What does the leukocyte blood formula mean. Leukocyte blood formula (manual count)

It is one of the most important diagnostic methods that allows you to determine the condition of the body at the moment. In most cases, patients give a direction for a common blood test, but sometimes the doctors are asked to hand over the analysis with the leukocyte formula.

For a person who does not have medical education, there is no particular difference in which his doctor directs. That is why it is important to understand what the blood test differs with the leukocyte formula from the usual analysis of blood.

First of all, it must be said that the same analysis can be done in the clinic, but some still prefer to contact paid laboratories, thinking that the result will be more accurate.

Each of these species performs certain functions, which is why it is very important to know how much decreased or their blood content has increased to determine the exact focus of inflammation and the infection itself. Often, an experienced specialist is enough to get blood test with leukocytarial formula in order to almost accurately diagnose and prescribe treatment.

Appointment and preparation for analysis

Just so no doctor will send a person for blood test with leukocyte formula, as it is considered a more complex study. It can do it in several cases:

1. With certain infectious diseases that proceed in acute form.
2. With physical overvoltage, when the body inexpensively reacts to the load.
3. In the development of acidosis.
4. With a comatose state of the patient, during which the risk of sepsis is rising.
5. When metastasising tumors.
6. With the initial stages of myelolecosis.
7. With suspected blood disease.

In some dispensary, the blood test with the leukocyte formula is mandatory for all patients, as it makes it possible to recognize one or another disease at an early stage.

Special attention should be paid to the preparation before analysis, since this may depend on the accuracy of the result obtained.

Blood can only hand over on an empty stomach. In no case can not eat, you can only drink simple water.The last meal must be at least eight hours before the scheduled analysis time.

Deliver blood is best before taking drugs. In the event that it is impossible, it is necessary to wait about a week or two after the start of reception, and only then pass. Or inform the doctor to receive drugs so that it adjusts the results in accordance with the information received.The day before the delivery it is necessary to abandon alcoholic beverages, smoking, and also stop using fatty and acute food, which can negatively affect the composition of the blood.

More information about blood analysis can be found from the video.

Among the factors that may affect the results themselves, allocate:

• Failure to comply with the above rules.
• Holding on this day or per day, X-ray, etc.
• Increased exercise

Deciphering Analysis

Correctly decipher the result of the tests can only be a doctor who knows at what age and what indicators is considered the norm, and which can be taken for deviations.

Therefore, even having a nearby, the process is better to trust a specialist who will make the right conclusions:

• Hemoglobin. This is a very important indicator that shows how well oxygen is transported to cells. In the norm in adults, it should be from 120 to 160, in children 100 to 150. Among the main reasons for the rejection of the level of hemoglobin in the blood, dehydration, diabetes and heart failure (at elevated), anemia and leukemia can be separated (at a reduced level). .
• Erythrocytes. These are red tanks that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide to cells. Normally, in an adult, they will be from 3, 6-5.0 × 10 in 12 / l, in children from 5 to 15. As a rule, the number of erythrocytes in the blood increases in case of diseases such as sinusitis, and decreases from - For infections, viruses and excess of certain vitamins.
• Hematokritis. This is the ratio of the level of erythrocytes in the total volume of blood plasma. If we talk about the norms, then adult people are from 34 to 50 percent (depending on the floor), and in children from 31 to 43 percent. If this indicator is increased, it can talk about dehydration, breathing problems, heart. If the level on the contrary is raised, then it says about.
• Leukocytes, which, normal in adults, should be from 4 to 9, and in children from 5 to 15. If the level of leukocytes in the blood is increased, then this indicates the inflammatory process in the body, if it is reduced, this indicates rheumatism, leukose and etc.
• Neutrophils. In an adult, the norm will have 50-70 percent, children from 28 to 60 percent. In the event that the level has increased significantly, this indicates pneumonia, an angina, an inflammatory process, if the level has decreased, then this may be infectious diseases, problems with blood itself.
• Eosinophils. If everything is in order in the body, then their percentage in the blood will be from one to five percent. Increased values \u200b\u200bare observed in infectious diseases, allergies, etc. But the reduced level will be at intoxication and purulent process.
• Monocytes that normally in children after two years and adults will be from 3 to 9 percent, in children under two years old - from 4 to 10 percent.
• Basophiles, which should be at the level of 0 - 0, 5 percent.
• Lymphocytes that adults should hold at 20-40 percent, and children from 33 to 60 percent.

Analysis of the shelter with leukocyte formula makes it possible to learn about the body much more necessary information than a simple blood test.

That is why only a doctor should decipher it, which will definitely explain deviations in a particular indicator, and will choose preventive measures or treatment.

One of the blood test components is the leukocyte formula. Doctors recommend her definition for any pathology, as it is sensitive to many pathologies. In the article we will analyze all possible changes in the number of leukocytes and what they mean.

Veryukocyte varieties

Common blood test consists of several indicators. All of them are reflected in their own units of measurement, with the designations of Latin letters.

Therefore, when it receives blood tests (leukelograms), decryption of values \u200b\u200bis useful to any person:

The leukocyte formula is recorded separately. It reflects the ratio of the amounts of white blood cells to each other. This is important for clinical diagnosis, since all leukocytes are not the same.

There are several of their varieties that differ in their functions in the human body:

• Neutrophils;
• Lymphocytes;
• Monocytes;
• Eosinophils;
• Basophiles.

Neutrophila

Some of the most versatile cells. Activated for any inflammation, it does not matter, bacterial or viral. Neutrophilas destroy any alien organism of a substance, highlighting chemical components that attract other inflammation cells. Therefore, any inflammatory response is essentially launched by neutrophils.

Neutrophilic cells are also divided into degrees of their maturity:

• Moelocytes and Metamielocytes - Very young, young cells that do not perform any functions. A healthy person in the blood does not happen.
• Caidiary - Ripening cells that are always detected in the blood. Their number increases dramatically during the start of infection.
• Segmentores - The most adults, ripened cells. They perform all the functions for the protection of the body inherent in neutrophilas. Segmented neutrophils are the most recent stage of the development of myelocytes.

Lymphocytes

These are the cells that perform the second stage of the immune response. They come to the place of inflammation, reacting to chemicals allocated by neutrophils.

Lymphocytes allocate several types:

• In lymphocytes - Create antibodies to viral and bacterial infections.
• T-lymphocytes helpers and killers - launch the operation of in-lymphocytes and independently destroy viral cells.
• Natural killers - Can destroy cells that struck the virus or who have undergone tumor change.

Monocytes.

Similar in their functions with neutrophils. Main work monocyte - destroy alien material. They are performed using phagocytosis.

This is a process of absorption by monocyt bacteria, a virus or any other pathogen. Inside the cell, this element dies, giving monocytes information about its structure. In the future, it will help in lymphocytes to develop antibodies to this pathogen.

Eosinophils and basophiles

These are cells involved in allergic reactions. Their number increases sharply if an allergy to any substance is developing in the human body.

It is due to the chemical elements that allocate eosinophils, a person develops symptoms of an acute allergic reaction:

• Swells face;
• Appear cough or runny nose;
• Blush leather;
• Rash arises.

Leukocyte functions

Leukophormula does not consist of several components. Each of these cells is important in providing the body with a healthy immunity. It all begins with bacteria or virus to the human body. The pathogenic microbe is absorbed by neutrophil, which exercises its digestion - phagocytosis.

After phagocytosis, neutrophil retains a microbe particle, showing it lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes and in-lymphocytes together organize an attack on the pathogen. B cells create a mass of antibodies that are ideally suited to this bacterium. Only such joint actions and provide an immune response with any infection. Therefore, the ratio of the leukogram cells is so much.

Normal values \u200b\u200bof the leukogram

In each laboratory, different values \u200b\u200bcan be taken, depending on the technology and reagent, which is used by laboratory technicians. Therefore, the analysis in dynamic observation must be performed in the same laboratory. This will save the correctness of the values \u200b\u200band clearly trace the dynamics.

But there are averaged criteria that can be used if the laboratory has not provided its data.

The rate of the number of cells strongly depends on the floor and age of a person.

Age	Neutrophils,%	Lymphocytes,%	Monocytes,%	Eosinophils,%	Basophiles,%
Newborn up to 28 days	50-82	15-35	43071	42887	0-1
Up to 1 year	17-50	45-71	43012	42887	0-1
From year to two years	30-52	37-61	42981	42887	0-1
Up to 5 years	35-62	33-56	42981	42856	0-1
Up to 10 years old	45-67	30-46	42981	42856	0-1
Up to 15 years	45-67	25-41	43011	42856	0-0,5
Older than 16 years and adults	45-75	25-40	43011	42795	0-0,5

How is the analysis

Blood to determine the number of leukocytes can be closed in two ways:

• Capillary - From the finger.
• Venous - from peripheral veins.

Analysis indicators taken in various ways may differ even in one person. But usually these changes do not exceed normal values. As a calculation methodology, it was always used to view blood under the microscope. It takes a laboratory assistant, counting the number of cells in the fields of vision under the microscope.

The calculation is carried out per 100 cells, so the final result is convenient to set as a percentage. Before calculating neutrophis or other cells, the field of view is mentally divided into 3 parts from one edge to another.

Today, many laboratories use an automatic analyzer. This is an apparatus that counts all the possible cells that he met.

When using a hematological analyzer, you can view more cells in a short time. But in controversial cases, preference is given to viewing under the microscope with a laboratory manner. A person can identify minor differences in the appearance of cells that can talk about pathology.

Why determine leukoformula

A large number of leukoformula indicators allows it to react with many diseases. Competently calculated analysis normally and with pathology will be a great help for the doctor.

When the doctor sends to the definition of the number of leukocytes, he pursues several purposes:

• Assistance in diagnosis;
• Determining the severity or activity of the process;
• Dynamics of recovery;
• Reaction or its absence on drugs;
• Early detection of complications.

Changing the quantity and ratio in the leukelogram

When calculating the percentage of neutrophil cells, the ratio of mature and young forms of leukocytes is necessarily displayed. This makes it possible to understand the degree of acute process and its severity.

With an increase in the number of pulp and young cells in the analysis, they say about the shift of the leukocyte formula to the left, since these cells are located on the left in the form. This speaks for an active immune response. In some cases, the appearance of the most immature cells in peripheral blood can speak for an oncological disease.

Table ratio of neutrophil forms as a percentage of the total number of white blood cells.

In controversial cases or during clinical studies, the determination of the leukocyte intoxication index (LII) can be determined. This is the ratio of immature forms of neutrophils that appear in acute inflammation to other cells - lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils.

The values \u200b\u200bof the index are calculated depending on age and gender. An approximate number of index is 0.6.

Causes of increasing or lowering leukocytes

An increase in the number of neutrophils occurs at:

• Bacterial infections - angina, pyelonephritis, pneumonia;
• Intoxications of any nature;
• Taking glucocorticosteroids - prednisone;
• Burn disease;
• Gangrene, infarction.

Reducing the number of neutrophils accompanies:

• Heavy bacterial infections - brucellosis, tuberculosis;
• Viral infections - Cort, rubella;
• The effects of toxins on the bone marrow;
• Radiation sickness;
• Autoimmune diseases.

The main reason for the change in the number of lymphocytic cells - various kinds of infection. B-lymphocytes ripen in the bone marrow, and T-lymphocytes in Timus. Such a difference emphasizes that their functions are different. But in the analyzes it does not matter which fractions are raised. The laboratory explores the total number of lymphocytes.

Lymphocytosis or an increased amount of lymphocytes occurs at:

• Chronic bacterial infections - tuberculosis, syphilis, brucellosis;
• Acute viral diseases - influenza, windmill, cortex;
• Tumors of blood system - lymphoma;
• Hormonal dysfunctions - hypothyroidism;
• Macrocytic anemia - folide-defective;
• Autoimmune pathology - Systemic red lupus.

Reduced amount of lymphocytes or lymphocyses accompanies:

• Primary immunodeficiency - Di Georgi syndrome;
• Immunodeficiency secondary - HIV infection;
• Receiving glucocorticosteroids - prednisone;
• Acute bacterial infections - streptococcal pneumonia;
• Toxic influences on bone marrow - irradiation, heavy metals.

Monocytes practically do not have clinical significance if they are considered individually. Therefore, their changes are usually assessed in a complex with other leukocyte.

Monocytes usually increase with:

Reducing the number of monocytes is practically not found without general leukocytopenia. Therefore, it does not have a diagnostic value. It is worth mentioning infectious mononucleosis. This is a viral infection, the main criterion of which is the detection of mononuclear blood.

These are cells similar to monocytes, but being pathological. In a healthy person, mononuclear detection in the blood is unacceptable.

Eosinophils and basophiles are the criterion of allergic reactions and some infectious diseases. The assessment of their number also depends on the total number of leukocytes in the blood test.

Low eosinophils accompany:

• Receiving corticosteroid drugs;
• Some severe infections such as typhoid typhoids.

Video: Deciphering blood test

Leukocyte level is one of the main indicators of the overall analysis of blood. However, leukocytes are several species. Their differentiated counting allows you to get more complete information about the patient's state. This type of study is called the calculation of the leukocyte formula, or a lekogram, and is part of a number of integrated programs of laboratory surveys.

Analysis on the leukocyte formula is prescribed with planned prophylactic surveys, before hospitalization, for the diagnosis of infectious, inflammatory and hematological diseases, as well as to monitor the course of the disease or the effectiveness of designated therapy.

Leukocyte formula and its role in diagnostics

So, the leukocyte formula includes indicators of the overall concentration of leukocytes and the percentage of their main species. For research, automatic hematological analyzers are used. They are able to distinguish 5 types of leukocytes - these are neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophylates and basophiles. If abnormal cells (atypical structure) were found among leukocytes, the analyzer issues a warning about the need to view the painted blood sample under the microscope. In the case when microscopy revealed abnormal cells, they are additionally reflected in the analysis form on the leukocyte formula.

Below are the reference values \u200b\u200bof the concentration of all types of leukocytes:

If the number of leukocytes in the analysis of blood deviates from the norm in one direction or another, it is important to know which subpopulation of their subpopulations went beyond the limits of reference values. This will greatly facilitate the diagnosis. However, it is worth it to bear in mind that the shifts of the leukocyte formula are not specific and serve as an unambiguous sign of one or another disease.

Neutrophila The most numerous category of leukocytes. They come into the fight against infection first. Ripen forms of neutrophils are called segmented by separating the kernel into segments, immature shapes - rods. These two subtypes are indicated in the leukocyte formula separately. Enrolling in the focus of infection, neutrophils surround bacteria and destroy them by phagocytosis. Reference values \u200b\u200bof neutrophils in the leukocyte formula are as follows:

Lymphocytes There are two species (in the leukocyte formula, these two species are not differentiated). B-lymphocytes produce antibodies that "mark" the surface of alien cells: viruses, bacteria, mushrooms, simplest. After that, the body knows his enemy "in the face". Neutrophils and monocytes read this information and kill strangers. T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells, thereby preventing the spread of infection. They are capable of recognizing and destruction of cancer cells. If we talk about reference values, they are as follows:

Monocytes. The presented is not particularly massively, but performed an important function. After spending 20-40 hours in the bloodstream, they go into fabrics where they become a building material for macrophages. Macrofagi can destroy hostile cells and "hold" on their surface alien proteins that the lymphocytes react. Reference values \u200b\u200bof monocytes:

Basophiles For a short time circulated in the blood, trying to move into fabric, where they are converted into so-called fat cells. Basophiles are activated with allergies: the histamine is produced from them, and it feels itching and burning. In the blood of a healthy person of any age, they are contained less than 1%.

It is interesting!
The leukocyte formula strongly depends on the age, in childhood it "experiences" two periods of the so-called crossroads - aged 4-5 days of life and in 4-5 years. This is due to the formation of immunity in children, when the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes becomes the same - approximately 40-45%.

In addition, leukocyte indices can be calculated in addition to the leukocyte formula - the ratio of the concentrations of certain types of leukocytes or leukocytes with other cells. For example, the Garkavi index is calculated as the ratio of the concentration of lymphocytes to segmented neutrophilas, and the hematological indicator of intoxication (GPI) is determined by the number of leukocytes, ESO, erythrocytes and platelets.

The procedure for putting blood for the analysis of the leukocyte formula

To donate blood on the leukocyte formula.

For research can be taken both venous and capillary blood. During the day before donating blood, it is necessary to stop taking alcohol, reduce physical and emotional loads, stop smoking in half an hour. Immediately before entering the procedural office, it is recommended to sit quietly at 10-15 minutes.

Leukocyte blood formula: decoding results

Before constructing a leukelogram, the overall concentration of leukocytes in the blood is determined and conclusion is made on the compliance of the result obtained norm. Then there is counting according to individual subpopulations and their percentage of the total number of leukocytes is calculated.

Keep in mind!
Increased leukocyte levels can be provoked by overheating of the body, intensive sports or severe physical work, high emotional loads, smoking, abundant food - conditionally it is considered the norm. Passing blood, follow the rules for preparing for analysis so that the results are correct.

Leukocytic formula shift left and right

The shear of the leukocyte formula is called an increase in the number of pulp neutrophils and their predecessors - myelocytes. It is usually a bone marrow reaction to a serious infection. The shift of the leukocyte formula is to the right - an insufficient amount of laid neutrophils and an increase in the number of segmented neutrophils with hypersegmented nuclei. It may be one of the signs of megaloblastic anemia, diseases of the liver and kidneys.

Indicators are increased

Indicators lowered

Leukocytes In general, it can be "reduced" due to infectious, oncological, autoimmune, endocrinological diseases. Low indicator of PO Neutrophilas He indicates either a massive attack on the body from bacteria or viruses, when the bone marrow does not have time to produce a sufficient number of neutrophils to combat foreign cells or on bone marrow hypofunction for anemia or oncological diseases. Concentration lymphocyte It may decrease with acute bacterial infections, flu, aplastic anemia, prednisone, AIDS, a systemic red lcanque. Monocytes. "Reduced" in the treatment of prednisone, as well as in aplastic anemia. Reduced level Eosinophils In the blood, it may indicate an acute bacterial infection, Cushing syndrome, a hastpasher syndrome, can also be observed against the background of the prednisolone. Basophiles It can be "reduced" in the acute phase of infection, with hyperthyroidism, long-term intake of corticosteroids.

Wednesday, 03/28/2018

Opinion edition

The leukocyte formula makes more clarity into the clinical picture, so it is not worth it to neglect when ordering a general blood test. Especially if there is a suspicion of serious infections, autoimmune or oncological diseases. Thanks to modern high-performance analyzers, this study is inexpensive and fast, it can afford it to itself.

The leukocyte formula is the percentage of various forms of leukocytes in blood serum and counting their number per unit volume. In the presence of atypical cell forms, blood is carried out under a microscope. Unlike erythrocytes, the population of which is homogeneous, leukocytes are divided into 5 types, differing in appearance and performed functions: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophiles.

Russian synonyms

The relationship of various forms of blood leukocytes in the blood, the differentiated counting of leukocytes, leukocytogram, leukelogram, blood formula, calculation of the leukocyte formula.

Synonyms English

Leukocyte Differential Count, Peripheral Differential, WBC Differential.

Research method

Flow cytofluorimetry.

Units

* 10 ^ 9 / l (10 in Art. 9 / l).

What kind of biomaterial can be used for research?

Venous, capillary blood.

How to prepare for research?

• Exclude alcohol from the diet per day before surrendering blood.
• Do not eat 2-3 hours before research (you can drink clean non-carbonated water).
• Exclude physical and emotional overvoltage and do not smoke 30 minutes before the study.

General research information

Leukocytes, like other blood cells, are formed in the bone marrow. Their main feature is the fight against infection, as well as the answer to tissue damage.

Unlike erythrocytes, the population of which is homogeneous, leukocytes are divided into 5 types, differing in appearance and performed functions: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophiles.

Leukocytes are formed from bone marrow stem cells. They live long, so there are their constant updates. The leukocyte products in the bone marrow increases in response to any damage to tissues, this is part of a normal inflammatory response. Different types of leukocytes have several different functions, but they are capable of coordinated interactions by "communication" using certain substances - cytokines.

For a long time, the leukocytic formula was calculated manually, but modern analyzers allow much more accurate to conduct a study in automatic mode (the doctor is watching 100-200 cells, the analyzer is several thousand). If the analyzer is determined by the atypical forms of cells or significant deviations from reference values \u200b\u200bare detected, the leukocyte formula is complemented by a microscopic study of a blood smear, which allows you to diagnose some diseases, such as infectious mononucleosis, determine the severity of the infectious process, describe the type of detected atypical cells during leukemia .

Neutrophils are the most numerous leukocytes - the first begin to fight infection and the first appear in the place of damage to the tissues. Neutrophils have a kernel, divided into several segments, so they are also called segmented neutrophils or polymorphoid leukocytes. These names, however, apply only to mature neutrophilas. Ripening forms (young, stickyuclear) contain a solid nucleus.

In the focus of neutrophil infection, bacteria surround and eliminate them by phagocytosis.

Lymphocytes are one of the most important links of the immune system, they are of great importance in the destruction of viruses and the fight against chronic infection. There are two types of lymphocytes - t and in (in the leukocyte formula for counting the types of leukocytes separately). B-lymphocytes produce antibodies - special proteins that bind to alien proteins (antigens) located on the surface of viruses, bacteria, mushrooms simplest. Surrounded cell antibodies containing antigens are available for neutrophils and monocytes that kill them. T-lymphocytes are able to destroy infected cells and prevent the dissemination of infection. They also recognize and destroy cancer cells.

Monocytes in the body are not very much, however, they carry out an extremely important function. After a short circulation in the bloodstream (20-40 hours), they move in tissue, where they turn into macrophages. Macrophages can destroy cells, as well as neutrophils, and keep alien proteins on their surface, which react lymphocytes. They play a role in maintaining inflammation in some chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Basophiles in the blood are also a bit. They move in tissue, where they are converted into fat cells. When they are activated, histamine distinguishes from them, which causes allergy symptoms (itching, burning, redness).

When is the study assigned?

What do the results mean?

The leukocyte formula is usually interpreted depending on the total number of leukocytes. If it deviates from the norm, then the orientation of the percentage ratio of cells in the leukocyte formula can lead to erroneous conclusions. In these situations, the assessment is made on the basis of the absolute number of each type of cell (in liter - 10 12 / l - or microliter - 10 9 / l). An increase or decrease in the number of any population of cells is denoted as "neutrophilez" and "neutropenia", "lymphocytosis" and "lymphopenia", "monocytosis" and "monocytopenia", etc.

Reference values

Leukocytes

Neutrophila

Neutrophils,%

Most often, the level of neutrophils is increased with acute bacterial and fungal infections. Sometimes in response to an infection, neutrophil products increase so much significantly that immature forms of neutrophils come out in the bloodstream, the amount of stickyuclear shelter increases. This is called the leukocytic formula's shift to the left and indicates the activity of the bone marrow response to the infection.
The shift of the leukocyte formula is also found, when the amount of pulp forms decreases and the number of segmented segmented. This happens with megaloblastic anemia, liver and kidney diseases.

Other reasons for increasing the level of neutrophils:

• system inflammatory diseases, pancreatitis, myocardial infarction, burns (as a reaction to tissue damage),
• oncological diseases of the bone marrow.

The number of neutrophils can decrease with:

• massive bacterial infections and sepsis, in cases where the bone marrow does not have time to reproduce enough neutrophils,
• viral infections (influenza, measles, hepatitis B),
• aplastic anemia (condition in which the bone marrow operation is depressed), B 12-identical anemia,
• oncological diseases of the bone marrow and metastases of other tumors in the bone marrow.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes,%

Causes of elevated levels of lymphocytes:

• infectious mononucleosis and other viral infections (cytomegalovirus, rubella, chickenpox, toxoplasmosis),
• some bacterial infections (tuberculosis, cough),
• oncological diseases of the bone marrow (chronic lympholecosis) and lymph nodes (non-Hodgkin Lymphoma).

Causes of reducing the level of lymphocytes:

• flu,
• aplastic anemia
• reception prednisolone
• AIDS,
• system red lupus,
• some congenital newborns diseases (Di George Syndrome).

Monocytes.

Monocytes,%

Causes of improving the level of monocytes:

• acute bacterial infections
• tuberculosis,
• subacute bacterial endocarditis,
• syphilis,
• oncological diseases of the bone marrow and lymph nodes,
• stomach cancer, mammary glands, ovarian,
• connective tissue diseases
• sarcoidosis.

Causes of reducing the level of monocytes:

• aplastic anemia
• prednisolone treatment.

Eosinophila

Eosinophils,%

The most common causes of increasing the level of eosinophils are:

More rare reasons for their increase:

• leffer Syndrome,
• hypeosinophilic syndrome,
• systemic diseases of the connective tissue,
• oncological diseases of the bone marrow and lymph nodes.

The amount of eosinophils can decrease with:

• acute bacterial infections
• cushing syndrome,
• hoodpascher syndrome,
• reception prednisolone.

Basophiles: 0 - 0.08 * 10 ^ 9 / l.

Basophiles,%: 0 - 1.2%.

An increase in the content of basophils is rarely found: in cancer diseases of bone marrow and lymph nodes, true polycythemia, allergic diseases.

The amount of basophils can decrease with an acute phase of infection, hyperthyroidism, long-term therapy with corticosteroids (prednisone).



Who appoints a study?

General practitioner, therapist, pediatrician, surgeon, infectiousness, hematologist, gynecologist, urologist.

Leukocyte formula is the percentage of various types of leukocytes in peripheral blood. In peripheral blood there are five leukocyte populations. Neutrophils, basophiles, eosinophils belonging to the granulocyte row (of their grain cytoplasm, contains a large amount of granules, including, for example, myeloperoxidase, elastasium, lysozyme); Monocytes and lymphocytes (B-cells, T cells). In the study of blood on hematological analyzers, the leukocytarocritical formula is automatically calculated with the determination of the five main leukocyte populations. The leukocyte formula calculation technology varies from different manufacturers.

Reference interval,%

Neutrophils make up the bulk of all leukocytes (up to 95%). The main function of neutrophils is phagocytosis. The lifetime of neutrophils is small - 2-3 days. Neutrophila's blood stream is actively moving towards areas of inflammation and tissue decay, to the foci of bacterial and viral infections, where they perform their main function - phagocytic microbes and tissue decay products, and then destroy them with their granular inclusions, for example, lysosomal enzymes

Increased values - inflammation;

Low values - reduced immune status.

Monocytes are predecessors of macrophages. Make up 4-8% of all leukocytes. Circulating in blood to 20 hours, the monocytes migrate into the tissue, where they are differentiated into macrophages. Their main function is phagocytosis. Quickly accumulating in the focus of inflammation and destruction of tissues, they eliminate microorganisms, lifeless cells and cell fragments. Macrophages, in contrast to neutrophils, are actively functioning in an acidic environment and have a longer lifetime.

Increased values Conjugate with the presence of an infectious process.

Low values, neutropenia is a dosage, autoimmune, lymphoganunocitantary leukemia, genetically determined by syndrome and others.

Low values, Eosinopenia - long steroid therapy.

Basophiles are the most small representatives of leukocytes, which makes up less than 1% of the total number of leukocytes. In large cytoplasmic basophilic granules, sulfated or carboxylated acidic proteins are contained. The life expectancy of basophils is 8-12 days, circulation time in peripheral blood for several hours. The main function of basophils is to participate in the reactions of the hypersensitivity of the immediate type. They also participate in the reactions of slow-type hypersensitivity, in inflammatory and allergic reactions. Basophiles allocate heparin, histamine, serotonin. The last two substances affect the vascular permeability and the tone of the smooth muscles, determining the allergic reaction by the type of "urticaria".

Increased values, basophilia - rarely meets isolated. Basophilia in chronic granulocytic leukemia indicates the transition of the process in a malignant form.

Lymphocytes play an important role in the process of cellular (T-lymphocytes) and humoral (in lymphocytes) of immunity. The lymphocytes are actively involved in the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency states, infectious, allergic, lymphoproliferative, oncological diseases, transplantation conflicts, as well as autoimmune processes.

Increased values, lymphocytosis - in children's infections, infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus infection, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, lymphoproliferative diseases.

Low values, lymphopenia, less than 1000 cells in microlitre - pronounced bone marrow failure, for example, after irradiation or immunosuppression.