Genetic engineering - presentation. Biotechnology

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Slide text: Genetic and cell engineering method Completed by 11th grade student Nelly Deeva Teacher Nadezhda Borisovna Lobova

Slide text: Cellular engineering is a field of biotechnology based on the cultivation of cells and tissues on nutrient media. Cell engineering

Slide text: In the middle of the 19th century, Theodor Schwann formulated the cell theory (1838). He summarized the existing knowledge about the cell and showed that the cell is the basic structural unit of all living organisms, that the cells of animals and plants are similar in structure. T. Schwann introduced into science a correct understanding of the cell as an independent unit of life, the smallest unit of life: there is no life outside the cell.

Slide text: Plant cells and tissues grown on artificial nutrient media form the basis of various technologies in agriculture. Some of them are aimed at obtaining plants identical to the original form. Others - to create plants that are genetically different from the original, either by facilitating and accelerating the traditional breeding process or creating genetic diversity and searching for and selecting genotypes with valuable traits. Improvement of plants and animals based on cellular technologies

Slide text: Genetic improvement of animals is associated with the development of technology for transplantation of embryos and methods of micro-manipulation with them (obtaining identical twins, interspecies transfer of embryos and obtaining chimeric animals, cloning animals when transplanting nuclei of embryonic cells into enucleated, i.e. with a removed nucleus, eggs). In 1996, Scottish scientists from Edinburgh for the first time succeeded in obtaining a sheep from an enucleated egg, into which the nucleus of a somatic cell (udder) of an adult animal was transplanted.

Slide text: Genetic engineering is based on the production of hybrid DNA molecules and the introduction of these molecules into the cells of other organisms, as well as on molecular biological, immunochemical and biochemical methods. Genetic Engineering

Slide text: Genetic engineering has been developing since 1973, when American researchers Stanley Cohen and Enley Chang inserted a bacterial plasmid into frog DNA. Then this transformed plasmid was returned to the bacterial cell, which began to synthesize frog proteins, and also to transfer frog DNA to their descendants. Thus, a method was found that allows foreign genes to be inserted into the genome of a certain organism.

Slide text: Genetic engineering finds wide practical application in the sectors of the national economy, such as the microbiological industry, the pharmacological industry, the food industry and agriculture.

Slide text: Improvement of plants and animals based on cellular technologies Unprecedented varieties of potatoes, corn, soybeans, rice, rapeseed, cucumbers have been bred. The number of plant species to which genetic engineering methods have been successfully applied exceeds 50. Transgenic fruits have a longer ripening period than conventional crops. This factor has a great effect during transportation, when there is no need to be afraid that the product will overripe. Genetic engineering can cross tomatoes with potatoes, cucumbers with onions, grapes with watermelons - the possibilities here are simply amazing. The size and appetizing fresh appearance of the resulting product can pleasantly surprise anyone.

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Slide text: Animal husbandry is also in the area of ​​interest of genetic engineering. Research on the creation of transgenic sheep, pigs, cows, rabbits, ducks, geese, chickens are considered a priority these days. Here, much attention is paid to animals that could synthesize drugs: insulin, hormones, interferon, amino acids. So genetically modified cows and goats could give milk, which would contain the necessary components for the treatment of such a terrible disease as hemophilia. Do not discount the fight against dangerous viruses. Animals that are genetically resistant to various infectious diseases already exist and feel very comfortable in the environment. But perhaps the most promising in genetic engineering is animal cloning. This term refers (in the narrow sense of the word) to the copying of cells, genes, antibodies and multicellular organisms in the laboratory. Such specimens are genetically identical. Hereditary variability is possible only in the case of random mutations or if created artificially.

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Slide text: Examples of genetic engineering

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Slide text: For example, Lifestyle Pets genetically engineered a hypoallergenic cat named Ashera GD. A certain gene was introduced into the body of the animal, which made it possible to “bypass diseases”. Ashera

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Slide text: Hybrid cat breed. It was bred in the USA in 2006, based on the genes of the African serval, the Asian leopard cat and the common domestic cat. The largest of the domestic cats, it can reach a weight of 14 kg and a length of 1 meter. One of the most expensive breeds of cats (the price of a kitten is $22,000 - 28,000). Compliant character and dog devotion

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Slide text: In 2007, a South Korean scientist altered a cat's DNA to make it glow in the dark, then took that DNA and cloned other cats from it, creating a whole group of fluffy, fluorescent felines. And here's how he did it: The researcher took the skin cells of male Turkish Angoras and, using a virus, introduced the genetic instructions for producing a red fluorescent protein. He then placed the genetically modified nuclei in eggs for cloning, and the embryos were implanted back into the donor cats, making them surrogate mothers for their own clones. Glow in the dark cats

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Slide text: AquaBounty's genetically modified salmon grows twice as fast as regular fish of this species. The photo shows two salmon of the same age. The company says that the fish has the same taste, tissue structure, color and smell as regular salmon; however, there is still debate about its edibility. Genetically engineered Atlantic salmon have additional growth hormone from chinook salmon, which allows the fish to produce growth hormone all year round. Scientists have managed to keep the hormone active by using a gene taken from an eel-like fish called the eelpout, which acts as a "switch" for the hormone. fast growing salmon

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Slide text: Scientists at the University of Washington are working to create poplars that can clean up polluted areas by absorbing groundwater pollutants through their roots. The plants then break down the pollutants into harmless by-products that are absorbed by the roots, trunk and leaves or released into the air. Pollution-fighting plants

Genetic engineering finds wide practical application in the sectors of the national economy, such as the microbiological industry, the pharmacological industry, the food industry and agriculture. Genetic engineering finds wide practical application in the sectors of the national economy, such as the microbiological industry, the pharmacological industry, the food industry and agriculture.

One of the most significant industries in genetic engineering is the production of drugs. Modern technologies for the production of various drugs make it possible to cure the most serious diseases, or at least slow down their development. One of the most significant industries in genetic engineering is the production of drugs. Modern technologies for the production of various drugs make it possible to cure the most serious diseases, or at least slow down their development.

With the development of genetic engineering, they increasingly began to conduct various experiments on animals, as a result of which scientists achieved a kind of mutation of organisms. With the development of genetic engineering, they increasingly began to conduct various experiments on animals, as a result of which scientists achieved a kind of mutation of organisms. For example, Lifestyle Pets has genetically engineered a hypoallergenic cat named Ashera GD. A certain gene was introduced into the body of the animal, which made it possible to “bypass diseases”. For example, Lifestyle Pets has genetically engineered a hypoallergenic cat named Ashera GD. A certain gene was introduced into the body of the animal, which made it possible to “bypass diseases”.

Using genetic engineering, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have introduced a new method for producing vaccines: using genetically engineered fungi. As a result, the production of vaccines has been accelerated, which, according to Pennsylvanians, could come in handy in the event of a bioterrorist attack or an outbreak of bird flu. Using genetic engineering, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have introduced a new method for producing vaccines: using genetically engineered fungi. As a result, the production of vaccines has been accelerated, which, according to Pennsylvanians, could come in handy in the event of a bioterrorist attack or an outbreak of bird flu.

As mentioned above, the development of genetic engineering could not but affect the production of drugs that contribute to the speedy recovery of the patient. So, obtained by the same genetic engineering, bacteria of the Clostridium family, introduced into the body, grow and multiply only in the oxygen-poor parts of tumors, which are the most difficult to treat to this day. As mentioned above, the development of genetic engineering could not but affect the production of drugs that contribute to the speedy recovery of the patient. So, obtained by the same genetic engineering, bacteria of the Clostridium family, introduced into the body, grow and multiply only in the oxygen-poor parts of tumors, which are the most difficult to treat to this day.

Now they already know how to synthesize genes, and with the help of such synthesized genes introduced into bacteria, a number of substances are obtained, in particular hormones and interferon. Their production constituted an important branch of biotechnology. Now they already know how to synthesize genes, and with the help of such synthesized genes introduced into bacteria, a number of substances are obtained, in particular hormones and interferon. Their production constituted an important branch of biotechnology. Interferon, a protein synthesized by the body in response to a viral infection, is now being studied as a possible treatment for cancer and AIDS. It would take thousands of liters of human blood to produce the amount of interferon that only one liter of bacterial culture produces. It is clear that the gain from the mass production of this substance is very large. Insulin, obtained from microbiological synthesis, which is necessary for the treatment of diabetes, also plays a very important role. A number of vaccines have also been genetically engineered and are being tested to test their effectiveness against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS. With the help of recombinant DNA, human growth hormone is also obtained in sufficient quantities, the only treatment for a rare childhood disease - pituitary dwarfism. Interferon, a protein synthesized by the body in response to a viral infection, is now being studied as a possible treatment for cancer and AIDS. It would take thousands of liters of human blood to produce the amount of interferon that only one liter of bacterial culture produces. It is clear that the gain from the mass production of this substance is very large. Insulin, obtained from microbiological synthesis, which is necessary for the treatment of diabetes, also plays a very important role. A number of vaccines have also been genetically engineered and are being tested to test their effectiveness against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS. With the help of recombinant DNA, human growth hormone is also obtained in sufficient quantities, the only treatment for a rare childhood disease - pituitary dwarfism.

Another promising area in medicine associated with recombinant DNA is the so-called. gene therapy. In these works, which have not yet left the experimental stage, a genetically engineered copy of a gene encoding a powerful antitumor enzyme is introduced into the body to fight a tumor. Gene therapy has also begun to be used to combat hereditary disorders in the immune system. Another promising area in medicine associated with recombinant DNA is the so-called. gene therapy. In these works, which have not yet left the experimental stage, a genetically engineered copy of a gene encoding a powerful antitumor enzyme is introduced into the body to fight a tumor. Gene therapy has also begun to be used to combat hereditary disorders in the immune system. Agriculture has succeeded in genetically modifying dozens of food and fodder crops. In animal husbandry, the use of biotechnologically produced growth hormone has increased milk yields; using a genetically modified virus created a vaccine against herpes in pigs. Agriculture has succeeded in genetically modifying dozens of food and fodder crops. In animal husbandry, the use of biotechnologically produced growth hormone has increased milk yields; using a genetically modified virus created a vaccine against herpes in pigs.

Human Genetic Engineering As applied to humans, genetic engineering could be used to treat hereditary diseases. However, technically, there is a significant difference between treating the patient himself and changing the genome of his descendants. When applied to humans, genetic engineering could be used to treat hereditary diseases. However, technically, there is a significant difference between treating the patient himself and changing the genome of his descendants. Genome Currently, effective methods for changing the human genome are under development. For a long time, the genetic engineering of monkeys faced serious difficulties, but in 2009 the experiments were crowned with success: the first genetically modified primate, the common marmoset, gave offspring. In the same year, Nature published a publication on the successful treatment of an adult male monkey from color blindness. Currently, effective methods for modifying the human genome are under development. For a long time, the genetic engineering of monkeys faced serious difficulties, but in 2009 the experiments were crowned with success: the first genetically modified primate, the common marmoset, gave offspring. In the same year, Nature published a publication on the successful treatment of an adult male monkey from color blindness.

Human Genetic Engineering Although on a small scale, genetic engineering is already being used to give women with some types of infertility a chance to get pregnant. To do this, use the eggs of a healthy woman. The child as a result inherits the genotype from one father and two mothers. Albeit on a small scale, genetic engineering is already being used to give women with some types of infertility a chance to get pregnant. To do this, use the eggs of a healthy woman. As a result, the child inherits the genotype from one father and two mothers. Genotype With the help of genetic engineering, it is possible to obtain offspring with improved appearance, mental and physical abilities, character and behavior. With the help of gene therapy in the future, it is possible to improve the genome and current people. In principle, more serious changes can be created, but on the way to such transformations, humanity needs to solve many ethical problems. With the help of genetic engineering, it is possible to obtain descendants with improved appearance, mental and physical abilities, character and behavior. With the help of gene therapy in the future, it is possible to improve the genome and current people. In principle, more serious changes can be created, but on the way to such transformations, humanity needs to solve many ethical problems. gene therapy

Scientific hazards of genetic engineering 1. Genetic engineering is fundamentally different from breeding new varieties and breeds. The artificial addition of foreign genes greatly disrupts the finely tuned genetic control of a normal cell. Gene manipulation is fundamentally different from the combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes that occurs in natural crossing. 2. Currently, genetic engineering is technically imperfect, since it is not able to control the process of inserting a new gene. Therefore, it is not possible to predict the insertion site and the effects of the added gene. Even if the location of the gene can be determined after its insertion into the genome, the available DNA knowledge is very incomplete in order to predict the results.

3. As a result of the artificial addition of a foreign gene, hazardous substances may unexpectedly be formed. In the worst case, these can be toxic substances, allergens, or other unhealthy substances. Information about this kind of possibilities is still very incomplete. 4. There are no absolutely reliable methods of testing for harmlessness. More than 10% of serious side effects of new drugs cannot be detected despite carefully conducted safety studies. The risk that the dangerous properties of new, genetically engineered foods will go unnoticed is probably much greater than in the case of drugs. 5. The current requirements for testing for harmlessness are extremely insufficient. They are clearly drafted in such a way as to simplify the approval process. They allow the use of extremely insensitive methods of testing for harmlessness. Therefore, there is a significant risk that unhealthy foodstuffs can pass inspection undetected.

6. Genetically engineered food so far has no significant value to mankind. These products serve mainly commercial interests only. 7. Knowledge about the effect on the environment of organisms modified by genetic engineering and brought there is completely insufficient. It has not yet been proven that organisms modified by genetic engineering will not have a harmful effect on the environment. Ecologists have speculated about various potential environmental complications. For example, there are many opportunities for the uncontrolled spread of potentially harmful genes used by genetic engineering, including gene transfer by bacteria and viruses. Complications caused in the environment are likely to be unrepairable, since released genes cannot be taken back.

8. New and dangerous viruses may emerge. It has been experimentally shown that the genes of viruses built into the genome can combine with the genes of infectious viruses (the so-called recombination). These new viruses may be more aggressive than the original ones. Viruses may also become less species-specific. For example, plant viruses can become harmful to beneficial insects, animals as well as humans. 9. Knowledge of the hereditary substance, DNA, is very incomplete. Only 3% of DNA is known to function. it is risky to manipulate complex systems about which knowledge is incomplete. Extensive experience in the field of biology, ecology and medicine shows that this can cause serious unpredictable problems and disorders. 10. Genetic engineering will not solve the problem of world hunger. The claim that genetic engineering can make a significant contribution to solving the problem of world hunger is a scientifically unfounded myth.

Foods that have been genetically engineered or may contain genetically engineered ingredients Amylase - used in the preparation of bread flour, starch Amylase - used in the preparation of bread flour, starch Cider, wine, beer, etc. Cider, wine, beer, etc. powder) - additives Baking powder (baking powder) - additives Bread - contains soy Bread - contains soy Canola oil Canola oil Catalase - used in beverages, egg powder, whey Catalase - used in beverages, egg powder, whey Cereals (cereals) - contain soy Cereals (cereals) - contain soy Chymosin Chymosin Cereal products (cereals) Cereal products (cereals) Cereal starch Cereal starch Cereal syrup Cereal syrup

Dietary Supplements - Contains Yeast Food Supplements - Contains Yeast Fruit Juices - May Be Made From Genetically Modified Fruit Fruit Juices - May Be Made From Genetically Modified Fruit Glucose Syrup Glucose Syrup Ice Cream - May Contain Soy, Glucose Syrup Ice Cream - May Contain Soy, Glucose Syrup Corn ( maize) Corn (maize) Pasta (spaghetti, vermicelli) - may contain soy Pasta (spaghetti, vermicelli) - may contain soy Potato Potato Light drinks - may contain glucose syrup Light drinks - may contain glucose syrup Soybeans, foods, meat Soybeans , food, meat Carbonated fruit drinks Carbonated fruit drinks Tofu Tofu Tomato Tomato Yeast (sourdough) Yeast (sourdough) Sugar Sugar

What are the prospects for genetic engineering? With the development of genetic technologies, humanity, for the first time in history, has the opportunity, with the help of medical genetics, to reduce the burden of pathological heredity accumulated in the process of evolution, to get rid of many hereditary diseases, in particular, by replacing a pathological gene with a normal one.

Text for presentation "Gene engineering".

Our knowledge of genetics and molecular biology is growing every day. This is primarily due to work on microorganisms. The term "genetic engineering" can be fully attributed to selection, but this term arose only in connection with the advent of the possibility of direct manipulations with individual genes.

Thus, genetic engineering is a set of methods that allow transferring a gene through operations outside the body. information from one organism to another.

In the cells of some bacteria, in addition to the main large DNA molecule, there is also a small circular DNA molecule, the plasmid. In genetic engineering, prasmids used to introduce the necessary information into the host cell are called vectors - carriers of new genes. In addition to plasmids, viruses and bacteriophages can also play the role of vectors.

The standard procedure is shown schematically in fig.

It is possible to single out the main stages in the creation of genetically modified organisms:

1. Obtaining a gene encoding a trait of interest.

2. Isolation of a plasmid from a bacterial cell. The plasmid is opened (cut) by the enzyme, leaving "short ends" - these are complementary base sequences.

3. Both genes with vector plasmid.

4. Introduction of the recombinant plasmid into the host cell.

5. Selection of cells that received an additional gene. sign and its practical use. Such a new bacterium will already synthesize a new protein, it can be grown on enzymes and biomass can be obtained in industrial scales.

One of the achievements of genetic engineering is the transfer of genes encoding the synthesis of insulin in humans into a bacterial cell. Ever since it turned out that the cause of diabetes is a lack of the hormone insulin, diabetic patients have become and insulin, which was obtained from the pancreas after slaughtering animals. Insulin is a protein, and so there has been much debate about whether the genes for this protein could be inserted into a bacterial cell and then grown in industrial scales to be used as a cheaper and more convenient source of the hormone. At present, it has been possible to transfer the genes of human insulin, and the industrial production of this hormone has already begun.

Another important human protein is interferon, which is usually formed in response to a viral infection. the interferon gene was also able to be transferred into a bacterial cell.

Looking to the future, bacteria will be widely used as factories for the production of a range of eukaryotic cell products such as hormones, antibiotics, enzymes, and agricultural substances.

It is possible that useful prokaryotic genes can be incorporated into eukaryotic cells. For example, to introduce the gene of nitrogen-fixing bacteria into the cells of useful agricultural plants. This would be of extremely great importance for the production of food and would make it possible to drastically reduce or even completely dispense with the application of nitrate fertilizers to the soil, for which huge sums of money are spent and with which the nearby rivers and lakes are polluted.

in the modern world, genetic engineering is also used to create modified organisms for aesthetic purposes.

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Biotechnology is the integration of natural and engineering sciences, which allows to fully realize the capabilities of living organisms for the production of food, medicines, to solve problems in the field of energy and environmental protection.

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One type of biotechnology is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is based on obtaining hybrid DNA molecules and introducing these molecules into the cells of other organisms, as well as on molecular biological, immunochemical and bmochemical methods.

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Genetic engineering began to develop in 1973, when American researchers Stanley Cohen and Enley Chang inserted the barterial plasmid into frog DNA. Then this transformed plasmid was returned to the bacterial cell, which began to synthesize frog proteins, and also to transfer frog DNA to their descendants. Thus, a method was found that allows foreign genes to be inserted into the genome of a certain organism.

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Genetic engineering finds wide practical application in the sectors of the national economy, such as the microbiological industry, the pharmacological industry, the food industry and agriculture.

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One of the most significant industries in genetic engineering is the production of drugs. Modern technologies for the production of various drugs make it possible to cure the most serious diseases, or at least slow down their development.

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Genetic engineering is based on the technology of obtaining a recombinant DNA molecule.

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The basic unit of sequence in any organism is the gene. The information in the genes encoding proteins is deciphered in the course of two successive processes: transcription (RNA synthesis) and translation (protein synthesis), which in turn ensure the correct translation of the genetic information encrypted in DNA from the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids.

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With the development of genetic engineering, they increasingly began to conduct various experiments on animals, as a result of which scientists achieved a kind of mutation of organisms. For example, Lifestyle Pets has genetically engineered a hypoallergenic cat named Ashera GD. A certain gene was introduced into the body of the animal, which made it possible to “bypass diseases”.

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Using genetic engineering, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have introduced a new method for producing vaccines: using genetically engineered fungi. As a result, the production of vaccines has been accelerated, which, according to Pennsylvanians, could come in handy in the event of a bioterrorist attack or an outbreak of bird flu.