Fighter against death. Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky

Date of: 14.12.2023

Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky - an outstanding Russian surgeon. He is one of the most famous doctors in Russia. Many consider him to be the first to contribute to Russian medicine after N.I. Pirogov. Sklifosovsky's main achievements are research in the field of military surgery.

Biography of Sklifosovsky

Nikolai Vasilyevich was born on April 6, 1836 in the Kherson province. His father was a poor clerk who worked in a quarantine office. When his father had financial problems, Sklifosovsky and other children ended up in an orphanage. At the orphanage, he completely immersed himself in education. Foreign languages, literature, history and natural sciences were easy for Nikolai Vasilyevich.

Growing up, future surgeon entered the Odessa gymnasium. Being one of the best students, he graduated from this educational institution in 1854 with a silver medal. High achievements in the gymnasium allowed Sklifosovsky to receive benefits for admission to Moscow University. He passes the entrance exams with flying colors and enters the medical faculty.

In 1859 Nikolai Vasilievich graduates from Moscow University and leaves for Odessa. He is there gets a job as a resident in the surgical department of a hospital. While assisting the doctor on his first operation, Nikolai Vasilyevich fainted. But the surgeon's diligence helped him achieve his goals. In just a few years, he became one of the most respected doctors. After some time, Sklifosovsky was offered the position of chief physician, but he refused, preferring practice rather than career growth.

In 1863, a surgeon defended his doctoral dissertation"About the bloody circulatory tumor." The uniqueness of his research was that before him there were practically no works studying this disease.

In 1866 Nikolai Vasilievich went abroad for 2 years. There he worked in Germany at the pathological institute of Professor Virokhov, at the surgical clinic of Professor Langenbeck, and in the Prussian army at dressing stations. Later the surgeon visited France, England and Scotland.

Returning to his homeland with extensive experience as a surgeon, Sklifosovsky wrote a series of works that influenced his invitation to the Imperial Kiev University in 1870. There he continued his research activities and wrote the following works:

Resection of both jaws
Surgical treatment of knee joint immobility
Cutting out the goiter
Papillary neoplasm of the ovary. Excision of it.

Exactly there Sklifosovsky began introducing antiseptics. He strived to keep the wards clean and the operating rooms sterile.

Particularly noteworthy is Sklifosovsky’s participation in military campaigns. He was on the fronts of the Austro-Prussian War (1866-1868), the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), the Balkan War (1876), and the Russian-Turkish War (1877-1878). There Nikolai Vasilyevich gained practical experience in the field of military field surgery and collected information about the shortcomings of medical care on the battlefield.

In 1878, the surgeon got a job at the department of an academic surgical clinic, and 2 years later - at the department of a Moscow University clinic. It was there that Sklifosovsky introduced the need to sterilize instruments by boiling. Patients were now required to take a bath and put on clean clothes upon admission to the hospital. And also, it was Nikolai Vasilyevich who introduced the rule of keeping a patient’s medical history. Having worked as dean of the medical faculty of Moscow University until 1893, Sklifosovsky moved to St. Petersburg, where until 1900 he trained doctors in practical surgery at the Institute for Advanced Medical Studies. After this, his health began to deteriorate, and he left for the Poltava province to his estate Yakovtsy. Sklifosovsky died in 1904.

Contribution to medicine

Nikolai Vasilievich was one of the outstanding military field surgeons. As mentioned above, he participated in several wars, which allowed him to gain enormous experience in the field of military field surgery. Of particular interest are his observation of gunshot wounds of the chest and abdominal cavity. They found that not all chest injuries are life-threatening. Through bullet wounds with a pinpoint entry hole without significant bleeding into the pleural cavity may not be complicated by infection.

Sklifosovsky assessed the effect of blood clots on the wound. According to his conclusion, blood clots contribute to hermetically sealing the wound, which has a beneficial effect on the course of the wound process in penetrating wounds. This was the first step to begin surgically closing the open chest wound.

Nikolai Vasilyevich paid special attention to the hygienic regime of military hospitals. The increased demands of the surgeon made it possible to reduce the incidence of dysentery, typhus and other infections in the institutions under his jurisdiction.

After the Russian-Turkish war they were a number of changes have been proposed in the organization of medical services. Among them was a proposal on the creation of mobile sanitary teams appearing where needed. This idea was realized only during the Great Patriotic War by Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko.

The Sklifosovskys also proposed their own method of sorting the wounded.. Instead of dividing into seriously and lightly wounded, they were asked to create 4 groups:

Left in the hospital
To be plastered
Receiving a simple dressing
Casualted, able to return to duty in 1-2 days

These and other initiatives of Sklifosovsky significantly influenced the development of Russian surgery and gynecology. In 1923, the Research Institute of Emergency Medicine in Moscow was named in honor of Nikolai Vasilyevich.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Abstract on the history of medicine

Topic: Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky

Performed

1st year student

Faculty of Medicine

Shcheglova Natalia

Introduction

Main part

1. Brief biography

2. Discoveries of N.V. Sklifosovsky

3. Main works of N.V. Sklifosovsky

4. Participation of N.V. Sklifosovsky in introducing advanced treatment methods and techniques into practice

5. Teaching

6. Participation in hostilities as a military field surgeon

7. Personality N.V. Sklifosovsky

8. Social activities of N.V. Sklifosovsky

9. Participation in perpetuating the merits of N.I. Pirogov

10. Research Institute named after N.V. Sklifosovsky

Conclusion

Literature

Sheet of illustrations

Introduction

Nikolai Vasilyevich Sklifosovsky is one of the most famous, skillful and active doctors and scientists in Russia. His whole life was devoted to medicine, the discoveries made by Nikolai Vasilyevich moved it forward, and the operations performed by Sklifosovsky with amazing skill saved a large number of lives. I consider him an example of a true doctor - a man dedicated to his work, fearless, courageous in the search for new ways of treatment, sensitive in his relationships with patients and students. It is no coincidence that the Research Institute of Emergency Medicine in Moscow bears his name - saving lives and health, discovering new methods of operations carried out by this research institute were the goals for Nikolai Vasilyevich, whose life serves as proof of the existence of the best human qualities - dedication, devotion and compassion , so I chose this man's life and work as a topic for my research.

1. short biography

Childhood

N.V. Sklifosovsky was born on March 25, 1836 on a farm near the town of Duborossy, Kherson province, into a poor noble family. According to the surviving statistics of that time, it is known that out of 178 children born, 100 died before the age of one year. It was during such a difficult time that N.V. was born. Sklifosovsky. There were 12 children in the family, Nikolai was the ninth child. My father could barely make ends meet. We literally lived from hand to mouth. But honesty, conscientiousness, and fulfilling one’s duty were inherent in everyone in the family. In 1830, during an outbreak of cholera and typhoid, my father carried out important assignments related to measures to eliminate them. But at the same time, he paid attention to his family and children. They were drawn to knowledge. The father himself taught them to read and write, introduced them to reading, but he never dreamed of giving his children an education, especially a higher one. At the outpost, among the military servants during the epidemic, there were Russian doctors who drew attention to the inquisitive Nikolai. Need forced the parents to send some of their children to an orphanage in the city of Odessa, where Nikolai was raised. His mother's stories about his father's work during the cholera epidemic instilled in him a love of medicine. The young man’s dream was to enter the medical faculty.

Education

He received his secondary education at the 2nd Odessa Gymnasium, graduating with a silver medal.

In 1854 N.V. Sklifosovsky entered Moscow University “on government support.”

In 1859 he graduated from the medical faculty of Moscow University and began clinical practice. He received his Doctor of Medicine degree in Kharkov in 1863 for his dissertation “On a blood circulatory tumor.”

1866-1868 - scientific trip abroad (Germany, the pathological institute of Professor Virchow and the surgical clinic of Professor Langenbeck, France, England). This business trip allowed N.V. Sklifosovsky to get acquainted with surgical schools and areas in advanced European countries.

1870-1871 - Sklifosovsky heads the department of surgical pathology at Kyiv University.

1871 - Nikolai Vasilyevich was invited to head the department of surgical pathology at the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy.

1880-1893 - N.V. Sklifosovsky is the head of the faculty surgical clinic of Moscow University, dean of the medical faculty.

1893-1900 - Nikolai Vasilyevich is the director of the Clinical Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors in Moscow.

2. Discoveries N.V. Sklifosovsky, operations first performed by Sklifosovsky

Nikolai Vasilyevich was one of the first to begin performing laparotomy and ovariotomy - these operations laid the foundation for the development of “abdominal” surgery.

Of particular interest is Sklifosovsky’s statement about the harmful effects of cooling the exposed surface of the peritoneum and rough manipulations during surgery. According to him, cooling causes a reflex on the vasomotor nerves of the abdominal cavity, which leads to cooling of the limbs and the entire surface of the body, as well as blue mucous membranes and a weak thread-like pulse, which can cause death of the patient. Sklifosovsky indicated that operations involving opening the abdominal cavity should be carried out in rooms with an air temperature of at least 16-17 degrees, and the surgeon should handle the patient’s tissues with care and prevent injury.

Sklifosovsky was one of the first surgeons to perform gastrostomy on March 8, 1879. In articles published on this issue, Sklifosovsky examines in detail the indications and contraindications for this operation, and also dwells on the details of the operation: difficulties in finding the stomach, applying a double suture, performing the operation in 1 step.

During the activities of Sklifosovsky, surgery of the liver and biliary tract was born in Russia. He was one of the first to operate on the gallbladder.

Sklifosovsky created an anastomosis between the gallbladder and the small intestine, proving the possibility of bile entering the intestine bypassing the excretory bile duct.

In 1885 I.K. Spizharny, at a meeting of the Pirogov Surgical Society, reported a case in which an echinococcal vesicle of the liver opened into the bronchi of the right lung. In this case, Sklifosovsky for the first time carried out a transpleural approach to the tumor with resection of the rib and ensured wide drainage of the bladder after opening.

Sklifosovsky owes much credit for the development of bladder surgery techniques. Suprapubic excision of the bladder, first performed by Franco in 1560, was considered too dangerous a method of performing operations. Sklifosovsky proved the advantage of this method over others, described in detail the course of the operation and the suture technique. Suprapubic opening of the bladder followed by suturing according to the method of N.V. Sklifosovsky for a long time remained the main type of surgery for stones and tumors of the bladder.

One of Sklifosovsky’s works describes 4 cases of tongue removal for total cancer. At that time, surgeons did not perform such an operation, fearing severe bleeding and difficulties in approaching the root of the tongue. Nikolai Vasilyevich developed a new surgical approach to the root of the tongue with preliminary ligation of the arteries in the Pirogov triangle on both sides, which makes the operation bloodless. He also pays attention to the tongue removal technique - dissection of the integument of the neck, subperiosteal separation of the muscles of the floor of the mouth, etc.

Among the first operations (1874), Sklifosovsky performed goiter excision, which marked the beginning of the development of thyroid surgery.

Sklifosovsky developed and proposed a specially designed device that allows maintaining anesthesia throughout the entire operation - resection of the upper jaws for cancer.

While operating on the upper jaw for congenital cleft palate, Sklifosovsky was the first to use local anesthesia with a cocaine solution.

An outstanding innovation by N.V. Sklifosovsky is the method he proposed for surgery on bones for false joints (this method entered the literature under the name “Russian castle” or “Sklifosovsky castle”). To keep the ends of the femur in direct contact at the fracture site, a median cut is made at both ends of the bone, then at the end of the first cut a second cut is made in the transverse direction; the sawn halves are removed and the surfaces at the ends come into contact with each other. They are secured with 1-2 metal seams.

3. WorksN.V. Sklifosovsky

N.V. Sklifosovsky’s pen includes more than 110 scientific works devoted to the most diverse areas of surgery:

a) gynecology (which at that time was a department of surgery and was just beginning to practically dissociate itself from it); N.V. Sklifosovsky devoted his dissertation and a number of works to this section;

b) new methods of operations, first used in Russia (goiter operations, gastrostomy, cholecystostomy, bladder suture, resection of cerebral hernia);

c) bone and osteoplastic surgery: resection of joints, jaws, operations for false joints;

d) issues of military field surgery.

A short list of works by N.V. Sklifosovsky:

1. " ABOUT hematopoietic tumor" Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, Odessa, 1863; Science articles:

2. " On the issue of Pirogov osteoplastic ablation of the tibia", "Military Medical Journal", 1877, May;

3. " About peritoneal injury» , same place, July;

4. " From observations during the Slavic War of 1867-1877.”, ibid., November;

6. " Excision of a tumor of the uterus, both ovaries", "Medical Bulletin", 1869;

7. " Transport machine in a carriage for transporting the wounded. Transporting the wounded from the battlefield. Our hospital work during the war", ibid., 1877;

8. " Gastrostomy for narrowing of the esophagus» , ibid., 1878;

9. « Cutting out the tongue after preliminary ligation of the lingual arteries» , "Doctor", 1880;

10. " Is it possible to excise the abdominal press (pressum abdominale) in a person? Use of iodoform in surgery» , ibid., 1882;

eleven. " Bladder suture in suprapubic section» , ibid., 1887;

12. " Liver tumor excision", ibid., 1890;

13. " Hernia of the meninges. Removal of a cerebral hernia sac by cutting out", "Chronicles of the Surgical Society in Moscow"

4. Participation of N.V. Sklifosovsky in introducing advanced treatment methods and techniques into practice

Sklifosovsky was among the first to use antiseptics, and then asepsis, and ardently promoted antiseptics in scientific societies and at congresses.

Nikolai Vasilyevich contributed to the spread and popularization of gastric resection.

5. Teaching activities

Places of teaching: Kiev University, Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg

Teaching methodology: Nikolai Vasilyevich, more than anyone else, saw the existing gaps in the teaching of practical disciplines and sought to fill them by personally demonstrating the technique of not only complex operations, but also performing simple surgical procedures. Students admired his skillful techniques when examining patients or performing very complex operations in hard-to-reach areas.

N.V. Sklifosovsky willingly taught students various research techniques and rules for caring for surgical patients. At the same time, he always emphasized the need to strictly protect the patient’s psyche from unnecessary worries, especially at the time of examination, but not to the detriment of clarifying the nature of the disease itself. Sklifosovsky advised his students: “Cut only what you see.” In one of the reports, the following words are found: “Professor Sklifosovsky lays the basis for the surgical technique mainly on 2 principles - to dissect only what you see or can touch quite clearly, and then make any section based on knowledge of anatomy.”

Attitude towards patients: he knew how to win over patients, instilling in them a feeling of boundless trust and faith in medicine. He, modest and demanding of himself, always sensitive and responsive, knew how to cultivate these qualities in his students. He did not like rudeness or liberty towards the patient. There was a strictly business atmosphere in the clinic. He did not humiliate or bully anyone; he always treated them with exquisite politeness, emphasizing his respect for the person, regardless of his position.

Relations with students: Nikolai Vasilyevich devoted his free time to practical work with students. For example, on days free from lectures, or on Sundays, he made rounds for the sick with students. At the same time, the curators present at the rounds were required to report on their patients. Sklifosovsky emphasized the advantage of Russian students, who during their studies mastered the skills of communicating with patients, over foreign students, who met patients only at lectures.

Sklifosovsky's clinic was a favorite place for students: they could independently bandage their patient, assist in operations, and perform night shifts.

Students of Sklifosovsky: many scientific and practical figures in the field of surgery graduated from the residency at Nikolai Vasilyevich’s clinic: Spizharny, Sarychev, Yakovlev, Dobrotvorsky, Chuprov, Sakharov, Vilga, Rezvyakov, Kormilov, Yanovsky, Krasintsev and others.

6. Participation of Nikolai Vasilyevich in hostilities as a military field surgeon

N.V. Sklifosovsky participated in 4 major wars in Europe as an ordinary surgeon and hospital consultant.

Sklifosovsky participated in hostilities since 1866 (Austro-Prussian War). As a young doctor, he joined the active army to study field surgery. The result of his stay in this war was an article published in the Medical Bulletin for 1867 - “Note on observations during the last German war of 1866.”

In 1876, Nikolai Vasilyevich was appointed a surgical consultant to one of the Red Cross hospitals in Montenegro, where he stayed for 4 months. He outlined his memories in a work published in the Military Medical Journal in 1876 under the title “From observations during the Slavic War of 1876.” Of great interest are Sklifosovsky’s observations of the course of gunshot wounds of the abdominal and thoracic organs. An important fact noted by Sklifosovsky is that not all gunshot injuries to the chest are life-threatening. He notes that such wounds are dangerous in cases of bone fragmentation and penetration of fragments into the bullet channel, since fragments of the ribs forcefully penetrate into the lung tissue, destroy it and cause the development of suppuration - empyema. The presence of spilled blood in the pleural cavity complicates the course of the wound process and accelerates the formation of inflammatory phenomena. Sklifosovsky describes pyothorax as follows: “Immediately after the wound to the chest, hemoptysis is detected, and a picture of blood pouring into the chest cavity occurs. A few days later, a feverish state appears and a picture of purulent accumulation in the chest develops.” He points out that the appearance of pus in the chest is associated with the nature of the gunshot wound and the complications that cause the development of infection.

Sklifosovsky attached great importance to the creation of peace for the wounded for a favorable outcome of chest wounds.

Nikolai Vasilyevich’s rich knowledge and the experience he acquired found wide application in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877. Sklifosovsky tried to transfer the strict hygienic regime developed in the clinic to the organization of hospital care during the war; as a result, the number of patients with infection in Nikolai Vasilyevich’s departments was significantly less than in other departments. After the end of the campaign, Sklifosovsky appeared in print with a number of interesting works: “ In hospitals and dressing stations during the Turkish War», « Our hospital work during the war», « Transportation of the wounded and sick by rail», « Tarantas machine in a carriage for transporting the wounded».

N.V. Sklifosovsky and S.P. Botkin were ardent supporters of bringing medical care closer to the wounded, which was reflected in the activities of the forward and main dressing stations.

7. Personality N.V. Sklifosovsky

N.V. Sklifosovsky left a glorious memory of himself as a major teacher with high culture and erudition, an educator of youth, and an ardent patriot of his homeland. The clinic he led was a wonderful school for students, scientists and many thousands of doctors who flocked here for improvement from all over Russia.

N.V. Sklifosovsky was a true patriot. He zealously defended the interests of the Russian people in the struggle for the prosperity of domestic science. For example, thanks to the intervention of Sklifosovsky, it was possible to establish the priority of the Russian doctor Vladimirov over the German Mikulich in the invention of a new method of osteoplastic surgery on the foot.

Well-educated, fluent in several languages, with great endurance and self-control, he was a sensitive and responsive doctor.

During military operations, he infected everyone around him with unparalleled hard work, instilled in them vigor and fortitude, and forced them to meekly endure all the hardships and hardships of front-line life. Eyewitnesses tell how this apparently elegant and well-groomed civilian general in a spotlessly clean uniform was able to remain for several days without food and without sleep, constantly being at the operating table, in the dressing room or in the triage departments of the main hospital.

Nikolai Vasilyevich enjoyed great respect and love not only among doctors, but also among wide circles of the Russian intelligentsia. This popularity was a consequence of his high merits as a clinician-surgeon, scientist, lecturer and public figure.

Some considered Sklifosovsky a proud and inaccessible person. In fact, under the external severity there was a very soft and warm-hearted person.

N.V. Sklifosovsky was a leading Russian scientist who put scientific and public interests above personal ones.

8. Social activity

N.V. Sklifosovsky was the editor of the first special scientific surgical journals of that time in Moscow: “Surgical Chronicle” and “Chronicle of Russian Surgeons”. He spent significant amounts of his own money on the publication of these magazines. Congresses, meetings of scientific societies and journals contributed greatly to the development of surgical thought and the education of surgeons. N.V. Sklifosovsky showed his enormous talent as an organizer and public figure during the preparation and holding of the XII International Congress of Doctors (August 7, 1897, Moscow); N.V. Sklifosovsky was elected its president. He was aware of the enormous scientific and political significance of the International Congress of Doctors, which met for the first time in Russia. This congress demonstrated to the entire scientific world the power and importance of Russian science. Foreign doctors were able to see firsthand the achievements of Russian medicine. The myth about their imaginary superiority over the Russians was dispelled.

Nikolai Vasilyevich put a lot of work into the organization and construction of a new clinical campus on Devichye Pole in Moscow.

It is no coincidence that at the final meeting of the congress, the famous Rudolf Virchow, who at that time enjoyed unquestioned authority, referring to N.V. Sklifosovsky, said on behalf of the foreign delegates of the congress: “We met here a president whose authority is recognized by representatives of all branches of medical science, a man who, with full knowledge of all working medical practice, also combines the quality of a doctor of the soul, has a spirit of brotherhood and a feeling of love for all humanity... We met here young people - strong, intelligent, fully prepared for the progress of the future - the hope of this great and valiant science." Sklifosovsky teaching treatment surgeon

N.V. Sklifosovsky was an ardent supporter of women's education in Russia. Thanks to the participation of Nikolai Vasilyevich, “Special women’s courses for the education of learned midwives” were opened at the Medical-Surgical Academy, where women could receive higher medical education.

9. ParticipationNikolai Vasilievichin perpetuatingglory of Nikolai IvanovichPirogov

On the eve of the opening of the International Congress, the grand opening of the monument to Pirogov took place. This monument was erected thanks to the initiative and energy of N.V. Sklifosovsky, who personally achieved the “highest permission” for the installation of the monument, and was built using collected private donations, and not at public expense. Referring to Pirogov’s merits, N.V. Sklifosovsky said: “The principles introduced into science by Pirogov will remain an eternal contribution and cannot be erased from its tablets as long as European science exists, until the last sound of rich Russian speech freezes in this place... ". This was the first monument to a scientist in Russia.

Sklifosovsky spoke in print in defense of Pirogov’s osteoplastic surgery, which was met unfriendly by foreign surgeons.

10. Research Institute named after N.V. Sklifosovsky

Institute of Emergency Medicine named after. N.V. Sklifosovsky was founded in 1923 on the basis of one of the oldest Moscow hospitals, opened in 1810 by Count N.P. Sheremetev as a Hospice House. Research Institute of Emergency Medicine named after. N.V. Sklifosovsky is a large multidisciplinary scientific and practical center on the problems of emergency medical care, emergency surgery, resuscitation, combined and burn trauma, emergency cardiology and acute poisoning. In total, the institute has currently formed more than 40 scientific units, more than half of them are clinical, which correspond to the profile of the most common emergency pathologies. The great scientific and practical potential of the staff, modern equipment make it possible to successfully develop new and improve existing methods for diagnosing and treating emergency conditions, which makes it possible to treat patients with the most severe and complicated acute surgical diseases and injuries, to advise and transfer patients from other medical institutions to the institute for treatment. Every year, on average, 52,000 patients from various regions of the Russian Federation receive qualified care at the Institute, 22,000 patients are hospitalized. In addition, visiting teams of specialists in neurosurgery, endoscopy and endotoxicosis provide advisory and specialized assistance to Moscow hospitals.

The institute employs 820 researchers and doctors, including 2 academicians and 2 corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 37 professors, 78 doctors and 167 candidates of medical sciences. The institute has 922 inpatient beds, of which 114 are intensive care beds. More than 20,000 different operations are performed on the basis of its branches throughout the year. 25,000 patients receive emergency care on an outpatient basis. There are single, double and five-bed rooms with all amenities.

At the Research Institute of Emergency Medicine named after. Over the past 10 years, N.V. Sklifosovsky’s educational and clinical department has been successfully functioning, in which up to 200 clinical residents are trained annually in the following specialties: emergency care; anesthesiology and resuscitation; cardiology; clinical and laboratory diagnostics; neurosurgery; pathological anatomy; psychiatry; obstetrics and gynecology; radiology; endoscopy; toxicology; thoracic surgery; traumatology and orthopedics; ultrasound diagnostics; physiotherapy; functional diagnostics; surgery; radiology; cardiovascular surgery. Postgraduate and doctoral studies are open in the following specialties: cardiology; traumatology and orthopedics; surgery; neurosurgery; anesthesiology and resuscitation; cardiovascular surgery.

The editorial and publishing department prepares for printing and publishes the works of the institute.

The Institute also has a rich scientific and medical library.

The Department of External Scientific Relations coordinates scientific research outside the institute, within the framework of the activities of the Interdepartmental Scientific Council for Emergency Care of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Problem Commission on Emergency Surgery of the Interdepartmental Scientific Council for Surgery of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, and also searches and processes scientific information and conducts work in the field of the history of medicine.

Over the past 10 years, approximately 235 case studies have been carried out to improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment. 62 monographs, about 4,100 scientific articles and other publications, including 86 collections of works, have been published. Institute staff have also written a large number of chapters and sections in books published by other institutions. 43 patents and certificates of invention were received, 32 improvement proposals were accepted for use. 140 dissertations were defended, including 25 doctoral dissertations. The implementation of scientific research results into practice has a positive effect on improving medical work.

The growth of the level of scientific research led in 2001 to the creation at the Institute of a Dissertation Council for the defense of doctoral dissertations in the field of surgery, anesthesiology and resuscitation, traumatology and neurosurgery.

To improve the professional level of doctors, more than 100 scientific and practical conferences and seminars were held, more than 130 information and methodological documents were published.

A major role in solving scientific and practical problems and in coordinating scientific research on the territory of the Russian Federation is played by the Problem Commissions of the Scientific Council for Emergency Medical Care in the field of combined trauma, cardiology and clinical toxicology and the Problem Commission on Emergency Surgery. The research results are analyzed in the department of external scientific relations. This significantly accelerates the implementation of advanced achievements of medical science.

Conclusion

Nikolai Vasilyevich lived a wonderful life. Like a real doctor, he was a moral example for those around him - without paying attention to his own desires and needs, he was ready to fulfill his duty at any time of the day. Like a real scientist, he was not afraid of anything, or rather, he was looking for ways to eliminate undesirable consequences. His brilliant mind was busy all his life solving problems of scientific and practical medicine, educating students and creating better conditions for society. Nikolai Vasilyevich was a real, true patriot who glorified his Motherland and people. A fearless, strict scientist, an attentive, understanding doctor - Nikolai Vasilyevich was a man of whom we are proud and whose memory we honor today.

Literature

1. http://www.dubossary.ru/page.php?75

2. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%EA%EB%E8%F4%EE%F1%EE%E2%F1%EA%E8%E9,_%CD%E8%EA%EE %EB%E0%E9_%C2%E0%F1%E8%EB%FC%E5%E2%E8%F7

3. http://www.sklifos.ru/Spravka.htm

4. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CC%EE%F1%EA%EE%E2%F1%EA%E8%E9_%E3%EE%F0%EE%E4%F1%EA%EE %E9_%ED%E0%F3%F7%ED%EE-%E8%F1%F1%EB%E5%E4%EE%E2%E0%F2%E5%EB%FC%F1%EA%E8%E9_% E8%ED%F1%F2%E8%F2%F3%F2_%F1%EA%EE%F0%EE%E9_%EF%EE%EC%EE%F9%E8_%E8%EC%E5%ED%E8_% CD._%C2._%D1%EA%EB%E8%F4%EE%F1%EE%E2%F1%EA%EE%E3%EE

5. http://nplit.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000054/st006.shtml

6. http://homepage.kg/deontologiya_hirurgii/3-n.v.-sklifosovskijj.html

7. V.V. Kovanov, “N.V. Sklifosovsky", M. 1993.

Sheet of illustrations

Figure 1. Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky

Figure 2. Research Institute named after N.V. Sklifosovsky

Figure 3. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov

Posted on Allbest.ru

Sklifosovsky Nikolai Vasilievich (b. 1836 - d. 1904)

Sklifosovsky Nikolay Vasilievich

(b. 1836 – d. 1904)

Outstanding Russian scientist-surgeon, professor, Doctor of Medical Sciences. He developed many issues regarding the treatment of various diseases, the founder of the rules for the use of antiseptics and aseptics; was the first to seriously tackle the problem of emergency surgery. A major military field surgeon, he took part in four wars in the period 1866 – 1878. Author of more than 85 scientific papers. The Institute of Emergency Medicine in Moscow (since 1923) and the Poltava Regional Clinical Hospital (since 1979) are named after him.

Along with the names of N.I. Pirogov and S.P. Botkin, the name of Nikolai Vasilyevich Sklifosovsky is one of the most popular in the world of domestic and world medicine of the second half of the 19th century. The merits of this outstanding scientist in the development of science are difficult to overestimate. He became a pioneer in the field of abdominal surgery, introduced the principles of asepsis and antisepsis into surgery, and was the first in the world to use local anesthesia with a cocaine solution. Surgeons still call the “Sklifosovsky Castle” or “Russian Castle” when fixing the broken ends of the femur with metal sutures. He was the first to seriously tackle the problem of emergency surgery. It is no coincidence that the Scientific Research Institute of Emergency Medical Care in Moscow was named after the famous surgeon in 1923. Nikolai Vasilyevich Sklifosovsky was not a Muscovite - he was born on March 20 (April 6), 1836 in the Kherson province, and was buried in the village of Yakovtsy near Poltava. But the fate of this extraordinary man is inextricably linked with Moscow. He came to this city as a recent high school student from Odessa to fulfill his old dream of studying to become a doctor. Here, while studying at the medical faculty of Moscow University, his specialty was determined - surgery, to which he devoted his entire life. It was Moscow, where Nikolai Vasilyevich headed a surgical clinic for 14 years, that became the place of his many years and, perhaps, the most fruitful work.

And Nikolai Sklifosovsky began his professional career in 1859 at the Odessa City Hospital as the head of the surgical department. By practicing, he persistently improved his professional skills. Three years later, the doctor received his Doctor of Medicine degree. Sklifosovsky defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic “On a blood circulatory tumor” in Kharkov in 1863. But even then he believed that he did not yet have sufficient knowledge and experience. To get them, in 1866 the young doctor of science went on a business trip abroad. Over several years, during which he managed to work in the best clinics in Germany, England and France, Sklifosovsky became acquainted with various surgical schools and studied the features of the organization of medical care in these countries. It was then that he drew attention to the work of the famous surgeon Lister, who first substantiated the need to sterilize surgical instruments and the surgical field. Now it’s hard to imagine that back in the middle of the last century, most surgeons considered this completely unnecessary and even harmful! Sklifosovsky firmly insisted on the need for sterilization; he was one of the first to develop a practical method of surgical disinfection.

The achievements of Nikolai Sklifosovsky in the development of military field surgery are also enormous. Nikolai Vasilyevich took direct part in four wars. As a military field surgeon, he widely applied the ideas of his teacher Pirogov in practice; developed not only the issues of treating the wounded, but also the very system of organizing medical care during hostilities. The first time the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 caught Sklifosovsky when he was working at the Langenbeck clinic. From there, having received permission from the Austrian government, the doctor went to the front. The second time he went to war, already as a professor at Kyiv University, this time during the Franco-Prussian campaign of 1870. Here Sklifosovsky saw the widespread use in the German army of Russian-style hospital tents, proposed and warmly recommended by Pirogov. Sklifosovsky later wrote about these tents more than once and complained that the military department in his homeland did not introduce them.

For the third time, the doctor saved the lives of the wounded during the war in the Balkans. Sklifosovsky was sent to Montenegro as a consultant surgeon for the Red Cross, and then in 1877 he left for the Russian-Turkish war. There he worked together with N.I. Pirogov, who gave a brilliant review of the professional training of his student and colleague. The experience of the three previous wars taught Nikolai Vasilyevich a lot, and therefore in the Turkish campaign his activity as a military field surgeon was especially brilliant.

Sklifosovsky was not only a talented doctor, but also an experienced organizer. To this we must add that Nikolai Vasilyevich showed great personal courage during heavy battles near Plevna and especially at Grabov, at the foot of Shipka, when he had to work under enemy fire. It was later calculated that more than ten thousand wounded passed directly through his hands. Nikolai Vasilyevich sometimes operated for four days without sleep or rest. Doctors and nurses, among whom was Sofya Alexandrovna, Nikolai Vasilyevich’s wife, who accompanied her husband to the war and did not leave him no matter the difficulties of military life at the front, supported Nikolai Vasilyevich’s strength by occasionally pouring a few sips of wine into his mouth.

Numerous colleagues and students of the talented doctor recalled for a long time and with gratitude this hot period of his work, when Sklifosovsky showed himself not only to be an incomparable master of surgery, but also a person who united and inspired everyone around him with his valor and heroism. “As a reward for selflessness and courage” in the battles near Plevna, Sklifosovsky was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree. Activities during the war provided the remarkable surgeon with material for the publication of several works on military medicine and military sanitary affairs, including “Transportation of the wounded in war”, “Our hospital work in war”, etc. All of them are a valuable contribution to the treasury of world science.

The authority of N.V. Sklifosovsky's reputation among domestic doctors grew year by year. In 1870, the innovative surgeon was elected professor at Kyiv University. A year later, he took a position as a teacher of surgical pathology at the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy, the only educational institution in Russia at that time that trained military doctors. Eight years later, Nikolai Vasilyevich moved to the department of a surgical clinic in Moscow. This was a bold step, since at that time the clinic was in a completely neglected state. “There the air in the wards was such that a fresh person would feel sick. There was a real kingdom of death, all you could see was how they carried out the dead...” This was approximately the general picture in Moscow surgical clinics at the moment when Sklifosovsky took over the leadership of the faculty surgical department. But the surgeon set to work so energetically that his clinic soon became one of the best medical institutions in Europe. Here in Moscow, using antiseptics, Sklifosovsky began performing blind suturing of the bladder, goiter and cerebral hernia operations. He was one of the first not only in Russia, but also in Europe to introduce hot processing of instruments and medical linen and achieved an almost complete absence of postoperative complications and infections. And the repertoire of operations has expanded even more. The crowning achievement of all was the already mentioned osteoplastic operations, which were included in all world textbooks of surgery under the name “Russian castle” or “Sklifosovsky castle”. All these were previously unseen and unheard of things. Many serious diseases, which most doctors considered incurable, were defeated only thanks to the efforts of Sklifosovsky.

Sklifosovsky's authority has risen extremely high not only in Russia, but throughout the world. For the first time, the glory of the Moscow surgical school undoubtedly exceeded the traditional priority of St. Petersburg surgery, and not only with the brilliance and talent of the teacher, but also with a vast and very bright galaxy of assistant students. Sklifosovsky's merits are far from being limited to his activities as an innovative surgeon and a major scientist. With the direct participation of Nikolai Vasilyevich, new clinics were built for Moscow University - an entire hospital campus on Devichye Pole. To design it, the scientist created a public committee, which brought together leading experts of his time. Sklifosovsky developed a program of hygienic measures together with F. Erisman, who laid the foundations of medical hygiene. And in order to receive the necessary funds, he had to travel to St. Petersburg more than once to see the Minister of Health.

However, Sklifosovsky did not stop there even after he set up his clinic. He undertook to promote the latest scientific achievements among practicing doctors and for these purposes created the Society of Russian Doctors. On his initiative, periodic congresses of doctors began to be held in Russia for the first time. The XII International Congress of Surgeons organized by Sklifosovsky, held in Moscow in 1897, had the greatest resonance. It was attended by prominent scientists from many countries of the world, including the outstanding German physiologist Rudolf Virchow. Having visited Sklifosovsky’s clinic, he said in an interview: “You are at the head of an institution that is the envy of other European nations!”

Sklifosovsky was in charge of the clinic for almost a decade and a half, and during this time many doctors from different countries of the world visited it. Nikolai Vasilyevich believed that doctors should be periodically gathered for professional retraining in accordance with the latest advances in medicine. Being a convinced supporter of improving the level of knowledge of practicing doctors in Russia, in 1893 he accepted an offer to head the first and only institution of its kind in all of Europe - the Clinical Institute for Advanced Medical Studies in St. Petersburg. This new business also required a lot of effort from him: it was necessary not only to rebuild the old buildings, but also to equip them with everything necessary. But Sklifosovsky was already over 60 at that time! The scientist also put a lot of effort into creating medical journals. He founded two publications - “The Surgical Chronicle” and “The Chronicle of Russian Surgery”, and in order to reduce their cost and make them more accessible, the doctor spent significant amounts of his own money.

Despite his wide popularity, N.V. Sklifosovsky was modest and did not like it when there was a stir around his name. For example, he categorically refused to be honored when his colleagues decided to celebrate the 25th anniversary of his activity at Moscow University. But still, the hero of the day received many congratulations from all over Russia and from many countries of the world: prominent scientists, doctors, and grateful patients wrote. More than four hundred telegrams were received in Moscow alone.

The last years of the famous scientist’s life were spent far from Moscow and St. Petersburg - in the Yakovtsy estate, in the Poltava region. How did the luminary of Russian surgery, a professor at the Moscow Medical Institute, director of the world's first St. Petersburg Clinical Institute, end up in his declining years in a village near Poltava? Apparently, Sklifosovsky, whom Pirogov considered his best student, followed the example of his teacher. While working in Moscow, he often visited Pirogov at his estate “Cherry” in the Vinnitsa district of the Kamenets-Podolsk province. Living in the Little Russian outback, Sklifosovsky rested his soul. It was not for nothing that for the last thirty years he spent his holidays in the Poltava region, in Yakovtsy, where his wife’s family estate was located. On the steep bank of the Vorskla there was a house and garden of the Sklifosovskys, from where a picturesque panorama of the wide expanses of the Poltava region opened up. The years passed, and every summer Nikolai Vasilyevich hurried to his beloved Yakovtsy. And although he came here to rest, the same receptions of patients continued in the village as in the city. As soon as summer came, carts with patients were pulled to Yakovtsy for an appointment with Sklifosovsky. The professor performed operations, gave free medicines, delivered babies, and visited the sick in the villages. Nikolai Vasilyevich was very respected among the residents of the region. He bowed his head to everyone he met, said hello, always talked, and gave advice. Sklifosovsky was very proud of the trust that people placed in him.

In 1900, Nikolai Vasilyevich came to Yakovtsy forever. He spent the last four years of his life here without a break. At this time, the famous surgeon was no longer practicing. The tragic death of his son Vladimir affected Nikolai Vasilyevich’s performance and health. While studying in St. Petersburg, the young man became interested in politics and joined a terrorist organization. Before leaving for the Christmas holidays, the young man received an assignment - to carry out a terrorist attack against the Poltava governor. But having arrived in Yakovtsi, Vladimir realized that he would not be able to cope with the task - his family maintained friendly relations with this man. The holidays were ending, however, the son of the famous surgeon could not return to St. Petersburg without completing the assignment. And then he shot himself. Nikolai Vasilyevich had a hard time with the death of his son; he suffered several strokes. Having recovered a little from his illness, the scientist took up gardening. One of the famous doctor’s merits is the spread of viticulture (this heat-loving plant had not been grown in the Poltava region before). But the improvement in Sklifosovsky’s health was short-lived - on November 30, 1904, he died suddenly. The outstanding scientist was buried next to his son, not far from the church. For thirty post-war years, a cast-iron stove lay on his grave... with a star. The fact is that in the late 1940s, when the city authorities installed cast iron slabs on the graves of soldiers buried in Glory Park, the same slab was also placed on Sklifosovsky’s grave. Since then, it has had a five-pointed star on it, like on the graves of warriors. Only many years later, at the burial site of the famous surgeon, a tombstone made of black labradorite was installed, on which the words of the famous Dutch doctor Van Tulp, “By shining on others, I burn myself,” were carved in Russian and English. Nikolai Vasilyevich Sklifosovsky carried this noble motto throughout his life.

From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary (C) author Brockhaus F.A.

Sklifosovsky Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky (Nikolai Vasilievich) – Honored Professor, Director of the Imp. clinical institute led. Princess Elena Pavlovna in St. Petersburg. Genus. in 1836, in 1859 he graduated from the course of the medical faculty of the Moscow University. and took charge

From the book 100 great doctors author Shoifet Mikhail Semyonovich

Sklifosovsky (1836–1904) An elegant, well-groomed general in a spotlessly clean uniform, who seems somewhat stern and proud at first meeting, but in fact is a surprisingly soft, affectionate, friendly, even somewhat sentimental person. A doctor capable of feeling

From the book The Most Famous Scientists of Russia author Prashkevich Gennady Martovich

Nikolai Vasilyevich Sklifosovsky An outstanding surgeon. Born on March 25, 1836 (Pushkin was still alive) on a farm near the town of Duborossy, Kherson province (now the territory of Moldova). After graduating from the medical faculty of Moscow University, he worked as a resident, then

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (VA) by the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (ZD) by the author TSB

Nikolai Alekseevich Ostrovsky How the Steel Was Tempered Novel (1932–1934) Nikolai Ostrovsky’s autobiographical novel is divided into two parts, each containing nine chapters: childhood, adolescence and youth; then mature years and illness. For an unworthy act

From the book Russian Scientists and Inventors author Artemov Vladislav Vladimirovich

From the book of 100 famous artists of the 19th-20th centuries. author Rudycheva Irina Anatolyevna

From the book of the Master of Historical Painting author Lyakhova Kristina Alexandrovna

From the book 100 famous Muscovites author Sklyarenko Valentina Markovna

Sklifosovsky Nikolai Vasilievich (born in 1836 - died in 1904) An outstanding Russian scientist-surgeon, professor, doctor of medical sciences. He developed many issues regarding the treatment of various diseases, the founder of the rules for the use of antiseptics and aseptics; was the first to

From the book The Newest Philosophical Dictionary author Gritsanov Alexander Alekseevich

MIKHAILOVSKY Nikolai Konstantinovich (1842-1904) - Russian social philosopher and sociologist, literary critic, populist theorist, founder (along with Lavrov) of subjective sociology. Main works: "Darwin's Theory and Social Science" (1870-1871,1873), "Analogical

From the book Masterpieces of Russian Artists author Evstratova Elena Nikolaevna

Vereshchagin Vasily Vasilyevich (1842–1904) Apotheosis of the War 1871. State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow This painting was the final one in the “Barbarians” series, written by Vereshchagin after participating in the Turkestan military campaign. In it, the artist presented related to each other

From the book Big Dictionary of Quotes and Catchphrases author Dushenko Konstantin Vasilievich

MIKHAILOVSKY, Nikolai Konstantinovich (1842–1904), publicist, sociologist, critic, ideologist of populism 688 Heroes and the crowd. Cap. articles (“Otechestvennye zapiski”, 1882, No. 1, 2, 5) 689 Cruel talent. Cap. articles about F. Dostoevsky (1882) 690 Repentant nobles. "From literary and magazine

Fighter against death. Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky

Biography of Sklifosovsky

Contribution to medicine

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

Sklifosovsky NIKOLAY VASILIEVICH

Sklifosovsky Nikolai Vasilievich (b. 1836 - d. 1904)