Morphology is a section of grammar that studies the grammatical properties of words, that is, grammatical meanings, means of expressing grammatical meanings, grammatical categories.
Morphological norms- rules for using morphological forms of different parts of speech.
The peculiarities of the Russian language are that the means of expressing grammatical meanings often vary. At the same time, the options may differ in shades of meaning, stylistic coloring, sphere of use, correspond to the norm of the literary language or violate it. The skillful use of options allows you to more accurately express a thought, diversify your speech, and testifies to the speech culture of the speaker.
The largest group consists of options whose use is limited to the functional style or genre of speech. Thus, in colloquial speech there are often forms of the genitive plural orange, tomatoop, instead of oranges, tomatoes; from her, from her instead of her, from her. The use of such forms in official written and spoken speech is considered a violation of the morphological norm.
Real nouns sugar, fuel, oil,oil, salt, marble are usually used in the singular form. In professional speech, the plural form is used to denote varieties and varieties of substances: sugar, fuel, oil, petroleum, salt,marbles. These forms have a stylistic connotation of professional use.
There are many morphological variants in the Russian language that are considered identical and equivalent. For example, turners - turners, workshops- workshops, spring- spring,doors- doors.
In other cases, one of the forms violates the norm of the literary language: rail, A rail wrong, shoe, A shoes And shoe wrong.
In the Russian language there are many masculine and feminine words to designate people by their position or profession. With nouns denoting a position, profession, rank, title, difficulties arising in speech are explained by the peculiarities of this group of words. What are they?
Firstly, in the Russian language there are names of the masculine gender and there are no parallels for them in the feminine gender, or (much less often) there are only names of the feminine gender. For example: rector, businessman, financier, parliamentarianter and laundress, nanny, milliner, manicurist, midwife, demondowry, lacemaker, seamstress-minder.
Secondly, there are names of both masculine and feminine gender, both of them are neutral. For example: athlete- athlete, poet- poetess.
Thirdly, both forms are formed (both masculine and feminine), but feminine words differ in meaning or stylistic coloring. Yes, words professor, doctor have the meaning of “professor’s wife”, “doctor’s wife” and a colloquial connotation, and as job titles become colloquial. Generic parallels cashier, watchman,accountant, controller, laboratory assistant, watchwoman, bileTersha qualify as conversational, and doctor- like a colloquial one.
Difficulties arise when it is necessary to emphasize that we are talking about a woman, and there is no neutral feminine parallel in the language. Such cases are increasing. According to scientists, the number of names that do not have a female gender parallel is increasing every year, for example: cosmophysicist, television commentator,TV reporter, bionicist, cyberneticist etc., while this position can be held by a woman.
What way out do writers and speakers find? As linguists note, not only in oral speech, but also in newspaper texts and business correspondence, a syntactic indication of the gender of the named person is increasingly used, when with a masculine noun, the verb in the past tense has a feminine form. For example: doctor atI was walking, the philologist said, the foreman was there, she advised me our bibliographer. Such constructions are currently considered acceptable and do not violate the norms of the literary language.
The use of masculine nouns that do not have a word-formation parallel of the feminine gender as names for women has led to increased fluctuations in the forms of agreement. The following options became possible: young physicist Yakovleva - young physicist Yakovleva.
In the frequency-stylistic dictionary of variants “Grammatical correctness of Russian speech” regarding this use of definitions it is said: “In written strictly official or neutral business speech, the norm of agreement on the external form of the defined noun is accepted outstanding mathematician Sofya Kovalevskaya; new prePrime Minister of India Indira Gandhi.
The most common grammatical errors are related to the use of gender of nouns. You may hear incorrect phrases: railway rail, franctsuzskaya shampoo, big callus, custom parcel. A after all, nouns rail, shampoo- male, corn, parcel- feminine, so you should say: railway rail, French shampoo, painIt's a pet peeve, a registered parcel post.
Violation of grammatical norms is often associated with the use of prepositions in speech. Thus, the difference in semantic and stylistic shades between synonymous constructions with prepositions is not always taken into account because of And thanks to. Pretext thanks to retains its original lexical meaning associated with the verb thank, therefore, it is used to indicate the cause that causes the desired result: thanks to the help of comrades, blessingrya proper treatment. At sharp contradiction between the original lexical meaning prepositions thanks and indicating a negative reason, the use of this preposition is undesirable: Didn't come to work due to illness. In this case it is correct to say - because of illness.
Prepositions thanks, despite, according to, towards According to modern standards, they are used only with the dative case.
Morphological norms are the rules according to which the formation of grammatical forms of words of various parts of speech (forms of number, gender, short forms, degrees of comparison of adjectives and others) occurs.
When morphological norms are violated, speech errors occur that are associated with the use of different parts of speech. The occurrence of errors is primarily due to “variability of norms in the field of morphology.”
Morphology (as well as the area of pronunciation and syntax) contains weak and strong norms. Strong morphological norms are observed by everyone for whom Russian is their native language. Weak norms are often distorted, difficult to assimilate, and easy to influence from outside. Their presence depends on many reasons, in particular, on the peculiarities of the development of the grammatical and phonetic systems of the Russian language.
A typical violation of morphological norms consists of using a word in an inappropriate or non-existent form. For example: imported shampoo, railway rail, patent leather shoes, registered parcel post, lobster - lobster, mongoose - mongoose, sprat - sprat. Many difficulties and fluctuations in terms of morphology arise in the formation and use of various grammatical forms and categories of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, verbs and verbal forms.
The morphological norms that apply to nouns are as follows.
1. The gender of words that were formed by composing the first letters is determined by the main word. For example, if in the abbreviation CIS the main word is “commonwealth” of the neuter gender, then all of it will be used in the neuter gender: the CIS arose.
2. Indeclinable nouns, which denote a traditionally male position, profession, are used in the masculine gender. The gender of geographical names that are not declined is determined by the generic word. For example, Ontario is neuter, since the generic word is “lake.”
3. Nouns denoting a homogeneous mass of something, a substance, are used in only one number: either singular (milk, cement, clay, iron) or plural (sawdust, canned food). However, if they are included in the text with a special meaning, then the form of the number can take on the opposite form.
4. Nouns in the 2nd declension of the instrumental case singular can have variant endings: oh, her or oh, her. The last form is typical for poetic works.
Adjectives have the following morphological norms of the modern Russian language.
1. The short form in –enen is more consistent with book speech than in –en (immoral and immoral), although both of them are literary.
2. Qualitative adjectives have two comparative forms: na –ee and na –ey, the latter is characteristic of colloquial speech. For example, more active and active.
3. Possessive adjectives with –in and –ov are characteristic only for colloquial speech: fathers, mothers. In other styles, it is customary to use the genitive case: mother’s scarf, father’s request. Exceptions are nouns that are part of a stable circulation. For example, Solomon's solution, Archimedes' lever.
Morphological norms for numerals are as follows.
1. The stem ends in o- in the numeral “both” (neuter and masculine) – “both”, and in e- - in the numeral “both” (feminine).
2. For those cardinal numbers that are formed from many words, each word is declined. When combined with the word one, the word "thousand" has the form "thousand" in the instrumental case, rather than the erroneous "thousand". In oral speech, only the beginning and end of compound numerals can be declined.
Morphological norms for pronouns.
1. The words “any”, “every” and “any” cannot be used interchangeably. They are only close in meaning, not equivalent.
2. Third person personal pronouns acquire the letter “n” at the beginning if they are preceded by a preposition. For example, in them, on him.
3. The pronouns “such” and “such” have shades of meaning. The latter is used as reinforcement. But the pronoun “such” acts as a predicate in a sentence and is more often used in stable phrases: and was such.
4. The pronouns "Your" and "You" are capitalized when used as polite address to one person.
Theory for task 7 from the Unified State Exam in Russian
Morphological norms are the rules for the formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech.
Morphological norms of nouns
1. Indeclinable nouns that denote inanimate objects are neuter: coupe, medley, bikini.
Exceptions: curlers, breeches (plural), blinds, kiwi, whiskey, brandy, coffee (m. and s.r.), mocha, penalty, euro (m.r.).
2. The gender of nouns denoting persons is determined based on the gender to which they belong: beautiful madame, serious monsieur, cunning frau and so on.
3. The gender of geographical names and names of press organs is determined by the generic word: Capri - island (m.r.), Jungfrau - mountain (w.r.), Monaco - principality (m.r.), Borjomi - city (m.r.); "Times" - newspaper (female).
4. Abbreviations are usually assigned to the gender to which the reference word in them belongs: NATO - alliance (m.r.), CIS - commonwealth (m.r.); MSU – university (m.r.).
However, the following rules must be kept in mind:
- If an abbreviation ends in a consonant, then it can agree on the masculine gender, despite the fact that the reference word is feminine or neuter. Moreover, in some cases, agreement on the masculine gender is the only possible one. For example, only masculine words university(albeit an establishment) Ministry of Foreign Affairs(although the ministry) marriage registry(recording though). In some cases, fluctuations are observed: for example, MKAD– masculine in colloquial speech, feminine in stylistically neutral contexts. In some cases, masculine gender matching is not possible: hydroelectric power station, CHP– nouns are only feminine. The gender of such abbreviations should be found in dictionaries.
- The gender of a foreign abbreviation is determined by the reference word in the Russian decoding: FIFA(the federation) made a decision; CERN(center) conducted the research. However, in some cases, the gender affiliation may be influenced by the external phonetic appearance of the word. For example, the abbreviation NATO used as a masculine noun (as a result of the influence of combination with the words alliance, block, agreement), feminine gender (according to the reference word organization) and neuter gender (according to its phonetic appearance, compare with other words ending in -O: coat, metro, cinema). The gender of the abbreviation fluctuates UNESCO(the phonetic appearance suggests the neuter gender, and the reference word organization– female).
1) monosyllabic nouns: side - sides, forest - forests, eye - eyes, house - houses, eye - eyes, eyelid - eyelids, silk - silk, feed - feed, board - sides etc.;
2) two-syllable nouns, in which in the singular form of the nominative case the stress is on the first syllable: buffer - buffers, shore - shores, pearls - pearls etc.
6. The gender of compound nouns is determined by the word that expresses the broader meaning of the noun: admiral butterfly, pay phone, sofa bed.
And if both concepts are equivalent, the gender is determined by the first word: chair-bed, cafe-restaurant.
7. To correctly form the genitive plural form of nouns, you should know the following trends: For most masculine nouns, in the initial form ending in a hard consonant ( orange, tomato, fly agaric, computer, sock), the ending -ov is characteristic in the genitive plural form: oranges, tomatoes, fly agarics, computers, socks etc. A wide range of exceptions can be identified from this rule, which have a zero ending in the genitive plural form:
- Names of people by nationality (in words with stems ending in –р, –н) and by belonging to military units, mainly used in the plural forms with a collective meaning: live among Turkmens, Romanians, Turks, Ossetians, Armenians, Georgians, Gypsies, Tatars, Bulgarians; see partisans, soldiers, hussars; this also includes the form p. p.m. h. person.
- Names of paired items: a lot of shoes, for the eyes, without shoulder straps, for stockings, for epaulettes, from boots.
- Names of measures and units of measurement: 220 volts, 1000 watts, 5 amps, 500 gigabytes. If such names are used outside the “measuring” context (in other words, the genitive case form is not countable), then the ending -ov is used: live without extra pounds, not enough gigabytes.
8. Nouns ending in unstressed -я and -ь have the ending -й in the genitive plural form: naughty - naughty, wrist - wrists, and on the struck -ya and -ё - the ending -ey: bench - benches, gun - guns. But: spear - spears.
9. In the genitive plural form of nouns ending in -nya with a preceding consonant or the letter й, the letter ь is not written at the end: cherry - cherries, bedroom - bedrooms, slaughterhouse - slaughterhouse. Exceptions: young ladies, hawthorns, villages, kitchens.
10. Russian surnames ending in -ov(ev)/-ev, -yn/-in in the instrumental case singular: -ym: Nekrasov, Ptitsyn, Nikitin. Foreign surnames ending in -ov and -in: Darwin, Chaplin.
11. The names of settlements in -ov/-ev, -yn/-in, -ovo/-evo, -yno/-ino have the ending -om in the instrumental case form: beyond Lgov, near Kiev, above Pushkin, beyond Ukleev, near Borodin, beyond Golitsyn.
Morphological norms of adjectives
1. You cannot combine simple and complex forms of the comparative degree of an adjective into one construction: better essay / this essay is better (not this essay is better)
2. You cannot mix the simple and complex superlative form of an adjective: the wisest old man/the wisest old man (not the wisest old man)
Morphological norms of pronouns
1. The mistake is the formation of the form of the possessive pronoun theirs instead of their: their son.
2. After the prepositions of the personal pronouns he, she, they, a letter appears in the indirect cases n: to him, from her.
Morphological norms of numerals
1. When declension of compound ordinal numbers, their last part changes, which, when declensed, takes on forms that coincide with the form of full adjectives: first, first, first etc. The rest of the compound ordinal noun remains unchanged for all types of declensions, and any changes to it are considered a morphological error: in two thousand and two.
2. Each part and each word that makes up a compound and complex cardinal number is declined separately: met twenty-four classmates.
3. Cases when it is correct to use collective numerals:
- with nouns denoting males: two brothers, three men, four boys.
- with nouns children, people: two children, four people.
- with nouns denoting baby animals: three puppies, seven kids.
- with nouns that have only plural forms. h.: five days.
- with nouns denoting paired or compound objects: two glasses, two skis.
- with pronouns: the two of us, the five of them.
4. Numeral both used only with nouns.: both girls, both books. With nouns m.r. and Wed R. the form used both: both brothers, both elephants.
Morphological norms of verbs
1. Verbs win, convince, convince, dissuade, find, feel, outshine, dare, vacuum and some others do not have the form 1 person unit. h.
2. Formation of return forms: met, wanted to say hello(after vowels -s is used), Sorry(no return form).
3. Formation of imperative forms: go, wave, drive away, put down, buy, lie down.
4. Formation of past tense forms: hardened, dried out, wet(Not got stronger, dried out, got wet).
Morphological norms of participles
1. Formation of participles: gargling, waving, wanting(Not rinsing, waving, wanting);
2. Present participles are not formed from perfective verbs.
Morphological norms of gerunds
1. Perfect participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive using a suffix -V: pour - spill, preserve - preserved, thin out - thin out.
There are perfective verbs from which gerunds can be formed using a suffix -and I or -shi, -lice: come in - having entered, look - looking, lean against - leaning against.
2. Imperfect participles are formed from the infinitive stem using suffixes -and I: think - thinking, walk - walking, fly - flying.
Morphological norms of adverbs
1. Formation of adverbs: I can hardly break away from there, inside, I’ll hardly be able to, we’ll divide it in half.
2. Formation of comparative degrees of adverbs: bad - worse, beautiful - more beautiful, good - better, hard - harder.
Topics for self-study
1. Stylistic stratification of phraseological units.
2. Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people.
3. Winged words in speech.
1.Ashukin, N.S. Winged words / N.S. Ashukin, M.G. Ashukina. – M., 1987.
2.Golub, I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language / I.B. Blue – M., 1997.
3.Zhukov, V.P. Dictionary of Russian proverbs and sayings. – M., 1991.
4. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 1986.
Grammar(from Greek grammar- the art of reading and writing) -
1) the structure of a language, a system of the most general patterns of use of its significant units - words and sentences. Within the framework of grammar, two subsystems are distinguished: morphological and syntactic;
2) the area of linguistics that studies the grammatical structure of a language, represented by two related scientific disciplines - morphology And syntax.
Morphology(from Greek morphē– shape and logos– teaching) –
1) part of the grammatical structure of a language, which is a system of morphological categories that reflect the grammatical properties of words and their forms (word forms);
2) a section of linguistics that studies the grammatical properties of words (word forms); grammatical teaching about the word (parts of speech and their characteristics).
Morphology norms– rules for the formation or selection of forms of words related to different parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, verbs and their special forms - participles and gerunds).
The gender of indeclinable nouns is determined by:
1) according to the animate/inanimate category. Animated nouns are masculine unless the context indicates a female ( gray kangaroo, agile chimpanzee, pink flamingo, funny pony, noisy cockatoo, Asian zebu, But a chimpanzee was feeding a baby, a kangaroo was carrying a baby kangaroo in her pouch). Inanimate nouns are neuter ( a new highway, a beautiful muffler, an interesting interview, a minibus; exception - coffee- male);
2) according to the generic concept: take it(disease), kohlrabi(cabbage), salami(sausage), Ivasi(fish), Mississippi(river), Jung Frau(mountain), "Times"(newspaper) – feminine; sirocco(wind), Bengali, Swahili, Pashto, Hindi, Sami(language); Sochi, Tbilisi(city), Capri(island), "Figaro Literary"(magazine) – masculine; Erie(lake) – neuter;
3) by equivalent or synonym: Avenue(equivalent in Russian - Street) - female; sous, pesos, euros(currency ), argo(jargon), narghile(hookah) – masculine;
4) according to the main concept (in abbreviations): TyumGNG U(university) – masculine, F WITH B (service) – feminine, IT A R (agency) – neuter.
5) in relation to the real gender of the designated person: rich rentier, tired coolie, old lady, kind Frau, respected miss/mrs.
Words are bigender counterpart, protégé, incognito, hummingbird. The names of the letters of the Russian alphabet are neuter: in the word “application” there are two “pe”, one “el”, and in the word “appeal” - one “pe”, two “el”.
Many nouns denoting a person by profession, position held, work performed, occupation, academic title, etc., retain the masculine form even in cases where they refer to women: judge, director, geologist, lawyer, chemist, biologist, associate professor, candidate of sciences etc., i.e. have no generic parallel. The designations of some specialties are only feminine: manicurist, typist(on a typewriter) nurse, nurse and etc.
· Don't bow :
1) surnames of Slavic origin in -o, -e(Shiloh, Jam), on -ko(Korolenko), -ago, -yago, - y, - them(Zhivago, Dubyago, Sedykh, Dolgikh);
2) female surnames ending with a consonant (y Adam Mickiewicz, but Maria Mickiewicz). However, if the surname is similar to the name of an animal or inanimate object ( Beetle, Goose, Belt), it is preserved in its initial form, i.e. the male does not bow;
3) foreign surnames ending in a vowel (except for unstressed ones) -and I): prose Dante, novels Zola, operas Verdi.
4) female names Ninel, Rachel, Nicole, Gabriel, Nadel and so on.
· For masculine nouns in the genitive singular, the ending is preferred -A, -I(cup tea, a lot of snow). Forms on -u, -yu(cup tea, a lot of snow) have a reduced – conversational tone; they are characteristic of phraseological combinations : without a year, a week, face to face, our regiment arrived and so on.
· For masculine nouns in the prepositional case singular with an adverbial meaning the ending -у/-у(grows in forest, garden), with an object value – ending -e(knows everything about forest, O garden). In other cases the ending -e has a bookish character (in vacation, V workshop), and the ending -у/-у– colloquial (professional, sometimes with a touch of vernacular: on vacation, in the workshop, in tea). When choosing one of the forms, the phraseological nature of the expression, the direct or figurative meaning of the word, semantic nuances, and the nature of the context also play a role: work from home - number on the house, swear word does not hang on the collar - seam on the collar, in the first row - in some cases, covered in snow – in fluffy snow and so on.
· Masculine nouns in the nominative plural have an ending -A/-I have monosyllabic words ( running - running, forest - forests, snow - snow), words with stress on the first syllable ( evening - evenings, voices, cities, districts) and words that have lost their bookish character ( director, doctor, professor). Ending -s/-And have trisyllabic and polysyllabic words ( pharmacists, librarians, accountants, speakers), words with stress on the last syllable ( auditors, ships; exceptions – sleeves, cuffs), words that retain a bookish character ( authors, designers, lecturers), and words of French origin in -er/-er(engineers, officers, directors, drivers). Ending -s/-And- general literature, -A/-I– obsolete, colloquial, colloquial or professional. Forms on -and I, -s/-s are also associated with differences in the meanings of homonym words ( breads– baked, of bread- on the vine).
· IN genitive plural null ending have nouns:
1) with a non-derivative base on a hard consonant (except for sibilants): a pair of boots, a lot of soldiers, hair, times;
2) names of paired items: a pair of felt boots, boots, stockings ( But socks); without shoulder straps, epaulette; eye color;
3) names of some nationalities, mainly based on -n, -r: Armenians, Bashkirs, Tatars, Georgians, Turkmen, Buryats, Turks, Gypsies etc., but Kalmyks, Mongols, Tajiks, Yakuts and etc.;
4) names of military groups and military branches: partisan detachment, soldier; squadron of hussars, grenadiers, dragoons; group of cadets, uhlan, But company of miners, sappers;
5) some names of units of measurement used with numerals: several amperes, watts, volts, ohms; micron; hertz, x-ray, But several joules, coulombs, newtons, ergs; cable; carats and carats; hectares;
6) names of vegetables and fruits of the feminine and neuter gender: melon, pumpkins, cherries, plums, apples;
7) feminine: barges, songs, sheets, nannies, herons, drops, waffles, domain, poker, roofs, pancakes, naughty girls, witches, young ladies, fables, rake, shaft; rods, gossip, estates, But shares, skittles, pennies, handfuls, sakleys, candles;
8) neuter: breathed, channels, drafts, outbacks, coasts, drugs, lands, shoulders, knees And laps, saucers, mirrors, troughs, blankets, logs, towels, cases, places, means, But swamps, kopyttsev, okontsev, lace And lace;
· endings -ov/-ev, -ey have nouns:
1) masculine names of vegetables and fruits: cucumbers, tomatoes, oranges, tangerines, bananas, tomatoes;
2) names of indivisible objects (not having a singular form): frosts, precipitation(rain, snow), clavichords, rags, rags, everyday life, logs, sleighs, mangers, But attacks, darkness, twilight, bloomers, leggings, tights.
· When forming a short form from adjectives to -ny preceded by two or more consonants, the preferred form is -en(not on -enen): inactive, immoral, warlike, ambiguous, frivolous, mediocre, related, peculiar, mysterious, identical, clear and so on.
· The combination of two comparative or superlative forms in one adjective does not correspond to the norm: better, most capable.
· When declension of compound cardinal numerals changes not only all the words in their composition, but also parts of compound words. For example, in the instrumental case - eight thousand nine hundred fifty rubles.
· Numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half, one and a half hundred in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases have the form forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half, one and a half hundred.
· Numeral both combines with masculine and neuter nouns ( both students, both exercises); numeral both– with feminine nouns ( both books, both students).
· When declension of compound ordinal numbers only the last word changes: in one thousand nine hundred and forty-five.
· Collective numbers – two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten(actively used only two – seven) – combined:
1) with masculine and general nouns: two friends, three orphans;
2) with nouns that have only plural forms: two hours, three scissors, seven days;
3) with nouns – names of human children and young animals: two sons, seven kids, three kittens, and also with words people, face(meaning “person”): two elderly people, five unknown persons;
4) with substantivized numerals, adjectives, participles: two people entered, three acquaintances, five vacationers;
5) with personal pronouns (we, you, they): there are two of us, three of you, four of them.
· To personal pronouns after all simple prepositions ( without, in, for, before, for, from, to, on, over, about, from, on, under, before, with, about, with, at, through) and a number of adverbial prepositions ( near, around, in front, past, opposite, around, after, in the middle, behind etc.) the initial one is added n-: without her, into him, with them, past her, near him, after them and so on.; except for prepositions that control the form of the dative case: in spite of, according to, in defiance of, following, towards, accordingly, similarly, thanks to(to whom; to what?) him, her, them.
· Reflexive pronoun myself should be attributed to the word naming the producer of the action: He said that I thought About Me.
Insufficient verbs– verbs limited in formation or use of personal forms:
1) not used in the 1st - 2nd person singular and plural forms, since they denote processes occurring in the animal and plant world, in inanimate nature, etc. ( to bud, to bud, to flow, to come through, to rust and etc.); their use in the indicated forms is possible only in special conditions (with personification, rhetorical appeal);
2) not forming the 1st person singular form of the present (future simple) tense, partly due to phonetic-orthoepic reasons, partly due to the tradition of their use ( win, convince, find yourself, feel, wonder and etc.). If it is necessary to use these verbs in the 1st person, a descriptive (analytical) form is used: I can (should) win, I want (strive) to convince, I can (hope) find myself, I want (try) to feel, I won’t be weird.
· Verbs recover, get sick of, get sick of belong to the I conjugation, therefore the following forms are normative: I will recover (-eat, -eat), become disgusted (-eat, -eat), become disgusted (-eat, -eat).
Abundant Verbs– verbs that have two forms of the present tense: one without alternating the final consonants of the infinitive stem and the present tense ( rinses, purrs), the other - with alternations ( rinses, purrs). There is a stylistic and, for some verbs, a semantic difference between these forms. Literary language is characterized by forms with alternating base consonants: rinses, splashes, drips, cackles, sways, purrs, waves, prowls, sprinkles, nibbles and so on. Forms splashes - splashes, moves - moves, drips - drips, throws - throws differ semantically.
· When forming imperfective verbs (what to do?) using a suffix -yva-/-iva- in some cases there is an alternation of stressed vowels A//O fundamentally ( usv O it - learn A to live), in others – root vowel O saved( center O sharpen - focus O sharpen). In accordance with the norms of the literary language, the root O(no alternation o//a) in verbs: slam - slam, disturb - disturb, preoccupy - preoccupy, disgrace - disgrace, discredit - discredit, defer - defer, stipulate - stipulate, summarize - summarize, time - time, legitimize - legitimize and etc.
Typically the suffix -Well- (wet - wet) is dropped in prefixed verbs ( went out, got wet, dried up) and, regardless of prefix or non-prefix formation, in the feminine and neuter forms, as well as the plural: visla, visla, visla, went out, went out, went out. Masculine forms also tend to gradually lose the suffix -well-: drooped, got used to, faded, went out, faded away and so on. In prefixless verbs – the predominant distribution of variants without -Well- in connection with the general trend towards saving language resources (shorter forms): soh, lip, gloh, vis, kitty And soured.
· When using verbs in -xia one should take into account the possibility that they have different meanings, for example, passive ( poems are written by poets) and return ( wash your face), which creates ambiguity ( I'm cleaning- do the cleaning? Am I leaving?). Verbs to -xia in technical literature it is advisable to use in cases where the action itself comes to the fore, regardless of its manufacturer: The door opens automatically but you can't: Then the seeds are crushed, kneaded and washed from the pulp.
· Unprefixed verbs with suffix -Well- preserve it in participles: stalled, sticky, wet, and prefixes, as a rule, lose: deafened, stuck, wet.
· Forms of participles in - lice (taking, giving, arriving etc.) have a colloquial or colloquial character, sometimes with a hint of obsolescence and are used only in proverbs and sayings: Having given your word, be strong; When you take off your head, you don't cry through your hair. Therefore, forms on -V: giving, taking off, thinking, meeting and so on.
· In pairs of gerunds sticking out - sticking out(run with tongue out) putting - putting(hand on heart) gaping - gaping(listen to open mouth), fastened – reluctantly(reluctantly) breaking - breaking(headlong) having lowered - after(to work carelessly, after a while) the second form is outdated and is used mainly in stable phraseological combinations.
Morphological errors- this is the incorrect formation of word forms, as well as (sometimes) their incorrect choice, the use of one form instead of another or in the meaning of another.
Over time, language is constantly evolving. At the same time, not only its vocabulary and spelling changes, but also its grammar, which includes syntax and morphology.
The latter is a combination of various forms of words and the rules for their use. This article will consider only certain morphological norms of the modern Russian language, and not those that have already changed and been established historically. We deal with their variants every day and often experience difficulties in using them.
Morphological normsnouns
1. Those indeclinable nouns that name a profession, position, characteristic of men, belong to m.r. For example: referee, attaché. The gender of those geographical names that cannot be declined depends on the gender of the corresponding nouns. For example: Missouri River- f.r., Lake Ontario- s.r.
2. Abstract nouns that name a characteristic or action, but are not associated with specific persons or objects, can only be used in one of two numbers.
3. Nouns of the 2nd declension can have two endings when they are in the TV form. p.un.: head-head, page-page.
Morphological norms for adjectives
1. Possessive adjectives ending in -ov, -in, characteristic of colloquial speech ( Babins, Grandfathers). In other styles they are replaced by a noun in R. p. For example: grandmother's teaching, grandfather's inheritance.
2. A qualitative adjective with a comparative ending - to her, typical of colloquial speech ( more active), A - her- literary ( more active).
3. If from an adjective to -ny two short forms can be formed (in -en And - enen), both of them are literary.
Morphological norms of numerals
1. Those that belong to the category of collective ones can only be combined with those m.p. nouns that denote persons ( two teachers), cubs ( five cubs); with nouns always in the plural form. h. ( three points) or denoting paired objects ( four socks); with personal pronouns ( there were seven of them).
2. If the cardinal number is compound, each word in it is declined. Combination one thousand purchases from TV. p. form one thousand, but not thousand.
3. Numerals both And both From the category of collectives, those with gender forms stand apart. When he bows both, the stem ends in -O, and with declination both- on -e.
Morphological norms of pronouns
1. Pronoun such has a connotation of intensification and is used mainly as a definition, and that's how it is- often plays the role of a predicate.
2. Pronouns everyone, everyone cannot be replaced with an adjective any, although they are close in meaning.
3. Pronoun myself used in the meaning on one's own, A most used to draw the listener's or reader's attention to a specific feature.
Morphological norms of the Russian language for adverbs
Suffixes - yva, -willow can form imperfect forms. In this case, it is possible to alternate sounds in the basis o-ah. In this case, parallel forms are often obtained. For example: condition-condition. Then the first has literary use, and the second has colloquial use.
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