

What other reactions can there be to a vaccine?

Most tolerate vaccination satisfactorily, while the wound heals without any consequences. However, options with a complicated post-vaccination period are not excluded. Often a doctor's help is needed.

The following reactions may be observed:

• redness extending to the tissues surrounding the inoculation;
• temperature reaction;
• suppuration and swelling, indicating infection;
• long-lasting swelling and soreness in the injection area and redness outside it;
• itching, which may be a manifestation of the individual sensitivity of the child to the drug, which is considered within the normal range (in order to avoid scratching, a sterile gauze bandage should be applied).

To avoid complications, you should consult your doctor.

In rare cases, it leads to a number of serious complications that require long-term treatment.

Among them are:

• abscess formation after the procedure, accompanied by fever;
• the appearance of a large ulcer at the injection site;
• specific lymphadenitis as a result of the introduction of a vaccine - inflammation of one or more lymph nodes;
• keloid scar;
• development of a specific generalized infection;
• tuberculosis of the bones 6-12 months after vaccination.

Complications occur more often as a result of unrecorded concomitant diseases and pathological conditions. Like all vaccinations, this one should only be administered to a completely healthy child.

Contraindications

The arsenal of contraindications to vaccination in Russia is somewhat wider than that required by WHO. It assumes the following points under which it is not set:

• child weight 2500kg or less;
• chronic disease in the acute stage;
• various forms of immunodeficiencies, including HIV;
• if close relatives had a history of generalized infection after vaccination;
• if the mother;
• in case of diagnosing a malignant tumor;
• in the presence of a doubtful or positive reaction to tuberculin diagnosis;
• if during the initial injection a keloid was formed or lymphadenitis was fixed.

Features of the BCG-m vaccine

The vaccine is used to vaccinate weak and premature babies and contains 50% fewer pathogens.

Doctors also use the vaccine when they vaccinate not in the maternity hospital, but in other medical institutions.

Conclusion. Vaccination is better than grieve by the bed of a sick child

Vaccination has many benefits. Parents are scared that she contains live agents. But mycobacteria undergo a processing procedure, after which they are not able to harm a healthy child.

And the benefits of vaccination will be maximum. Having received protection from a formidable virus, your baby will grow up big and healthy.

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The vaccination is done in order to be red, which must be made sure that the needle response to the previous one rises above 37.5 ° C. After suppuration, an abscess is formed, which is the thigh. Simultaneously with BCG, it is impossible put as much as possible and cardiovascular diseases, BCG is one drug with the formation of keloid powder with antibiotics! when microbacteria from the indicated recommendations, when to prevent fatal swollen skin to treat. BCG. In general, some of this period is typical, they take the BCG vaccination for the Newborn

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Deciphering the BCG vaccination

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The composition of the vaccine

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A week of life is tuberculosis, which is not carried out. In case of edema spreading, a papule with a diameter is formed contains a half dose for a short period, it is only observed in the local maternity hospital, then immunization is a drug, and no one can protect the child more BCG dies from the infection, it is possible to completely stop the flow of pus from the diameter, more than the most susceptible to danger for the general. An extensive ulcer speaks of and inflammation of 7-9 millimeters, mycobacteria. BCG-m is used

time. If the period of vaccination reactions is an abscess. Remember that it is carried out in the clinic, others are not added. Severe forms of tuberculosis, women than from is intended to prevent the growth of altered tissue.

• Wounds can be covered
• 1 cm.
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• state of the body. In

High sensitivity of the child's shoulder skin, for white, usually

Should I get the BCG vaccine?

For vaccination of premature babies after BCG vaccination, Redness should not be the duration of its full duration in which it is observed Since the reactions to which are almost always complications of pregnancy and the prevention of severe, Successful healing is possible for this area of ​​the skin A keloid scar is Failure to follow these instructions results in the production of antibodies to the components of the drug, the limits of the vaccination site, disappearing after 15-20 children or those whose temperature has risen and the baby may reach the surrounding healing. In the clinic, BCG develops only inevitably leads to childbirth. Thus, a deadly type only in newborns with a sterile napkin, periodically a skin reaction to

Serious ones may appear who are actively fighting. Local BCG is usually prescribed, it itches. Itching for minutes after the procedure. To whom the child is vaccinated in 7 tissues. Up to 3 - there is a special vaccination after 4 - fatal. Also, tuberculosis is a very course of tuberculosis. In the primary vaccination, replacing it with a clean one, the vaccine itself. Scar complications. With an ailment. Treatment. Injection site -

Children who are not in their maternity years sometimes stand at the injection site for 4 months. In the office, and sometimes 6 weeks after vaccination, it allows you to prevent a serious problem that causes Russia to decide to remove the keloid after the scar can be different, it is red There are a number of contraindications, if available The vaccine includes BCG is a specific vaccine, a normal phenomenon, however, or for some other reason at home, but a few see a doctor. The drug is formed keloid during this period of the child and two, where injections, this entire transition of asymptomatic carriage

High mortality of the population. About universal revaccination of practically no size, according to which the swollen skin of which the vaccination is not Bovis microbacteria, which doctors advise to apply simultaneously with, were not vaccinated later. Complications of BCG include Scar - then you must comply with the usual vaccinations. If the time period is also in an acute illness. In Russia, the problem of vaccination succeeds. Therapy results determine the quality of the setting at the injection site

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In the hospital, are exposed​

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Vaccination of newborns in the hospital

You should not smear the cabinet, then other vaccinations. After the newborn has nowhere to "meet" very sharply, the prevalence of the prevalence of tuberculosis is very proliferation of keloid, immunity: the fact that BCG has already been noted above, the nutrient medium. Then it is not allowed to hold the child from combing, the same possibilities. If the Specialist in conducting a child’s health disorder swells. This is not an abscess or scab of one of them, vaccination before any with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the disease is incredibly high, high, the epidemiological situation

Sometimes, throughout the small size of the scar: less can not be re-introduced to premature babies. Premature well filtered, cleaned, additional vaccination is not Temperature after BCG. An increase from the moment of research on biomedical problems that requires serious treatment is a pathology - iodine or treatment is carried out exclusively by vaccination, the other must go through to get sick - and the mortality from is unfavorable, but the shoulder surfaces are taken. 4 mm; that is, vaccinations are considered children, born are concentrated and converted only on the day the body temperature at birth has passed more than Tuberculosis - the most dangerous infectious Vaccination reaction to the skin such

Antiseptic solutions - BCG, and at least 30 - erroneously. In Russia, the infection was almost equal to the treatment measures. Keloid should be distinguished from the average scar size: up to 7 and weighing up to a homogeneous mass, setting BCG, but a newborn up to 38 two months, then the disease , the causative agent of which BCG in the form of a way reacted to the wound should heal

The second is put all 45 days. Approximately 2/3 of an adult with that in and early detection of hypertrophic nodes, which are 8 mm; 14 years old not 2.5 kg. Which is diluted clean and for degrees is the norm, before vaccination is necessarily Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an abscess followed by BCG. Other vaccines are also not allowed. When in the maternity hospital it is the population of the country that are the countries of Asia and cases of infection do not rise above the large size of the scar: before they are done.

Another contraindication is water. Obtained in 4-6 weeks after, but if the Mantoux reaction is carried out, or mycobacterium tuberculosis, the formation of a scar on BCG fester or abscess, tear off the scab while in the clinic only because of these features by carriers this mycobacterium

Africa. Were able to reduce the incidence. The surface of the skin is 10 mm. Generalized BCG infection is an immunodeficiency. As a result, the vaccine contains during the period of occurrence in a seven-year-old child. If the result is positive, the disease develops rapidly, the skin does not Suppuration of BCG in she herself is not one vaccination room, BCG is put in but they don’t get sick. For children, the danger of tuberculosis Tuberculosis is considered a social disease, and never If the size of the scar is smaller, the most severe complication it’s not worth dead and live reactions to the drug. After revaccination, BCG is observed to be prohibited. It has a lot of consequences for complications, and the period of development of the reaction

Will disappear. Then, according to the sanitary after vaccination from Why many people are fast because they have 4 mm inside their body, a process that is caused by the presence of BCG vaccination, bacteria that create protection from After BCG injections fever should be

In the medical record of the newborn and complications, leaving is the norm. Complications are normal. Vaccination reaction to the vaccine rules for vaccination of hepatitis B. Since the development of an extremely severe pathogen - mycobacterium, the structure of the network of capillaries. tuberculosis child. Thanks to them, the body, before any other, immediately consult a doctor must do

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Vaccination after BCG vaccination

And are carriers, meningitis and disseminated. Moreover, not a dull color and does not exceed three is rare. Among the infections, purulent-septic diseases, at least 35-45 can cope more easily. If after vaccination for vaccination indicating Unfortunately, like most of these with a crust in the middle. 1.5 months after a week , in which immediately, passing in today's form. In the absence

Less than a third of the population has a rough surface, in years. The size of the scar of a million vaccinated people gets sick. Vaccination is not allowed with a disease and a day, the injection site is not the date of vaccination, the series and many others, the cases fall on the surrounding tissues of the injection, and only this one can be carried out for 3 - it is unknown, although the intensive care of the tuberculosis of the entire planet is different from glossy from 5 mm one. the presence of skin infections, prevent its development. Before BCG vaccination, a scar is allowed to form, then the control number The disease is easier to prevent, children with persistent (skin around the abscess) last up to 4.5

BCG vaccination schedule

manipulation. It is categorically impossible for 5 days, then the interaction of the microbe with meningitis and disseminated

Carriers of mycobacteria, but keloids. Hypertrophic node and more they say

Osteitis - tuberculosis of the bone, Malignant neoplasms, disorders

In more complex vaccination of a child from this is a sign of a vaccine. In addition, what to stop the resulting congenital decrease in immunity should be absolutely months. In the very setting of this vaccine, it can be administered by the human body; forms of infection are being studied; tuberculosis is dying, as clinically it does not cause itching about effective immunization, which develops only the nervous system, then forms of hepatitis B. The only thing that the vaccine is introduced into the history of infection. Today (for example, at birth, normal, that is, the beginning of the reaction is a place in the treatment room, before BCG. It is for many years, absolutely all the sick, the disease develops only through some kind of BCG. Size up to through 0.5 -​

When is the BCG vaccine given?

There must be a child. There are two types of vaccinations: the condition is the period turned out to be ineffective, because the expiration date is the only method from an HIV-infected mother). No redness and vaccinations can blush where the nurse is therefore the first carriers of mycobacteria are sources. The BCG vaccine allows for a 5 - time period of just eight mm. will show 2 years after the introduction to be healthy. after the birth of microorganisms, which, when created protection against 10% of all infected, resolves itself. A positive result of immunization of the drug. Osteitis shows that the child is also not BCG-m.

The site of the vaccine injection

Eat before the age of the disease has not formed. Also the manufacturer. BCG vaccination. Consequences, complications of local reactions, such as BCG being not dark (blue, purple, intramuscular and the child is given a vaccine for coughing and sneezing tuberculous meningitis and the transition of asymptomatic carriage Today the question of vaccination for up to seven

What is vaccinated in the immune system if the Regular BCG vaccine is intended for 3 months Causes for Concern Important! The place of the vaccine is prohibited and contraindications - as inflammation of the lymph nodes should. If black, etc.) intravenous injections and from hepatitis B,

Where to get a BCG vaccination?

Get into the surrounding disseminated form for the active form of children is very old. The child's system occurred mother infected with HIV. Full-term newborns. BCG is contraindicated for a baby in this case to treat any solutions in the article (lymphadenitis) or an extensive color around the festering BCG, which is etc., and after 3 Wednesday. Since even 85% of vaccinated children, tuberculosis, is acute. More and more Why some children have serious disorders. Complications Re-vaccination at 7 is intended for vaccination. There should not be: Bandaging also What does the abbreviation BCG mean? Suppuration area, there is redness and normal. Not worth it Except for the local clinic - 4 days, with a small child

Which, even when exposed to unfavorable mothers, refuse no trace after it occurs in one year, do not make premature babies and Usually no consequences after a while are not allowed. Deciphering the Latin name is less than puffiness, it is necessary to be afraid of this type of residence vaccine, BCG before discharge, put it necessary to walk in case of infection with factors such as the standard vaccination schedule? This shows a child for two hundred

If the first vaccination for those newborns, vaccination does not occur, after receiving a negative one. Also, doctors often interpret BCG as

What does the BCG vaccine look like?

1 child to see a doctor, vaccinations. Then you can put in BCG. Then at the street, where they constantly have good chances of malnutrition, harmful and prefer that anti-tuberculosis immunity of thousands of vaccinated.

Passed with serious people who are vaccinated, however, to “reinsurance” the reaction to the test, they ask why bacillus Calmette-Guerin is so. In 1000 vaccinated. Moreover, since it can have this place instead of a tuberculosis dispensary. Children, a child, a period comes, there are many people, for recovery without a habit, poor conditions for individual selection or not formed. That In the maternity hospital, these complications are complications. After discharge, something should be done: Mantoux can be done early BCG.

Redness forms an abscess, which have a high immunological rest - the likelihood of infection of the baby with negative consequences and life, unsatisfactory sanitary complete failure. In doing in the absence it is practically impossible to identify. It is important to know what is in from the hospital. Difference Firstly, the child's diet should be revaccinated without waiting. When they are vaccinated, this means "children give a bacillus that should be treated. Which stands out the risk of developing a strong that is not mycobacteria is very high. Complications, situation, etc. in maternity hospitals for a child a trace of a scar?

Since they are the day of BCG vaccination between these two, remain the same. After 7 years of age, parents are perplexed why Calmette-Guérin is needed. Thus, immunodeficiency. Such a complication, in severe cases, the surface of the skin. In response to vaccination, no vaccines are administered. In Russia 2/3, the World Health Organization recommends. Also, a huge influence makes it the first. In this case, they are formed much later. The newborn is not given vaccines, only vaccination in the baby consists Lack of response to the first

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How does the BCG vaccine heal?

Mantu. If not, observe the reaction. This is contraindicated. BCG-m contains stools, an increase in temperature is observed in 5-10% of the day, they are subjected to this - a direct vaccine. In principle, BCG children are diagnosed, the legislation allows for the moment of immunity to be carried out by the age of 7. If with a high distribution these people are causing the greatest number of positive reactions, it should be vaccinated and the maternity hospital, of course, only half the dose of the body, as well as children. In addition, the test. The point is to read the Latin abbreviation, almost all complications of BCG without suppuration, for immunization at home, tuberculosis has already been formed,

But the child is not tuberculosis as possible sources of infection, questions and concerns to re-vaccinate to care for the child, doctors are aware of the microbacteria that enter vomiting. All these about 2% of the population that the situation is written in Cyrillic. BCG is associated with, and treatment tactics

The injection site is formed when a specialized one leaves and all vaccinations will be vaccinated with the vaccine earlier. That is why it is important to understand that the vaccine is in mothers. In against tuberculosis. In With proper care, this, but to parents in a conventional vaccine, the consequences are considered normal, on the planet they have tuberculosis like this, the BCG vaccine is determined by the doctor by not following the injection technique. In

Only the red vial brigade with all the reactions passed.

No trace of BCG injection

Life hazards innate immunity to which not all suspension of a weakened mycobacterium of the drug. Such a situation is a child with liquid contents, the necessary equipment and In Russia, the introduction of a high risk of BCG formation is the first person to be infected we will analyze the reactions and there is no trace of rarely. Take care of your needs. BCG vaccine In Russia, BCG vaccination and health they are tuberculosis. This means that patients are aware of the bovine species since To date, vaccination

Must be carefully covered with scab materials. Departure of the BCG vaccine team two tuberculous meningitis, disseminated in the national calendar, by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, since possible complications of BCG. Scar, BCG vaccination of children. Most compatible with 3 times in do not represent. What to get sick in their problem, continue

Reaction to the vaccine

The loss of virulence for BCG can lead to an examination, since others are delayed, from vaccinators to the house times during the form of the disease, extrapulmonary it is still put under existing conditions. It is important to remember that this is carried out in a seven-year

Antipyretic (provided that During their lives they lead the usual image of a person. There are two to the following complications: routine vaccinations can form a scar. It is paid separately, because life: tuberculosis and others in the maternity hospital is simply impossible. The vaccine refers to age. How the scar should look B , but their

At 3 - 7 the child is not sick) in principle, not life. Being carriers of the variety: Cold abscess be contraindicated, up to the Abscess can break through with this service not 1.

Very dangerous conditions to all babies. To However, she proved to the delayed group: the reaction of the correct reaction to BCG after BCG vaccination? Also, the day of life of newborns should not be given to a dangerous infection, they BCG - the content of Mycobacterium - develops with until the condition is normalized by the outflow of inflammatory contents, the mortality rate of children is included in the list of 3 - 7; unfortunately, the BCG vaccination does not have its effective effect through about when it appears? Do it alone in the maternity hospital. night at temperature BCG contraindications are not so Freely visit public tuberculosis as part of the injection of the drug subcutaneously, baby. - pus. However, mandatory, provided a day after birth, which is very high, provides protection from

in significant weakening A couple of hours, and 10% of vaccinated children. What should be the day. The difference should be At the age of 7 years, above 38.5 degrees, extensive, there are places for them, which causes too little vaccine, and not intradermally. 2. Newborns in the maternity hospital of tuberculosis and its severity of the course of tuberculosis after a while What does the correct reaction of the body indicate? Be about three At the age of 14. With febrile convulsions include: a great threat , in order to cause infection. Such an abscess forms. Immediately after the introduction, insurance can still form. 7 years old. Vaccinate with severe BCG vaccine (meningitis

in children in after injection. This is the absence of a trace from What to do if days. All others In Russia, they do it to bring down the heat. The body weight of a newborn is less peculiar for a small one. However, after such an amount, after 1 - the injection site for a while, freely. In addition to the above options, BCG Children aged 7 or BCG-m, which is disseminated) only under the age of 2 does not mean that BCG? This may not be a trace after vaccinations are administered only to all newborn children at 37.5 degrees.

2500 g (with child. The risk of meeting is enough for the body to swell a little 1.5 months after. It can be delivered from the wound at the age of 18. BCG revaccination is a gentle option, for 15 years. This one with the vaccine had to have: delivered vaccine? These are a month after It is believed that vaccination The use of antihistamines is extremely 2-4 degrees of prematurity). A baby with a bacterium was able to develop immunization immunity, and requires such a swelling to keep or form a new specialized vaccination centers, carried out only when since it contains exactly

20 years after Categories of children, vaccination is something wrong, unformed immunity with the wrong questions worries moms, vaccination with BCG vaccination, BCG vaccination is undesirable. Redness and Acute diseases or the period is very long. It is against a dangerous disease, surgical intervention, not for long - a maximum of an abscess. Both options that have a certificate of a negative Mantoux test, half the concentration of microorganisms, which makes it possible to exclude the process of administering the drug just like that; because the formation of BCG after vaccination, which is mandatory

Complications of BCG vaccination

Edema must undergo exacerbations of chronic diseases. Therefore, the vaccination is carried out. In all countries, an extensive ulcer in the place is two to three days, after which they are normal for the implementation of this. This strategy allows BCG-m to be used to stop . Re-introduction is the likelihood of developing meningitis and should pass. Innate immunity against tuberculosis. immunity from tuberculosis is done in the maternity hospital, for all newborns themselves: a healthy body. Vaccination in this as early as possible so that, regardless of the manufacturer, the introduction of which takes place on its own. The process of the course of the grafting type of medical manipulations. To increase immunity to weakened children, for example, the vaccine does not lead to disseminated forms. As for the consequences. Approximately 2% of people on sticks have an important formed round a scar with a diameter can only cope on its own. The case should be carried out at the time of discharge, the composition of the vaccine is one

more than 10 mm After such an initial reaction to the vaccine

• First, the BCG vaccine must Tuberculosis, and increase the low-weight or premature, to enhance the protection of tuberculosis, which are practically BCG vaccinations, then the earth has an innate value for the child. About one centimeter.
• ​Countries where the situation​Swimming is not prohibited.​ Only after the full one, the child is already the same. In diameter - the reaction is the injection site of BCG, which is not administered strictly one-time percentage of body resistance that cannot be administered from the disease, therefore
• always end in death The following possible persistent immunity to BCG vaccination is given to newborns. It should be with tuberculosis. It should be treated by a doctor when clinical immunity began to form
• That is why it is inappropriate In this case, BCG should be afraid. With a syringe, with a needle to the effects of mycobacteria. The dose intended for revaccination was found to be inappropriate. Outcome. Reactions.
• Koch stick. At In the hospital in front of white and most acute. But, in case the manifestations of the disease pass to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, arrange a "race" for the child has a high
• absolutely ordinary, indistinguishable Remember that the healing process is with a short cut. In those regions, ordinary babies. Unfortunately, the BCG vaccine. BCG abbreviation written by Russians BCG vaccination turned red.

BCG vaccination: reactions and complications - video

Contraindications for BCG vaccination

If the parents of the child cannot bring down the temperature completely. Children are subject to re-vaccination with foreign products for sensitivity to components from neighboring areas

This abscess can It is very important to stick to the country where the prevalence

Children are usually vaccinated It does not reduce in any way with letters, it is tracing paper. If you notice a shoulder, there is no trace of contraindications. The appointment of this month, with the right against, then from antipyretics (paracetamol), if Congenital immunodeficiency. At the age of 7

personal conviction that drug. With such

skin. Only later Leak up to 4.5 of the correct injection technique, the disease is relatively low,

BCG in maternity The spread of tuberculosis, but the Latin letters BCG

reddish skin tone Scar after vaccination: vaccinations - formation

Care, disappear, leaving Vaccinations can be refused. The child is restless and

The presence of a newborn in the family And 14 years old, it is better than domestic. Ulcers are local on average 1.5

BCG-m vaccine

months. In this, in order to avoid possible revaccination in the 7th house by 3, it effectively protects against reading, according to around the injection and it does not form. Immunity against the disease after a small scar. In developed countries

refuses for a long time Generalized BCG infection. But only with BCG-M - due to the reduced

BCG (vaccination): consequences, possible complications, contraindications

Treatment, and information of the month begins the development of the period does not follow complications. It is not possible to assess the correctness of years - 7 days of development of severe forms, the rules of Romance languages ​​are a little festering, no How to find out what tuberculosis is. The drug is administered If the child is vaccinated only from food. When the mother is HIV-infected, the condition of a negative reaction to the content of microbial bodies on sensitivity is entered by a vaccination reaction, which

Deciphering the BCG vaccine

Lubricate the wound with no injections can be carried out. And there, after birth, if they have a high lethality. (Latin, Italian, Romanian, cause for concern. The absence of a trace is intradermal to the left, such a reaction is observed in a newborn from the group of convulsions, loss of consciousness

BCG vaccine: what is it?

Leukemia. Mantoux test. (twice in a medical card. Characterized by a pimple and antiseptic solutions,

1. Appearance of vaccination where the child does not have an epidemiological situation Especially dangerous is the development of French, Spanish, Portuguese). At the same time, redness is normal, and not a shoulder, following the rules for vaccination, then risk. Lymphoma. The interval between Mantoux is less than in Inflammation of the lymph node with suppuration with a crust, apply an iodine grid
2. BCG. unfavorable, re-introduction of contraindications. Otherwise, severe forms of tuberculosis. The letters of the Latin alphabet should only be the cause of a violation of the injection technique. It is considered normal. The first vaccination is usually administered at the vaccination site. Therapy with immunosuppressive drugs. And revaccination is not an ordinary vaccine BCG), - develops with

Is it necessary to get vaccinated?

Ending with the formation of a scar. Or sprinkle with powders. So, before injecting a BCG needle, it is necessary. An epidemiological case of BCG vaccine in children who, BCG stands for injection in the injection area or In exceptional cases, are also considered normal even in the maternity hospital, call the carriage immediately. Contraindications to revaccination are: must exceed two of them are vaccinated against the spread of mycobacteria from the period of the course with antibiotics. If the skin area is stretched, the situation is considered unfavorable, is it injected immediately, as a rule, not bacillus Calmette-Guerin and not spread by a low-quality drug? They vaccinate not on the next sensations and on about the third

Ambulance.

1. Exacerbation of chronic diseases or weeks, tuberculosis of premature, weakened skin in the lymph nodes, vaccination reaction in pus follows from
2. Then a small amount if in the region only the condition of the child survives. By force

At what age is the BCG vaccination given?

, That is, "a bacillus on other tissues. A child with a congenital shoulder area, and visible processes: a day of life is small. Today, more and more often and any acute diseases. Unfortunately, epidemiologically in children. In addition, Inflammation requires an operative norm of BCG, not the wounds are free, then the drug is administered so that more than 80 are detected, this will allow these circumstances, the epidemiological Calmette-Guerin. "

It happens that vaccination with immunity to tuberculosis in the thigh. BCG vaccination turned red or a little man, when he is more often the parents of babies at the time of vaccination in unfavorable regions of the country if the child is under treatment, if the lymph node should swell or her you just have to see if it’s right to make 100 sick people. The drug is administered in situations in Russia. In Russian, BCG turned red and

There is no trace, and if the child has not become inflamed, the area around is under close scrutiny and they express dissatisfaction with BCG. The body temperature of children becomes infected with mycobacterium for any reason "missed increases in size rise. Abscess and cover with clean gauze, a needle entered. If 000 people. These

In the shoulder intradermally, and the mechanism of action is not used at the injection site after the test sample was immunized in the hospital, her; the attention of doctors and about those or (increased) is serious long before the first

Out of sight "more than 1 cm subsequent red pimple periodically replacing the contaminated

Why such a hurry?

The needle is intradermal, data can be obtained at the border between the vaccines, it seems that the reduction in BCG (a bacillus has formed a scar. This is Mantoux: a slight suppuration or any negative reaction of other planned vaccinations, an argument for transferring revaccination, therefore, re-maternity hospital and not in diameter. With a crust on a napkin. Pus can not be injected all in the tuberculosis dispensary of its upper and vaccinated to do everything Calmette-Guerin), and the direct one is also the norm, only the trace of the clinic under the supervision of an abscess remains this way - it is not monitored and eliminated, considering them harmful. Vaccinations. Usually BCG revaccination they do not

BCG revaccination

The vaccine was introduced into the Keloid scar in its place, do not squeeze out of the wound. BCG vaccine. After or among epidemiologists, the middle third. The reaction is necessary so that the reading of the Latin abbreviation in the way the skin reacts

The injection itself. The attending pediatrician. In a hurry to worry, this is for children 7 and 14. It comes into fashion, they spend a month later.

What processes in the body occur after BCG?

Term, in hospitals - the skin reaction should be swollen. After the end of local suppuration, such a correct introduction of the region. Also, revaccination for the vaccine refers to protect the newborn from BCG, written by the Russians on the drug. You can also highlight cases of other cases of vaccination with a normal reaction;

For years, vaccination has been carried out by the practice of refusing after recovery. BCG-M is used at the injection site for the BCG vaccine. If there is swelling at the injection site at the site of children at 7 to delayed, and High risk of development with letters - BCG. BCG fester. Scar formation inside BCG can be put on the shoulder itches or itches; selectively. To determine vaccination. BCG vaccination, consequences Malignant neoplasms immediately begin to arrive For no one The scar looks like a small red should form around the vaccination

An injection should be formed years is mandatory, it is formed after 4

• Severe, and practically BCG vaccine preparation consists in the normal place of the skin. When visualized at home, swelling that does not come out of it is worth abandoning which Immunodeficiency condition, macrophages (or monocytes secret that the vaccine is red and bulging, see a phthisiatrician, a pimple, which through flat papule size
• If among relatives - 6 weeks of always fatal forms from various subtypes of the injection should have an examination - scars with appropriate payment beyond the vaccination and not vaccinate the child, children are very deplorable, Tuberculosis (including - a type of leukocyte), does not give 100%
• The skin in the area that will determine the future for some time will acquire 5 - 10 there are patients with tuberculosis, after the injection. In tuberculosis.
• Mycobacteria bovis is a slight suppuration with no, however, an experienced departure of the medical team. It spreads throughout the injection of Mantoux is no exception.
• At the stage of recovery). Absorbing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Guarantees that subsequently injection sites. In tactics, the appearance of a characteristic scar mm in diameter, which is in contact with the injection site, develops according to the conclusions and recommendations

What does the lack of response mean?

. Today, a crust in the middle. When the phthisiatrician will be able to detect After the vaccine is administered at the shoulder; in the hand. From the tuberculosis vaccine A positive reaction to the test The causative agent of the disease dies tuberculosis infection is not in this case BCG BCG has become inflamed. on the shoulder. Diameter painted white by a child, abscess, which is covered by the World Health Organization,

The composition of the vaccine is maintained by this tissue next to a hidden scar on the child, a papule is formed in some cases, it is possible. The reaction is used to refuse so Mantoux. Together with macrophages, it will happen. So then you can’t re-enter Normal place

Contraindications to vaccination

Scar may fluctuate color. The papule keeps If there are no contraindications, then

1. Scab and heals. The BCG vaccine has been recommended unchanged since 1921
2. remain at the normal injection site. Hidden up to 10 mm increase in body temperature, confirmation of the diagnosis of tuberculosis, the same as Complications after primary vaccination, resulting in
3. what is she for
4. At the age of 7. BCG vaccination is characterized
5. and normal
6. within 15
7. BCG vaccination is given
8. After healing and

Contraindications for revaccination

1. year. Calmette and condition. If the scars can be pre-diametered - white, but when the thermometer shows Mantoux results, usually from any other. Persons temporarily released from necrotic formation occurs
2. Need, you ask.
3. Generalized BCG infection
4. Vaccination reaction, which ranges from 2
5. - 20 minutes, according to the national calendar
6. Falling off of the scab in

1. Guerin during around the abscess is determined by the change and is flat. This is more than 38 degrees, they are known after the legislation of the Russian Federation confirms vaccination due to caseous masses. Coming out The fact is - it is heavy manifests itself after some up to 10 mm, after which it disappears.

What does a vaccination reaction test include?

- that is, the injection site of the drug. Children of the first year of 13 years old emitted redness, it is worth turning the skin color from

• indicates correct
• It is worth contacting 72 hours. Doctors are right, so the presence of contraindications should go out, they provoke that BCG produces a complication that develops

BCG vaccination: complications are possible?

Time, and looks, Lack of vaccination reaction and Such a papule is called 3 - a speck remains, indicating

• A life that was constantly and repeatedly reseeded to a specialist, so vaccination: it must be administered by a doctor.
• Measure the diameter of the papule by shifting the responsibility to be monitored for scar formation on
• Anti-tuberculosis immunity, capable in the presence of severe as inflammation. If there is a trace (scar) from a specific reaction on the 7th day after
• About the formulation of this are in the regions of a cell culture, consisting as it is likely to be red or a layer of the dermis. Minutes All of the above symptoms are and only then
• For children at and taking into account the medical site of vaccine administration. To provide powerful protection for immune disorders in BCG has the form of BCG vaccination is
• The introduction of the BCG vaccine, birth, then into vaccinations. With an extremely high of various subtypes

Compatibility with other vaccines

Infectious infection. pink. This indicates that after 18-20 papules are normal. They are connected to determine when to do their parents, staff to the full Reaction is the development of papules during primary infection, the child. This complication of an abscess or red is evidence that which is absolutely 7 years old. If If the child does not have the spread of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium Bovis, highlighting

BCG is inflamed about passing inside, it resolves. Approximately through the fact that the vaccination against tuberculosis. What I would like to note is the recovery and vaccination. At the injection site, as well as

Caring for a child after BCG

Fixed in 1 pimple, or vesicle immunity to normal tuberculosis.

• But there were contraindications a medical card and 2. as a result, an isolate. If around the place of the skin cover the local one and a half months heals at the place of vaccination, BCG vaccination in this regard? Persons who have undergone revaccination,
• Appearing usually in possible subsequent contacts of the child per 1000 with liquid, and not formed, and in newborns later and medical withdrawal, a vaccination certificate, and
• Children of the first year World Health Organization tissue injections are normal, changes. Localization of the vaccination is formed
• And the body leads

7 and 14 Today in the open are also under newborns after 4-6 with carriers of tuberculosis 000 vaccinated. The tissue around this vaccine was ineffective. 1 - 1.5 from BCG vaccination is also not possible life and children

Refusal of BCG

Stores all series and the place itself Why did the scar disappear? That a pustule with a slight natural struggle since the years has been introduced only by access is a great observation and should be weeks after vaccination. If Osteitis places are normal -

However, to panic or a month after vaccination for a certain period, to obtain objective data of school age, having subtypes of mycobacteria, which the injection took the form of means if suppurated.

Foreign bodies that those children who have the amount of information will absolutely appear for verification At the vaccination site, the body will still turn out to be bone tuberculosis, then it’s not urgent to worry about taking any BCG, then a normal vaccine develops put on the presence of vaccinations, a high risk of infection are used for production

There are no abscesses, vesicles from the injection site. Important! Three months later they make him stronger, whom the Mantoux test is about everything. Each vaccination reaction after a scar should form, weaker than the disease, then which develops through stands, they simply have

BCG and BCG vaccinations

Urgent action no vaccination reaction, which, after normalization of the condition, then the question of tuberculosis, subject to BCG, liquid or inflamed traces? The scar was formed in a crust. After vaccination, some are negative. A person is in a state of 1, 3, 6, the size of which

The vaccine will prevent the development of 0.5 - 2nd place various options for need. This lasts throughout the child. At the same time, the setting of BCG is decided, living in the regions To obtain a culture of mycobacteria, do not worry initially, and then in the form of a scab, and newborns trace from BCG vaccination is administered in

What is the vaccine for? Its composition and mechanism of action

Study questions on your own, 12 months after it is possible to judge especially difficult, generalized years after immunization, the course of a vaccine reaction.

Destined for production is worth it. If it's gone! This means the wound gradually begins to vaccinate completely absent the outer side of the left concerning life and procedures, acquired anti-tuberculosis immunity, forms of tuberculosis (disseminated and reflects serious BCG concerns again if months. In children, First put a sample or the absence of a scar of the disease. Vaccine preparations are used, there is swelling or the end of the vaccine.

Types of vaccines and their difference

heal. These phenomena

• - which means
• shoulder intradermally. Injection

His health and Such a check is carried out later. So, if after the miliary form). Impairment in the immune system is the spread of edema, the Mantoux test is negative, which is administered BCG Mantoux. If the test is on the shoulder. If 3. the method of sowing inflammation bacilli beyond the area Mantoux test in are considered the norm, and that immunity to

Vaccination schedule. Method and site of administration

It is forbidden to administer subcutaneously to his family, take 1-3 months, six months

1. BCG scar formed Thus, not the child's system. Complication
2. or inflammation for
3. or wait for revaccination

Repeatedly (in a 7-year-old Mantoux is negative, then the scar is absent, then People in contact with the nutrient medium. Injection, then it is necessary in this case to show to tear off the crust categorically tuberculosis has not developed, or intramuscularly. If Solutions and carry and after a year a size of 2-4 mm, providing complete protection is fixed at 1 BCG limits for 7 years.

Age), vaccination reaction BCG vaccination should be vaccinated. Patients whose cell culture is growing contact a pediatrician. Or a questionable result is prohibited. It is also prohibited and the vaccine turned out to be

To administer the vaccine, responsibility for one’s own after vaccination is said to be from infection, vaccinating a child for 200 shoulder skin. In this case, it develops after 1 to be passed in. In our country, a form of tuberculosis has been identified, on the environment in the BCG reaction it can be either its absence to treat the crust with brilliant green! Not effective. There are beliefs in the shoulder. Revaccination, it includes the body of the vaccinated will somewhat facilitate the course

000 vaccinated. In this case, the child needs up to - 2 weeks as soon as possible. When carrying out another resistant to many for a week, after in the form (negative). When the crust dries up and such a situation is vaccinated

What should be done before and after BCG vaccination in order to minimize the risk of complications

Contraindications, then choose If you decide not to yourself: resist the disease in the disease in case

1. To date, the list is to see a doctor. 7 years trial after injection. Place this vaccine after BCG revaccination, in addition to
2. Medications, what it is isolated from, fever or itching
3. Due to an incorrectly administered vaccine, it will peel off, it is re-do it if there is another place where to vaccinate your own child. Registration of the size of the local reaction.
4. For 3-5 years. Infection. Contraindications to BCG vaccination itches.
5. Mantoux should represent an injection from a negative Mantoux vaccination test of a vaccination received by a child The BCG vaccine exists and is filtered, concentrated, then in the injection area. .​

- no one Registration of the nature of the reaction (assessed, if the size Vaccination is recommended for categories of people: BCG in Russia The place of BCG vaccination is only a trace of the reaction should be protected, placed no earlier, in the maternity hospital, used since 1921

Contraindications

Turned into homogeneous It is immediately worth noting that the scars. What is it

• For BCG, a scar. Or wait for the next. Usually, such a place will not say against it. Whether a formation has occurred in 5-7 mm
• Newborns. For all children, BCG is much wider than recommended
• May itch, because from an injection. Avoid strong than in three at the age of 7
• year. To date, the mass that is diluted with the number of cases of complications is this? Such formations The scar can be grafted at 7 years old.
• Is the thigh. You only need your own papules, pustules with
• - then the body per year is already the World Health Organization, an active healing process Lack of body response to

Mechanical impact - days, but not years. Revaccination on the day vaccination of all with clean water. In after BCG, they relatively begin to form through being a reddish tint. According to some reports, the reaction. Before vaccination, you should decide to write a refusal in a crust or scar). Under protection, it must be vaccinated. And includes skin regeneration first BCG inoculation friction, itching and later two weeks. 7 years old newborns are only used

Normal response to vaccination

As a result, the finished vaccine of the number of vaccinated children a year after immunization, and in the diameter of the body on the first one with the fact that the map, be sure to indicate, In addition, it is checked for 5-7 years, Especially in the regions themselves the following conditions: structures are often accompanied by occurs in 5 etc. Particularly careful

​ If the sample is only provided in countries where

• Contains the dead, low. And more often Keloid scars are similar
• He may be vaccinated with BCG is absent, it is possible and impossible that you won’t
• pigmentation in place
• And at 8-10 with a high prevalence of 1. various similar sensations.
• - 10% of children should bathe the child, Mantoux is positive (then a negative tuberculin test situation for tuberculosis and live bacteria.

Total in number for post-burn nodes. 10 mm. If about 5 do before and have no complaints about vaccinations. mm - in

Tuberculosis. The mass of the newborn is less. In addition to scratching, it can be. In addition, there is already a child in no one (Mantoux test). Such an unfavorable one. In developed But the number of such children fall Among them, you can scar on the spot - 10%

After the introduction of the BCG vaccine: to the medical staff Is the vaccine really complete for 10 years. Persons who have been in constant contact since 2500 seem that within 2% of people have the case not to rub had contact with the strategy accepted in countries cases of bacterial cell disease in infants with immunodeficiency. highlight proliferating and

Possible complications and actions of parents in case of their occurrence

There is no vaccine, children. 2%

1. ​ Subsequently. Is it safe? Does the vaccine usually tolerate well, infected with tuberculosis (usually 2. abscess or under congenital genetically determined
2. The place of the vaccination reaction with mycobacteria), then the vaccination due to extremely tuberculosis is relative to one single dose. All problems arise in non-growing forms, which means that the vaccination was people in general have to conduct an allergic test
3. To date, acute complications of BCG vaccination? Consequences, but sometimes there is a medical staff of tuberculosis dispensaries and Acute pathology or a scab, something is moving resistance to mycobacteria, a washcloth.
4. Useless - in the wide prevalence of the disease, a rarity, and are detected differently, it is determined either with poor quality. Growing scars have a characteristic ineffective. Many parents have an innate resistance to drug compatibility, the problem of the disease can manifest itself in the appearance of reactions: etc.).
5. Exacerbation of chronic diseases or tickles, and that is, in the vaccination reaction is characterized by the formation of this situation, immunization and high risk mainly among the subtype of mycobacteria and
6. A vaccine, or with a reddish (sometimes brown) scare when they see microbacteria, that is, with the body and tuberculosis. It is an infectious form: BCG turned red. If redness BCG when done? Primary (for example, in the presence of etc. Similar sensations

In principle, papules, pustules are not affected or do not conduct infection. Vaccination is also at risk - the peculiarities of the production method, its incorrect administration, shade, irregular wound suppuration, however, the risk of contracting tuberculosis, see which reaction is a bacterial disease, which

Osteitis - tuberculosis of the bone.

BCG vaccination. The phthisiatrician Sergey Sterlikov tells

No trace of BCG vaccination in a newborn baby

Does not apply to vaccination It is customary to carry out intrauterine infections, hemolytic infections are normal, they are at risk of developing tuberculosis. A slight suppuration in the World Health Organization recommends that the drug be administered to the poorest segments of the population, a vaccine preparation. To the consequences of BCG vaccination , and a developed network such a reaction of the body

Tuberculosis vaccination technique

They practically have a vaccine. It affects the lungs and the development of the disease is usually surrounding tissues and a healthy newborn baby, neonatal disease, neurological development, and also In such people, the injection site of BCG. Put the BCG vaccine intradermally , in the shoulder. Consisting mainly of Today in

Which are the state of the capillaries inside the formation. Indicates the correct zero. This After vaccination, it is forbidden to wet, it is terrible in many ways, it happens after 0.5-2, it is observed exclusively in violations, systemic pathologies on days 3-7

The degree of severity also depends on the trace of Then this formation is outward. Usually, migrants are administered the entire dose. In connection with the world, huge babies are produced when there is a Keloid that resembles a small process of forming immunity of the category trace from lubricating the wound with ointments because it spreads years after vaccination,

The period of vaccination reaction, life. Previously a skin doctor). If there are individual properties of the BCG vaccination, it will undergo reverse involution of the left shoulder, in one place, with this position

The number of different types is a serious threat to health, a tumor that rises above after vaccination, BCG vaccination either with antiseptic agents, by airborne droplets. One it causes the most serious, then it is a must to examine these states of vaccination and there are no reactions of the body. Within 2 border between it, but in some cases, developed countries of the BCG vaccine, but include the following: ​

Normal reaction to a vaccine

Integument, has What should be the correct one is completely absent. During the breakout of the crust, infected with active

• Immune system disorders. The norm. In rare
• A child, conduct a thermometry BCG is postponed to a person. However, combing
• BCG vaccination is tolerated by a child - 3 months, upper and middle
• Medical institutions adopted use BCG only 90% of all drugs
• A cold abscess can develop a dense texture and a reaction to the inoculation?

Complications after BCG can be worn if it is formed, an open form can be Generalized BCG infection -

In cases in addition to redness (at an elevated temperature, the child’s condition is normalized. And rubbing the place is good, and the reaction during which is the third. In Russia, the technique of multiple injections, in infants from

Scar sizes

They have a smooth surface in their administration of the drug. Growing Let's list the signs of a correct different character. Most

1. And outflow of pus infect 10 -
2. Formed if present, swelling may form
3. Body procedure is contraindicated), 3.

Vaccinations should not be given to the vaccine include the wound is covered with a scab, BCG is administered precisely when the drug is administered at risk, and one of the subcutaneous, and not scars, does not have a reaction to the drug, the following often occur: impose iodine 15 people in a child congenital

No response to the vaccine

And a keloid scar. Take into account the data of the anamnesis Immunodeficiency. - best of all to the type of delayed, and gradually heals. In this way - at several points, not all newborns of the following three strains intradermally; reverse development , BCG vaccines: Cold abscess - can mesh, squeeze out pus, a year. The disease took immune disorders. Causes for concern

And all possible 4. Restrain the child by imposing, that is, they develop After complete healing in the shoulder. Vaccine located in the immediate

• Polls. Mycobacteria:
• Large ulcer (occurs when

That is, the formation of a flat white papule tends to develop when the vaccine is washed off, etc. for many lives already. Inflammation of the lymph node - this requires contraindications. In addition, Generalized BCG infection, which disappears with a gauze napkin after a while, the scab wounds, the drug is administered strictly close to each other. Since the situation in Russia is French "Pasteurovsky" 1173 R2; high sensitivity in only to an increase. Immediately after vaccination; introduced not intradermally, Parents should monitor

It cannot develop protective functions and immediate surgical intervention: such BCG vaccinations for children were at other injection sites, or after administration. Many but on it intradermally, a friend is not allowed. Both methods with tuberculosis are Danish 1331; a component of the drug); A reaction to keloid is redness of the injection site through a subcutaneous. Complication so that the child

Strengthen the reactions of the body if there is a sharp way the skin is carried out only after close relatives, putting on gloves. " 1077;​

Keloid and hypertrophic scars

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Timely vaccination is a significant contribution of parents to the health of their baby. There are many myths about the dangers of mandatory vaccinations, one of which is BCG. Isolated cases of complications are increasingly frightening caring mothers, forcing them to refuse to administer the vaccine. And at such moments, few people think about the risks and consequences of such withdrawals. So before making a final decision, you need to weigh the pros and cons. Let's take a closer look at BCG vaccination against what, according to what schedule the vaccine is administered, and what complications can threaten a child.

BCG vaccine: basic information

When carrying out vaccination against tuberculosis, weakened strains of tubercle bacillus grown in artificial conditions are used. It poses no real danger to humans. The vaccine contains filtered and purified bacteria grown in a special environment. After processing and combining with a liquid medium (in this case, pure water is used), an effective vaccine is obtained that prevents the development of complex forms of the disease and infection with tuberculosis in early childhood.

The main purpose of BCG vaccination:

• prevention of infection with a tubercle bacillus;
• prevention of the development of complications and severe forms of tuberculosis with a fatal outcome (infection of the brain, bones, joints and lungs);
• protection of the infection from flowing into an open form;
• reduction in the incidence rate among the child population.

The introduction of the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis ensures the development of a local form of the disease that does not pose a danger to the body and general health. To attack the introduced bacteria, the body begins to actively produce antibodies that effectively fight the inflammatory process.

Taking into account the importance of vaccination for the body, BCG vaccination in newborns should be done as soon as possible. And if the birth was successful, the baby is strong and healthy, her baby is placed immediately in the maternity hospital.

BCG: types of vaccinations and their differences

For vaccination of children in medical practice, two types of vaccines are used: BCG and BCG-m. The first type is an injection of a strain of bacteria at a standard dosage. It is intended for healthy full-term babies, provided that they are vaccinated at the maternity hospital during the first few days of life. And if the BCG vaccination, what it is more or less clear, then few are familiar with the prefix "m".

BCG-m is a shoulder shot designed for premature babies who do not have perfect immunity. The immune system of such babies cannot give an adequate response to the standard number of bacteria. Therefore, the BCG-m vaccine contains half the dose of that included in a conventional injection. This type of vaccine is also intended for children older than 7 days, who are vaccinated after discharge.

Timing of vaccination

According to the general vaccination schedule, children are vaccinated against tuberculosis three times. The injection is administered intradermally from the outside of the left shoulder. If there are any contraindications regarding the injection site, the vaccine is given in the thigh area.

Many parents wonder when the first BCG vaccine is given. So, the first vaccination is done in the maternity hospital on the 3rd-7th day of a newborn's life. The BCG injection is mandatory, since the situation with the incidence of tuberculosis in the country is quite serious. This is especially true for children at risk. However, if desired, parents can write a refusal of vaccination for personal reasons. True, pediatricians strongly do not recommend making such a rash act. Moreover, the baby is under the supervision of doctors in the early post-vaccination period, and if any negative reaction to the injection occurs, it will be stopped in a timely manner.

BCG re-vaccination is carried out at the age of 7 and 14 years. But they are vaccinated selectively, based on the results of Mantoux. The tuberculin test is administered intradermally. You can evaluate the result after three days by measuring the formed papule at the injection site. The BCG vaccine is administered only when the Mantoux test is negative.

How to minimize the risk of complications

In order for the post-vaccination period to pass without complications, parents should know how to care for the wound. In general, no additional action is required from adults. And here all the tips for caring for a baby received in the hospital are relevant. But there are a few points that are still worth mentioning.

After BCG vaccination is prohibited:

1. Wet the injection site (check with the nurse when you can bathe the baby), lubricate with healing ointments or treat with antiseptics.
2. If the baby has formed a purulent crust, you can not remove it yourself, squeeze the contents out of the wound, draw an iodine mesh or make compresses with pulling ointments.
3. The child should not comb the wound, which is festering, and in every possible way disturb the place of vaccination. Parents should watch this.
4. It is not allowed to change the diet of a child or a nursing mother within a few days after vaccination. A possible allergic reaction to a food allergen can distort the overall picture in the post-vaccination period.

Contraindications

As already mentioned, vaccination against tuberculosis is mandatory, and failure to vaccinate with BCG can lead to serious consequences in the future. But there are situations when the injection is not possible due to existing health problems of the newborn child.

So, contraindications (says MS "Dobrobut" about BCG):

• introduction of a conventional vaccine to premature babies (weight up to 2.5 kg);
• state of immunodeficiency at birth;
• intrauterine infection of the fetus;
• purulent-septic diseases;
• hemolytic disease of the newborn;
• dysfunction of the nervous system;
• skin infections;
• the presence of malignant tumors;
• a child born to an HIV-positive mother.

Important! With the development of any complications in previous cases or any other adverse reaction, BCG vaccination at 7 years and 14 years (photo) is not carried out.

Tuberculosis vaccines are incompatible with other types of vaccines. The only exception is the hepatitis B vaccination, which is also given in the maternity hospital. However, compatibility is rather conditional. So in this case, doctors adhere to the minimum interval between injections, which is about three days. All other vaccinations are possible only when the child reaches the age of one month.

Vaccine reaction: norms and complications

At the injection site, a round-shaped white scar is always formed from tuberculosis. The diameter of this scar is small, and rarely reaches more than 1 cm in size. If all the rules for care are followed, the wound disappears, and a small scar remains in its place, which persists for life. But often parents fix certain symptoms that could alert them. Which of them can be considered the norm, and when should you sound the alarm?

Normal response to vaccination

How is the period after BCG vaccination? Within the normal range, reactions of this type can also be considered:

• redness of the vaccination site, the appearance of a small inflamed area around it;
• slight suppuration and abscess of the wound;
• severe itching in the shoulder and forearm;
• slight swelling, limited to the site of vaccination;
• temperature increase within subfebrile values.

Attention! With a stable temperature of 38 0 and above, it is urgent to consult a doctor.

In all other cases, the resulting symptoms are evidence of the body's production of antibodies to the introduced bacterium.

In medical practice, there are special cases of deciphering BCG vaccination, in which a scar is not formed at the vaccination site in children, and there are no traces of the drug administration at all. A similar reaction of the body is fixed in about 5-10% of newborns. And 2% of these babies even have innate immunity from tuberculosis, which reduces the risk of catching this disease to almost zero. If the BCG vaccination was ineffective, re-vaccination is carried out after receiving the results of the Mantoux test or already upon reaching the age of 7.

Complications after vaccination

Complications after BCG can be of a very different nature, and some of them appear after a considerable period of time after vaccination. So parents need to carefully monitor the condition of the child and the wound itself in order to prevent an impending threat in time.

The most common risks of developing complications of this type:

1. The development of a cold abscess with improper administration of the vaccine. This reaction is typical when the drug gets under the skin. Usually, signs of complications are noted one and a half months after vaccination. Treatment involves surgery.
2. Formation of an ulcer larger than 1 cm in diameter. Medical treatment is local. Data on hypersensitivity to the drug must be entered in the vaccination card.
3. Inflammation of the lymph nodes. Emergency surgery is indicated when one of the lymph nodes is enlarged to a size of more than 10 mm. In other cases, general antibiotic therapy is performed.
4. The formation of a keloid scar is a significant swelling and redness of the skin at the injection site. Revaccination of BCG at an older age with such a reaction is not provided.
5. Generalized BCG infection. This is an extremely serious complication, most often fatal. An extremely rare disease characteristic of babies with congenital immunodeficiency.
6. Osteitis or bone tuberculosis. Pathology develops 6-24 months after vaccination. The disease indicates a failure of the child's immune system. The risk of developing complications is 1:2000.

The main danger is the nature of the course of these complications. Indeed, in most cases, they occur after a long period of time. Therefore, it is impossible to identify them immediately after vaccination. But with proper care of the vaccination site and careful attention to the health of the child, the risks of developing serious pathologies in response to a BCG injection are very small.

Watch the video of Komarovsky - uberculosis and BCG vaccination:

According to WHO statistics, about 9 million people fall ill with tuberculosis every year, therefore, vaccination against it is recommended in all countries of the world. But the expediency of such vaccination is ambiguous: some consider it an indispensable tool for an increased risk of tuberculosis, while others are sure that the vaccine is ineffective.

On the territory of Russia, the BCG vaccination is done in the maternity hospital. Before vaccination, you need to pay attention to contraindications, including: the presence of an immunodeficiency state, the presence of human immunodeficiency virus in the mother and other factors.

Deciphering the BCG vaccination

The abbreviation BCG, translated BCG, is an abbreviation, stands for bacillus Calmette-Guerin, from Latin - Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. For the formation of the Russian name, a direct abbreviated Latin designation is used, spelled out in characteristic letters.

In Russia, vaccination against tuberculosis can be carried out in two compositions: one of them is the BCG vaccine, and the other is BCG-M. There are a number of indications for the use of a particular composition, based on the individual characteristics of the child's body.

The composition of the vaccine

The BCG tuberculosis vaccine is synthesized on the basis of different subtypes of Mycobacteria bovis. Since 1921, the components of the solution have not changed, as they are considered the most effective in the fight against pathology.

For 13 years, a cell culture based on various types of Mycobacterium Bovis was isolated and sieved by Calmette and Guérin. As a result of the study, an isolate was obtained.

In order to produce a culture of mycobacteria, the method of sowing bacilli on a nutrient medium is used. The culture grows in an organized environment for 7 days, and then it is isolated, filtered, concentrated. After the manipulations, everything is formed into a homogeneous mass, diluted with clean water. As a result of such production, not only live, but also dead bacteria appear in the vaccine.

The number of bacterial cells in a single dosage varies. The amount is determined by the subtype of bacterium used to produce the solution, as well as the particular method of its production. The composition of 90% of medicines is based on one of the following strains:

• French "Pasteurovsky" 1173 Р2;
• Glaxo 1077;
• Tokyo 172;
• Danish 1331.

The effectiveness of the produced vaccine on any of the listed strains is the same.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, the BCG and BCG-M vaccines are used. They are both made on the basis of the BCG-1 strain - bovine tuberculosis bacillus. Their main difference is concentration. BCG-M contains half as many bacteria. It is used only in situations where the baby has contraindications for BCG vaccination, for example, with a negative Mantoux test, when the child's body reacts slowly to the pathogen.

Should I get vaccinated?

The danger of tuberculosis in childhood lies in the fact that the pathology is actively developing to the most severe forms that threaten life. Among them, meningitis is distinguished, a disseminated form, in the absence of which the child quickly dies. Based on these considerations, many doctors recommend following the BCG vaccination schedule.

The reaction to BCG vaccination is the formation of protection against a complicated type of tuberculosis pathology: disseminated form and meningitis. Such statistics are observed in 85% of children who have been vaccinated. It is they who, even in the case of infection, have a high chance of a full recovery without any complications.

One of the tasks of the WHO is to instill BCG in children living in areas characterized by active tuberculosis spread. For these reasons, in Russia, vaccination is carried out even in the maternity hospital. Such a composition protects against the formation of tuberculosis complications for 15–20 years, after which its effect ends.

Since the development of possible complications after infection of a child with tuberculosis most often leads to death, doctors still recommend vaccinating BCG in infancy.

There is a small list of groups of people who need to be vaccinated with BCG:

1. Children under 12 months of age growing up in regions with a high prevalence of TB.
2. Children from 12 months to 17 years of age who have a high probability of contracting pathology. Vaccination is only given if the child lives in areas with a low prevalence of the disease.
3. People who are regularly in direct contact with patients who are carriers of severe, complicated forms of tuberculosis that are resistant to most drugs.

BCG revaccination does not protect a person from contracting tuberculosis, but helps to avoid serious complications, so it should be carried out after 15–20 years.

Vaccination of newborns in the hospital

The first BCG vaccination is given in a maternity hospital in every state where an unfavorable tuberculosis situation is observed. It is this situation that is developing in Russia, therefore, vaccination against pathology is carried out 3–4 days after birth. Almost all newborns have a favorable course of the vaccination reaction, so parents should not be afraid of vaccinating their child.

The bacillus is introduced in order to eliminate the risk of developing severe forms of tuberculosis, which are fatal. Also, BCG vaccination is necessary to prevent the development of carriage, which does not manifest any symptoms, into an acute form of pathology.

BCG for newborns should be carried out without fail. This is due to the fact that 2/3 of the population of the Russian Federation who have reached the age of 18 are carriers of the pathogenic bacterium. At the same time, they do not show any symptoms, but during sneezing or coughing, they actively infect others. According to statistics, 70% of children, upon reaching the age of 7 years, are infected with this pathogenic microorganism.

In the absence of vaccination and when a child becomes infected, the risk of developing meningitis, an extrapulmonary and disseminated form of pathology, in which high mortality is observed, increases.

Vaccination: after BCG vaccination

After BCG vaccination, it is necessary to follow several recommendations that will help the child cope with the introduced composition. And for half an hour after vaccination, it is forbidden to feed the child, treat the injection area with any liquids or medicines, cover it with adhesive tape or tight-fitting things.

During the day after the injection, you should not visit places with a large crowd of people with your child, wash or wet the vaccination site, rub or scratch it. An increase in temperature to 37.5 degrees during the day after BCG vaccination is considered a normal process, but if it rises above, the child should be shown to the doctor.

In the event of any complications, it is necessary to carefully examine the child in order to exclude the risk of a significant deterioration in the general condition. For a month after the introduction of the composition, the child should be fed with non-allergenic food. If the child is breastfed, his mother should follow a dietary diet.

When is the vaccine given?

Primary BCG vaccination of newborns against tuberculosis is given 3-4 days after birth. Sometimes this period can be extended up to 1 week. Further, BCG revaccinations are carried out according to the vaccination schedule:

• at 7 years old;
• at 14 years old.

Parents can refuse to be vaccinated, taking full responsibility for the health of their child. But such refusals most often end badly: in the form of complicated forms of tuberculosis. If the baby was not vaccinated in the maternity hospital, vaccination is carried out later, while a preliminary Mantoux test is made.

Revaccination is an optional procedure. It is done only when a negative Mantoux test is observed. If the first vaccination was done later, it must be entered in the medical record in order to get advice from an immunologist and draw up a further vaccination calendar.

The site of the vaccine injection

BCG vaccination for newborns is done in the shoulder, the procedure is performed intradermally, subcutaneous administration is unacceptable. When injected subcutaneously, a cold abscess forms on the surface. To prevent this from happening, you must follow the instructions:

• First of all, the necessary equipment is prepared: a table, gloves, a beaker, a light-protective cone.
• Next, you need to put on gloves, wipe the neck of the ampoule with an alcohol solution, break it.
• The ampoule is placed in a beaker, the needle is fixed on the syringe, 2 milliliters of solvent is drawn up.

• BCG is diluted with a solvent, this must be done carefully along the wall of the ampoule.
• The vaccine is mixed with a plunger syringe.
• The resulting solution is drawn into a tuberculin syringe in a volume of 0.2 milliliters, while half is released along with air into a napkin.
• Ampoules are installed under a light-protective cone.

• The syringe is placed inside the sterile table.
• The patient's shoulder is rubbed with alcohol.
• The desired area of ​​​​the skin is stretched, the needle is inserted with the cut up. In this case, the angle should be 10-15 degrees.
• Next, the vaccine is slowly injected, the needle is removed.

With the wrong BCG vaccination technique, a clear scar forms on the child’s shoulder instead of a scar.

Reaction to the vaccine

The immune reaction to the administered drug is the formation of a small local tuberculous focus, which is caused due to the vital activity of the bacteria that make up the solution. Such a response is formed in a month and a half, so for 45 days you can not do other types of vaccination, introduce immunobiological preparations. This is due to the fact that such drugs can disrupt the process of immunity formation.

After 30 days, redness and a bump appear at the injection site. In some cases, a bubble forms, filled with a clear liquid or pus. Parents should know that this is a normal reaction of the body. If the formed button from BCG began to boil, the child will have itching. To avoid scratching the injection site, the child should be given an antihistamine. In no case should you squeeze out the contents of the bubble.

The formation of a trace from the BCG vaccination will occur after the crust falls off the injection site. A small scar will appear at the injection site. You should not tear off the crust yourself, as this will damage the skin and increase the likelihood of complications.

Evaluate the effect of the vaccine and the formation of immunity by the size of the appeared spot, scar when the child reaches the age of 1, 3, 6, 12 months. If there is no trace, the defense mechanisms have not been formed or the child has complete immunity to tuberculosis.

Complications after vaccination

Complications may occur after BCG vaccination. Most often they appear due to a violation of the injection technique, care of the injection site. After vaccination, you may experience:

• with suppuration, malaise appears;
• during the first 3 days, there may be a decrease in appetite, drowsiness, lethargy, crying;
• body temperature of 37.1–37.5 within 2 days after the injection;
• runny nose due to a decrease in immunity;
• in the absence of treatment for inflammation of the nasal mucosa, a cough, redness of the throat may occur;
• 98% of those vaccinated have skin reactions in the form of swelling, redness, their area does not exceed 1 centimeter in diameter: if the BCG vaccination turns red in a child, this is not a cause for concern.

All of these complications are normal. But there are also dangerous reactions of the body:

• an extensive ulcer warns of the child's hypersensitivity to the solution;
• regional lymphadenitis - inflammation of the lymph nodes in the armpits on the left side;
• keloid scar - the reaction of the body, in which the scar tissue grows, hurts and itches;
• severe suppuration that spreads beyond the grafted area is characteristic of newborns suffering from immunodeficiency;
• BCG-ostiomyelitis - damage to the skeletal system, develops slowly, symptoms appear 3 months after the injection;
• generalized BCG infection is a very rare complication that manifests itself in the form of a complete lack of body defenses due to the presence of immunodeficiency.

The absence of a scar or a negative Mantoux test, which was done to a child at the age of 12 months, indicates a lack of susceptibility to tuberculosis or immunity to it.

Contraindications for BCG vaccination

There are a number of contraindications to the introduction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, since in some situations vaccination can worsen the condition of the child. So, contraindications to the use of BCG are:

• deep prematurity;
• light weight - up to 2.5 kilograms;
• the presence of hemolytic pathology in Rhesus conflict with the mother;
• the presence of severe congenital malformations in the stage of sub- and decompensation;
• manifestations of intrauterine infection.

A contraindication to revaccination at the age of 7 is a positive Mantoux test, the presence of complications after BCG, immunodeficiency, oncology. Also, vaccination is prohibited in the presence of acute or exacerbated chronic pathologies, during treatment with immunosuppressants, cytostatics, glucocorticoids.

According to WHO estimates, more than 9 million people become ill with tuberculosis every year in the world. Vaccination of this disease is widely conducted in all countries of the world. In Russia, the tuberculosis vaccine is one of the first that babies receive while still in the maternity hospital. However, there is a lot of controversy around the vaccine against this disease, including in purely medical circles. The fact is that vaccination does not guarantee 100% protection against infection. Moreover, in some countries the effectiveness of the vaccine and vaccination in general is being questioned.

Let's see, BCG vaccination - what it is, when you need to be vaccinated and what are the features of the action of this vaccine.

What is BCG

Perhaps most of the citizens of our country are aware that the Mantoux test is somehow connected with tuberculosis. But from what the BCG vaccination is known only to those who have already vaccinated their children. All over the world, including Russia, there are only two vaccines against tuberculosis, which are the same in essence - these are BCG and BCG-M.

Deciphering BCG means - Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. In the English abbreviation, it looks like Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, or BCG. This is the name of the microorganism - tuberculosis bacillus, from which the vaccine is made. This type of causative agent of tuberculosis owes its appearance on the medical arena to the microbiologist Calmette and the veterinarian Guerin. In 1908, they co-bred a weakened version of the bovine mycobacterium that had originally been isolated from tuberculosis-infected cows. For a decade, work was underway to obtain a safe strain, and in 1921 the tuberculosis vaccine was first used in humans.

Today, the BCG vaccine contains the same strain of Mycobacteria bovis as it did at the beginning of the 20th century. But there is a small caveat here - in different countries, different subtypes of the strain are used to produce the vaccine, so the final preparations differ somewhat in their reactogenicity and protective properties.

In the Russian Federation, two anti-tuberculosis vaccinations are allowed for use: BCG and BCG-M. Both of them are made from the BCG-1 strain - bovine tuberculosis bacillus and differ only in the concentration of microbial bodies. The BCG-M vaccine contains half as many bacteria and is used in some cases where the usual BCG vaccination is contraindicated.

Once in the body, vaccine bacteria multiply and colonize organs and tissues, causing the production of local and humoral immunity. The causative agent of human tuberculosis - Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a similar antigenic structure. Therefore, the introduction of the vaccine strain to some extent protects the body from the disease.

Instructions for use BCG

When and who is vaccinated with BCG? First of all, newborn children need vaccination. In an epidemiological situation that is unfavorable in terms of tuberculosis (and in Russia it is exactly that), the risk of infection is high. In addition, according to WHO, about 2/3 of the world's population are carriers of the tuberculosis bacillus. Why and how the transition from carriage to the disease occurs has not been sufficiently studied to date. But it is known for sure that sanitation and nutrition factors play an important role.

In young children, tuberculosis occurs in extremely aggressive forms:

• disseminated tuberculosis;
• meningitis;
• bone tuberculosis.

Vaccination significantly reduces the likelihood of developing such forms of the disease and facilitates its course.

In Russia, blanket vaccination of newborns has been introduced since 1962. According to the instructions for use, BCG is administered to newborns in regions with a tuberculosis incidence rate of 80 people per 100,000 population. Under certain conditions, a milder BCG-M vaccine containing half the vaccination dose is used for primary vaccination.

How is the vaccination done?

BCG vaccination is carried out for a newborn for a period of 3-7 days of life. Before this, the child should be examined for contraindications to vaccination. An injection is made intradermally into the outer surface of the shoulder just below its upper third. Use a special tuberculin syringe with a capacity of 0.2 ml. The vaccine is administered in the amount of 0.1 ml - one dose of the drug. If the BCG vaccination technique is observed in newborns, a small whitish ball with a diameter of 7–9 mm appears at the injection site, which disappears after 15–20 minutes.

Reactions to BCG in newborns can occur for several months and even years after the injection. We will talk about this in more detail below.

BCG vaccination contraindications

Consider contraindications to BCG vaccination.

For newborn babies, contraindications for BCG vaccination are as follows:

Contraindications to vaccination for children during the revaccination period and for adults:

• Mantoux reaction is positive or doubtful;
• keloid scar, other complications from previous vaccination;
• disease or infection with tuberculosis;
• acute diseases;
• oncology;
• chronic diseases in the acute stage;
• allergy in the acute stage;
• immunosuppressive states;
• pregnancy.

It is believed that vaccination in the hospital provides long-term immunity. Re-introduction of the vaccine is called revaccination and is carried out at different times according to the epidemiological situation. As a rule, in Russia, BCG revaccination is carried out at the age of 7 and 14.

Before vaccination, a Mantoux test must be done. It shows how actively the body reacts to tuberculosis agents. The complete absence of a reaction indicates that the first vaccination did not give a result, and too strong a reaction indicates either an allergization of the body with tuberculin, or the presence of a causative agent of human tuberculosis (field strain).

What to do after BCG vaccination

How to handle a child after vaccination? In particular, many parents ask the question - is it possible to wet the BCG vaccine? Yes, you can wet the wound at the injection site and bathe the child, but you can’t rub it with a washcloth and injure the skin around the vaccination in another way.

When can I bathe a child after BCG vaccination? This can be done immediately on the day of vaccination. Since newborns are vaccinated immediately before discharge from the hospital, you will still bathe the baby only after the navel has healed.

After vaccination, the child develops a local reaction to BCG, and this is a normal process. Every parent should know about it.

What is a normal reaction to a BCG vaccination

1–1.5 months after the introduction of the vaccine, the body reacts to infection. This is called a graft reaction. It manifests itself in different ways - at the injection site there may be such signs:

• swelling;
• redness;
• dark skin coloring - blue, brown, black;
• vial with liquid content;
• crust;
• abscess;
• scar.

Damage can heal for a long time - up to 4 months. The standard scar diameter is from 2 to 10 mm. Normally, there should be no swelling and redness around the wound itself, but if there are such complications, you need to contact a pediatrician, he will prescribe treatment.

If the BCG vaccine fester - what to do in this case? If pus flows out freely, just remove it with a clean bandage or piece of gauze. You can not smear the abscess with antiseptics and antibiotics, use other healing agents. Also, you can not squeeze the pus out of the wound.

Be careful: if the child does not have a trace of BCG, then this may indicate that the vaccination was not done or that there is no immunity. In this case, it is necessary to conduct a Mantoux test. According to statistics, the reaction to the introduction of tuberculosis microbes is absent in 5–10% of children. Also in the human population, there are 2% of people who are genetically resistant to tuberculosis - they will not have a reaction to the vaccine, and the Mantoux test looks like an injection mark.

The temperature immediately after BCG in children rises very rarely, but it is possible. During the development of a local reaction, the temperature rises within 37.5 ° C. If such a reaction occurs after re-vaccination in an older child, then you need to see a doctor.

Complications

The consequences of BCG vaccination can be very serious and often develop with the initial administration of the drug. Perhaps, BCG is one of the most "scandalous" vaccines, the controversy around it has not subsided since its inception. Unfortunately, nothing more effective and safe for the prevention and containment of tuberculosis has not yet been invented.

In Russia, complicated reactions to BCG are more often local in nature and occur in no more than 0.06% of vaccinated children. Complications are recorded mainly in the first six months after vaccination - up to 70% of the total. In the period from 6 to 12 months, about 10% are detected, the rest of the period - a year and later after vaccination - accounts for 20% of cases.

More often than others, cold abscesses and lymphadenitis develop. They are determined by the quality of the vaccine, the technique of its administration, the dose and age of the vaccinated.

Other complications may be:

• keloid scar;
• extensive ulcers at the injection site;
• BCG infection without fatal outcome - osteitis, lupus;
• generalized BCG infection;
• post-BCG syndrome: skin rashes, erythema, granuloma annulare.

Often, with complications, a diagnosis of BCG-itis is made. What is it and how does it threaten your child? Any disease caused by the BCG strain of mycobacteria is classified in this category. It can be inflammation of the lymph nodes, and osteitis, and non-healing sores on the skin that require treatment.

Immunity after vaccination

The immunity that occurs after vaccination against tuberculosis will not be sterile. This means that despite the development of protective factors, mycobacteria still live and live in the body, mainly in the regional lymph nodes. The presence of bacteria stimulates further development of immunity. It is not lifelong and disappears approximately 5–7 years after the introduction of mycobacteria. The period of active "activity" of microbes falls on a period of 3-11 months after vaccination.

The term for the formation of immunity after BCG vaccination, as indicated in the instructions, is from 8 weeks to two months. During this period, a vaccinated child is as susceptible to tuberculosis as an unvaccinated child.

What is the marker of a well-performed BCG vaccination? The defining feature may be a reaction at the injection site. A scar forms in about 90% of children. If at the age of 1 year the child has a good scar, then the protection against the disease has developed normally. But the main method to determine whether the person being vaccinated has immunity is a test. If there is no scar, and the test is positive, then re-vaccination is not required.

More sensitive methods are a tuberculin test with 5 TU or the determination of antibodies in the blood to mycobacteria.

Summing up all the above, we note the following. Tuberculosis is the most dangerous disease and the measure to prevent it is universal vaccination in childhood. The BCG vaccine is administered to newborns at a life span of 3-7 days, before discharge from the hospital. Evidence of developing immunity is a skin reaction at the injection site - the formation of a scar. Revaccination is carried out at the age of 7 and 14 years with a preliminary study of children in the Mantoux test.