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Immunological research. What does an immunological blood test show? Blood test for immunological study

The date: 01.07.2020

congenital or acquired in the course of life immunodeficiency states;
allergic diseases that do not respond to effective therapy;
infectious diseases of chronic and sluggish type;
autoimmune and oncological diseases;
before and after organ transplant surgery;
preparation for major surgery;
evaluation of the effectiveness of the developed treatment and analysis of side effects when prescribing drugs that affect immunity.

Immunological blood test (immunogram) decoding:

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody that is a protective factor of the mucous membranes of the human body. They are part of the fraction of b-globulins, they make up about 15% of the total amount of immunoglobulins in blood serum. Contained in milk, saliva, lacrimal fluid, secretions of mucous membranes.

Content increase:

chronic liver diseases;
systemic lupus erythematosus;
rheumatoid arthritis;
myeloma;
glomerulonephritis;
alcoholic damage to internal organs.

physiological decline in children under 6 months of age;
cirrhosis of the liver;
radiation sickness,
poisoning (toluene, gasoline, xylene);
the use of cytostatics and immunosuppressants.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

ataxia;
telangiectasia.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) provides passive immunity.

Content increase:

rheumatism;
systemic lupus erythematosus;
rheumatoid arthritis;
myeloma;
Infectious mononucleosis;
acute and chronic infectious diseases.

radiation sickness,
treatment with cytostatics and immunosuppressants,
poisoning (toluene, gasoline, xylene),
cirrhosis of the liver.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is part of the y-globulin fraction. The first appears after the introduction of the antigen. IgM includes anti-infective antibodies, blood group antibodies, rheumatoid factor.

physiological decline in children under 6 months of age,
splenectomy,
radiation sickness,
treatment with immunosuppressants and cytostatics,
poisoning (toluene, xylene).

Alloimmune antibodies

Alloimmune antibodies are antibodies to the clinically most important erythrocyte antigens, primarily to the Rh factor.

pregnancy (prevention of Rh-conflict),
monitoring of pregnant women with a negative Rh factor,
miscarriage,
hemolytic disease of the newborn,
preparation for blood transfusion.

antinuclear factor

Antinuclear factor, when determined together with antibodies to DNA, is a diagnostic criterion for systemic lupus erythematosus.

Increasing the indicator:

systemic lupus erythematosus,
chronic hepatitis,
rheumatoid arthritis,
lupus nephritis,
systemic vasculitis.

Antistreptolysin-O

Antistreptolysin-O - a marker of the presence of streptococcal infection in the body, is a laboratory criterion for rheumatism.

Indications for the purpose of the analysis:

rheumatism,
glomerulonephritis,
myocarditis.

Increasing concentration:

acute glomerulonephritis,
rheumatism (level increased in 85%),
erysipelas,
scarlet fever,
streptococcal infections (tonsillitis, chronic tonsillitis, pyoderma, osteomyelitis).

Antisperm antibodies (ELISA)

Antisperm antibodies (ELISA) is an additional test in the diagnosis of immunological causes of infertility in men and women. Antisperm antibodies are found in the blood, cervical mucus, seminal plasma, and on the surface of spermatozoa. In men, it is better to detect antisperm antibodies in semen. Doubtful (close to threshold) values: 55-60 U / ml. In such cases, it is advisable to repeat the study after 2 weeks.

Indications for the purpose of the analysis:

unexplained infertility of a married couple,
spermogram changes.

Increased values: a probable factor in infertility.

MAR test

MAR-test (Mixed agglutination reaction) - quantitative determination of the presence / absence of class A antisperm antibodies using latex particles on the surface of spermatozoa. The test determines the ratio (percentage) of normal immobile spermatozoa, but coated with antisperm antibodies, to the total number of spermatozoa.

Indications for the purpose of the analysis:

barren marriage,
suspected immunological infertility in men.

Boost value:

high probability of this cause of male infertility.

Antibodies to thyroglobulin (AT-TG)

Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (AT-TG) are antibodies to the precursor of thyroid hormones.

Indications for the purpose of the analysis:

newborns, high levels of antibodies to thyroglobulin in the mother;
adults: diagnosis of hypothyroidism, goiter, diffuse toxic goiter (Graves' disease).

Increasing concentration:

chronic Hashimoto's thyroiditis,
idiomatic hypothyroidism,
autoimmune thyroiditis,
diffuse toxic goiter (Graves' disease),
Down syndrome (weakly positive result),
Turner syndrome.

Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (AT-TPO)

Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (AT-TPO) are antibodies to the enzyme of thyroid cells involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, their presence is an indicator of the aggression of the immune system in relation to its own body. This is the most sensitive test for detecting autoimmune thyroid disease.

Indications for the purpose of the analysis:

newborns: elevated levels of thyroid hormones, high levels of AT-TPO, or Graves' disease in the mother;
adults: diagnosis of thyroid hormone disorders, goiter, Graves' disease (diffuse toxic goiter), chronic Hashimoto's thyroiditis, ophthalmopathy: enlargement of the periocular tissues (suspicion of euthyroid Graves' disease - with normal levels of thyroid hormones).

Increasing concentration:

Graves' disease (diffuse toxic goiter),
nodular toxic goiter,
subacute thyroidin (de Crevena),
postpartum thyroid dysfunction
chronic Hashimoto's thyroiditis,
autoimmune thyroiditis,
non-thyroid autoimmune diseases.

HLA typing class 2

HLA typing class 2 (human leucocyte antigens) - tissue compatibility antigens (synonym: MHC - major histocompatibility complex - major histocompatibility complex). The HLA phenotype is determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

This study is not routine (mass) and is performed for diagnosis only in difficult cases:

assessment of the risk of developing a number of diseases with a known genetic predisposition,
clarification of the causes of infertility,
clarification of the causes of miscarriage (recurrent miscarriages),
clarification of the causes of immunological incompatibility,
transplantation of organs and tissues,
assessment of the risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in family history.

Class 1 HLA antigens are present on the surface of almost all body cells, while class 2 tissue compatibility proteins are located on immune system cells, macrophages, and epithelial cells.

A favorable prognosis for organ transplantation is higher with the greatest similarity of the donor and recipient in terms of tissue compatibility antigens.

The similarity of spouses in terms of tissue compatibility antigens leads to “similarity”, which causes insufficient antigenic stimulation of the woman’s immune system, and the reactions necessary to maintain pregnancy are not triggered. Pregnancy is perceived as foreign cells and spontaneous abortion occurs. This "foreignness" is a normal phenomenon that triggers immunological reactions aimed at maintaining pregnancy. A group of immune cells is formed that produce special "blocking" antibodies. With the normal development of pregnancy, “blocking” antibodies to paternal HLA antigens appear from the earliest stages of pregnancy, with the earliest being antibodies to class 2 antigens of tissue compatibility.

Norms

Index	Norm
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)	0.9-4.5 g/l
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)	30–240 µg/l
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)	7-17 g/l
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)	0.5—3.5 g/l
Alloimmune antibodies	negative
antinuclear factor	negative
Antistreptolysin-O	0-7 years - less than 100 U / ml; 7-14 years - 150-250 U / ml; 14-90 years - less than 200 U / ml
Antisperm antibodies (ELISA)	0-60 U/ml
MAR test	less than 50%
Antibodies to thyroglobulin (AT-TG)	titer< 1,10
Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (AT-TPO)	< 5,6 Ед/мл

Diseases for which the doctor may prescribe immunological tests

Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by an increase in the content of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM); increased antinuclear factor.
Osteomyelitis of the hip
Osteomyelitis of the bones of the leg
Osteomyelitis is characterized by an increase in the concentration of antistreptolysin-O, a marker of the presence of streptococcal infection in the body.
Osteomyelitis of the calcaneus
Osteomyelitis is characterized by an increase in the concentration of antistreptolysin-O, a marker of the presence of streptococcal infection in the body.
Erysipelas
Erysipelas is characterized by an increase in the concentration of antistreptolysin-O, a marker of the presence of streptococcal infection in the body.
Bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is characterized by an increase in the content of immunoglobulin E (IgE).
Myeloma multiple
Myeloma is characterized by an increase in the content of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG).
oral candidiasis
Acute glomerulonephritis
Acute glomerulonephritis is characterized by an increase in the content of immunoglobulin A (IgA), an increase in the concentration of antistreptolysin-O, a marker for the presence of streptococcal infection in the body.
Echinococcosis of the liver
Autoimmune thyroiditis
Autoimmune thyroiditis is characterized by an increase in the concentration of antibodies to thyroglobulin (AT-TG) and to thyroid peroxidase (AT-TPO).
Acute tonsillitis
With angina, an increase in the concentration of antistreptolysin-O, a marker of the presence of streptococcal infection in the body, is possible.
Vasomotor and allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis is characterized by an increase in the content of immunoglobulin E (IgE).
Chronic tonsillitis
Chronic tonsillitis is characterized by an increase in the concentration of antistreptolysin-O, a marker for the presence of streptococcal infection in the body.
Diffuse toxic goiter
Diffuse toxic goiter is characterized by an increase in the concentration of antibodies to thyroglobulin (AT-TG) and to thyroid peroxidase (AT-TPO).
Candidiasis of the lungs
Candidiasis is characterized by an increase in the content of immunoglobulin M (IgM).
Subacute thyroiditis
Subacute thyroiditis is characterized by an increase in the concentration of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (AT-TPO).
Scarlet fever
Scarlet fever is characterized by an increase in the concentration of antistreptolysin-O, a marker of the presence of streptococcal infection in the body.
Infectious mononucleosis
Infectious mononucleosis is characterized by an increase in the content of immunoglobulin G (IgG).
Urogenital candidiasis
Candidiasis is characterized by an increase in the content of immunoglobulin M (IgM).
Chronic glomerulonephritis
An increase in the content of immunoglobulin A (IgA) is possible with glomerulonephritis.
chronic hepatitis
With hepatitis of the liver, an increase in the content of immunoglobulin M (IgM) is possible. The antinuclear factor is elevated in chronic hepatitis.
Cirrhosis of the liver
Sjögren's syndrome
Noting an increase in the levels of IgG and IgM immunoglobulins; the presence of antibodies to DNA, LE cells, antibodies to the epithelium of exocrine glands, an increase in the number of B-lymphocytes, a decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes.
Systemic lupus erythematosus
An increase in the content of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM) is possible with systemic lupus erythematosus. The antinuclear factor, when determined together with antibodies to DNA, is a diagnostic criterion for systemic lupus erythematosus, with which it is elevated.
scleroderma
Scleroderma-specific autoantibodies are detected.
Autoimmune chronic gastritis
In autoimmune chronic gastritis, there is a decrease in IgA and IgG, an increase in the level of B-lymphocytes and T-helpers by more than 6 times, the appearance of autoantibodies to parietal cells and gastromucoprotein.
Primary biliary cirrhosis of the liver
In primary biliary cirrhosis, an immunological study detects antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) - a highly specific marker of PBC, in a titer above 1:40, an increase in the level of IgM and IgG.
Nodular periarteritis
An increase in the content of immunoglobulin M (IgM), an increase in the antinuclear factor is possible with systemic vasculitis.

An immunogram is one of the types of human blood tests that are carried out quite often. But since this analysis is usually carried out in combination with others, patients do not always know what kind of study it is and why it is needed. What is an immunological blood test and what does its decoding say? What parameters of the body's work does it study, and what diseases can be detected with its help? In addition to these questions, the patient also needs to know if there are any contraindications and how to properly prepare for the study.

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The answer to this question lies in the name of this analysis - a study of the immune system. Protective functions are the most important and complex system of the human body. How successfully the immune system copes with its work depends on whether a person gets sick, how hard and long the disease will take, and what are the chances of successfully and completely overcoming it.

The main task of immunity is to neutralize viruses and infections that enter the body from the environment. If it is weakened and does not work at full strength, harmful organisms easily penetrate tissues and organs, causing inflammation and serious illnesses. In order to assess and understand how well the immune system copes with its work and whether it needs help, an immunogram is prescribed.

The main "defenders" of health and derivatives of the immune system are leukocytes or white blood cells. During the analysis, the laboratory assistant will be able to establish whether their number corresponds to the "norm" parameter, and assess how successfully they cope with their task. Thanks to this study, it is possible to diagnose a large number of different disorders in the work of the human body, especially allergies or immunity deficiency. data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://warframetrader.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/imunnogramma_2.jpg" alt="(!LANG:allergy" width="640" height="480"> !}

What are the symptoms for an immune test?

There are a number of diseases and disorders in which an immunological blood test is mandatory and a priority. First of all, the immunogram is the first study performed after human organ transplants, especially in babies. The norm of immunity is also important after a course of chemotherapy or irradiation of patients who have undergone oncological diseases. If a person has been treated with immunosuppressants for a long time, the work rate of the patient's defense system may also decrease, and an analysis of its strength is also included in the list of mandatory examinations.

Diagnoses that require regular immunograms include primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, the presence of human immunodeficiency virus or suspicion of its presence. Often, a blood test for immune status is carried out for people who often suffer from serious illnesses that weaken their health. These diagnoses include:

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inflammation in a chronic form;
prolonged fungal infections;
pustular lesions of the skin.

If the doctor suspects that the patient has a malignant tumor or an autoimmune disease, then the rate of immunity is also examined in laboratory tests.

It is possible to conduct an immunogram and while waiting for the baby. During pregnancy, deciphering the immune analysis will tell you about the health of the expectant mother if she suffers from HIV infection. Also, indications for conducting a study on the state of immunity is such a pathology during pregnancy as a repeated violation of the interaction between the tissues of the female body and the fetus itself. An immunogram is also required for Rh-conflict of mother and child (positive in the fetus, negative in the mother).

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In this case, the rate of antibodies is examined monthly, and if necessary, the mother is injected with a special serum that normalizes the work of both organisms.

Mandatory indications for an analysis of the state of immunity are:

frequent relapses of herpes infection;
cytomegalovirus infection;
strong emotional upheavals;
prolonged depression;
prolonged postpartum depression;
emotional trauma in women during the period of expectation of a baby.

How is an immunity test done?

To study the state of the patient's defense system, venous blood is taken from the cubital vein. The immunogram does not require any complex and special preparations, standard preparation is sufficient.

You need to take an analysis in the morning, before the procedure you can not eat, smoke and drink strong coffee or tea, it is better to limit yourself to clean water without gas. In some clinics, capillary blood is sufficient for diagnostics (biomaterial sampling from a finger), but venous blood is still used more often. After taking the plasma, it is divided into two test tubes, and the study is carried out. In one test tube, the blood coagulates naturally after a while. The resulting clot is removed from the test tube and tested.

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The second part of the blood is combined with special reagents so that it does not clot and remains in its natural state. Sometimes laboratory technicians may also need to sample other human fluids - saliva, tears, spinal cord fluid, nasal mucus, etc.

Contraindications to the immunogram and its results

Unlike other blood tests, the immunogram has its contraindications. For women, these are critical days during which there is a strong hormonal release that affects the results of the examination.

This is due to the fact that during this period of time all the forces of the body are aimed at fighting harmful microorganisms, which means that the rate of leukocytes is increased and the decoding will be incorrect.

To conduct an immunity test, the patient should undergo treatment, recover, and then come to the laboratory. For women, it is enough to simply postpone the date of the study a few days later.

The results of the analysis for the strength of immunity combine three key parameters.

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Each of these parameters is very important both separately and in interaction with each other. Evaluating these clues together, the doctor gets a general picture of the state of the immune system.

When studying the first parameter, the norm of two types of lymphocytes is taken into account. T-lymphocytes are responsible for stopping certain types of bacteria, fungi and viral cells. The ratio of T - and B-lymphocytes is reflected in the results of the analysis, while the norm of the first should be in the range of 50-70%, and the second: 6-20% of the task of B-lymphocytes is to start the process of synthesizing immunoglobulins that destroy the virus as soon as they encounter him in the human body.

The next task of a laboratory assistant studying the patient's blood serum is to study the activity of each immunoglobulin and establish their norm. There are several types of immunoglobulins and they are responsible for the destruction of a certain type of harmful microorganisms. So, immunoglobulin A (IgA) neutralizes toxic substances and is involved in strengthening the mucous membranes of internal organs. Its norm in a healthy body is 0.5 to 2.0 IU / ml. During pregnancy, the body of the expectant mother produces immunoglobulin M, which is also known as "early antibodies", synthesized by the developing fetus.

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Phagocytic activity is a kind of connecting components between the first two parameters. If the former determined the amount of antibodies, then this functional evaluates how effectively they cope with their task. To do this, in laboratory conditions, viral cells are “planted” into the blood, and then they observe how quickly leukocytes detect “strangers” and how quickly they begin to produce the corresponding immunoglobulins.

As soon as the patient receives the results of the study, he should immediately contact the attending physician who ordered this analysis. The doctor will conduct a correct interpretation of the data, make a diagnosis and, if necessary, prescribe additional examinations and diagnostics.

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As soon as all the procedures are completed and their data is deciphered, the final diagnosis will be made and treatment therapy will be selected. Usually, to strengthen the immune system, immunomodulating drugs, physical procedures, and maintaining a proper lifestyle are prescribed. If weak immunity is the result of any disease, then the final restoration of the body's defenses is possible only after curing the existing ailment.

You can take an immunogram at a local clinic or at any private laboratory. In the second case, the results will be received earlier, but the analysis will be paid.

Immunological studies and their methods are used in a number of cases. Among them may be the detection of pathologies, the determination of the state of the immune system at the moment, and many other cases. It is known that such an analysis is based on the interaction of two substances: an antigen and an antibody.

Antigens are substances that enter the body as foreign macromolecular compounds, and the task of immunology is to determine and analyze the reaction. They have the following properties: immunogenicity, antigenicity, foreignness. Bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms are contained in antibodies. All of them have common features, properties, regardless of the specification. Among them stand out: antigenicity, immunogenicity, specificity. Each property has its own function. Antigenicity, for example, is the ability to provoke an immune response. Specificity is a property that consists in the structural features of microorganisms (antigens), which allows them to differ.

Finally, immunogenicity, which provides immunity to infectious pathologies. In other words, it is the ability to develop immunity. Antibodies that interact with antigens are substances (particularly proteins) that belong to immunoglobulins. The variety of mechanisms of interaction between these two substances makes it possible to study immunological processes and reactions. Depending on the factors of influence, 2 stages are carried out between the antigen and the antibody: specific and nonspecific.

Immunological studies have found their application in various fields of medicine. This method is the diagnosis and prognosis of certain diseases. As a rule, most often this applies to rheumatic pathologies (rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, etc.). Immunological blood tests are necessary to determine the state of the immune system at this stage.

The analysis is aimed at determining the intensity of immunity, that is, how strong the body's defense system is. Immunological assays have also been created and used to analyze the function and number of immune cells in the presence of an antigen. It is this analysis that helps to determine factors such as immunodeficiency (primary or secondary) or the presence of autoimmune, infectious, hematological pathologies. Immunological studies also reveal lymphoproliferative diseases. Therefore, their role in the field of medical diagnostic methods is important today.

However, such a specific analysis is prescribed in specific cases. Immunological analysis is necessary if: infectious pathologies are repeatedly repeated after a certain period of time; an infectious disease is treated for a long time, conventional methods of treatment are useless; Immunodeficiency in humans is hereditary or acquired. If: an allergy occurs that has not previously been observed; before the operation; the period after surgery is long and with complications; special medications are used that require control - then an immunological blood test should be used. The last factor (the use of special drugs, drugs) includes immunomodulators, immunosuppressants and other medicines.

What is an immunological blood test? First of all, this is the same blood test as the others. It is taken from the vein of the elbow. The results are dealt with by an immunologist, who will analyze the state of the immune system at the moment. Depending on what complaints and for what reason they decided to do such an analysis, the doctor checks the blood for pathologies. Particular attention will be paid if there are deviations from the norm of about 20%.

Deviations with the lowest rates are due to physical exertion, emotional stress and other factors. But with an increase in the indicator, the reason is revealed. If necessary, other tests and examinations are prescribed. If a pathology is found, the doctor prescribes appropriate medications, vitamins, or traditional medicines as needed.

Main analysis indicators

Immunology has been successfully used to detect and enumerate indicators such as cells of the immune system. All protective cells of the body are divided into types and immunoglobulins. An immunological blood test allows you to determine the disease or analyze the activity of all cells. Therefore, based on the complexity of the study, the patient receives the results after some time.

To speed up the research process, it is recommended to immediately clarify the purpose for which you are taking the analysis. According to statistics, the study is mainly carried out: subpopulations of lymphocytes, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG). In the first case, we are talking about blood white cells, which perform a number of functions. Among them: the recognition of foreign substances (cells), which include antigens, the production of antibodies that oppose them (they fight foreign cells), the regulation of the protective (immune) processes of the body, the ability to recognize and destroy foreign cells. These include cancer. As for immunoglobulins, their task is to neutralize all the infection and toxins that enter the body. As a rule, immunoglobulins are divided into several classes - A, M, G. Immunoglobulins of the first class (A) are responsible for the protective function of the mucous membranes.

If class A cells are elevated, then there are problems with the skin, digestion or respiratory tract. Remember that such immunoglobulins appear in large quantities in case of intoxication (alcoholic, toxic), kidney and liver diseases. Immunoglobulins of the second class (M) are mainly produced in large quantities at the onset of pathology. This is the body's primary reaction to any disease. If immunoglobulins are elevated, then you may have problems with the liver. Most often, elevated immunoglobulin M occurs with hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver. The last class of protective cells (immunoglobulin G) is the main one. The fact is that it is these cells that protect the body from the re-penetration of viruses, infections, bacteria. There are more of them compared to cells of other classes. It is they who kill all viruses, fungi or bacteria, and also neutralize the action of toxins that have entered the body.

If you want the result to be as accurate as possible, it is advisable to follow a few rules. First, do not drink anything (except water) and do not eat for 12 hours before the test. Secondly, it is recommended to conduct research in the morning. In no case do not drink alcoholic beverages before the delivery for 12 hours. You can not smoke one hour before the immunological analysis. Be sure to sit down and calm down 15 minutes before the test (if you are nervous). you must remain calm so that emotional and physical stresses are excluded as a result of the study.

Immunological research methods

Today there are hundreds of such methods. Based on the fact that the result information is limited, one method is applied.

For example, in order to detect viruses in the human body that lead to immunodeficiency, the following methods are used: enzyme immunoassay method, immunochemiluminescent analysis, passive hemagglutination method and precipitation method. All of them are aimed at detecting viruses. There are other methods, each of which is aimed at identifying a particular disease or analyzing the immune system.

An immunological blood test is often prescribed by specialists for suspected various autoimmune and infectious pathologies. This diagnostic method allows you to determine the level of the body's defenses. includes several indicators that reflect the state of the immune system in cellular and humoral terms.

Appointment for an immunological blood test

Immunological analysis should be done in patients who suffer from infectious diseases in a chronic form. Such pathological conditions include,.

Therefore, to control the immune defense of the body and further prognosis of the disease, these patients need to periodically donate blood for research.

Indications for diagnosis are also the following diseases:

Organ pathologies
Diseases that are sexually transmitted
Malignant neoplasms
Myocarditis
Glomerulonephritis
Osteomyelitis
second and first type
Candidiasis
Thyroiditis
Protracted depressive states
Anorexia
Bronchial asthma
multiple myeloma
pyoderma
postpartum depression
The analysis is done to check the immune system after surgery

In addition, experts prescribe immunological studies under such conditions:

Before an organ transplant.
When used for the treatment of drugs that affect the immune system (immunomodulators, immunosuppressants).
To determine primary and secondary immunodeficiency states.
With allergic phenomena and diseases that are associated with impaired functions of the immune system.

An indicator such as alloimmune antibodies, which can be obtained after an immunological study, must be known under the following conditions:

Frequent miscarriages, fetal fading, ectopic pregnancies.
To prepare for a blood transfusion.
In hemolytic disease in infants.
During pregnancy (as a control over the course of childbearing in women with a negative one).
At .

Thus, the indications for which an immunological analysis is prescribed is a large list. That is why this diagnosis is one of the main ones for confirming or refuting the diagnosis.

How to prepare for the procedure, performing an analysis

For the reliability of the results of the study, patients should know how to properly prepare for the diagnosis.

Preparation includes compliance with the following conditions:

Refusal to eat and drink twelve hours before the delivery of biological material (you can only drink plain water).
Smoking is not allowed thirty minutes before the procedure.
A few days before the analysis, you can not drink alcohol-containing drinks.
Half an hour before the diagnosis, the patient needs to sit in a calm environment in order to exclude the influence of the emotional state and physical stress on the result of the analysis.
It is not advisable to do the procedure after physiotherapy procedures, X-ray diagnostics, rectal examination.
A couple of days before donating blood, you should not eat salty, fried and fatty foods.
It is not recommended for women to donate blood during menstruation.
If the patient is taking medications, it is also important to inform the specialist about this, because some of the medications can affect the results of the analysis.

Venous blood is taken for research. This is done in the morning. After the procedure, the blood is centrifuged, after which the resulting serum is examined.

Deciphering the main indicators

When deciphering the analysis, the indicators of immunoglobulins of various groups are determined. These antibodies are special molecules that are found on mucous surfaces and in the blood, their main function is to neutralize toxic substances and infectious agents.

The following indicators in g / l are considered the norms of these immunoglobulins:

Immunoglobulin E - from 30 to 240
Class A antibodies - from 0.9 to 4.5
Immunoglobulin M - from 0.5 to 3.5
Ig class G - from 7 to 17.
A result is considered normal, in the decoding of which an antinuclear factor and alloimmune antibodies are not detected. Also, the absence of HLA is normal.
The indicator (antibodies to thyroid peroxidase) is normal at a level less than 5.6, and the normal level of AT-TG (antibodies to thyroglobulin) is the result - no more than 1.1.

The following parameters of the immunological analysis and their norms are also taken into account:

ELISA - no more than 60
Antistreptolysin - from 100 to 200 IU / ml
MAR test - up to 50 percent

Pathology is the deviation of these blood characteristics. With an increased level of certain parameters, a specialist may suspect the following diseases:

You can learn more about how to properly prepare for blood tests from the video:

They also allow you to determine the pathology and decrease in the level of indicators:

Immunoglobulins of class A, M, G: radiation sickness, poisoning, poisoning of the body
Class E: vasodilation, dysmotility

A physiological decrease in immunoglobulins is observed in children up to six months of age. In addition, immunoglobulins are reduced as a result of treatment with cytostatics and immunosuppressants.

Sometimes lowered rates can be due to stressful situations and physical overstrain.

In women, the decoding can be influenced by the menstrual cycle.The decoding of the study is carried out by a specialist - an immunologist, who, in the analysis form, makes a conclusion about the state of the body's immune defenses.

Immunological analysis is a method that helps to establish the ability of the human body to resist various. This study determines the indicators of immune forces by establishing the quantity and quality of cells, as well as the presence in the blood.

Experts say that immunological diagnostics has a number of advantages. These advantages include:

High accuracy and reliability of results.
Getting a transcript in a short time.
The ability to diagnose a pathological condition at the initial stages of development.
An important advantage of the immunological blood test is its use as an additional method when it is difficult to determine the diagnosis.

This is considered very important because it allows you to diagnose various pathological processes occurring in the body. This is especially important for diagnosing severe infections, autoimmune diseases, intoxication, the development of tumor processes, various allergic conditions, and problems with reproductive function.

In addition, this study allows you to adjust drug treatment, prevent the development of adverse reactions after their use, as well as monitor the effectiveness of the use of immunomodulators in therapy.

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